Relief degree of land surface and its influence on population distribution in China

The relief degree of land surface （RDLS） is an important factor for describing the landform at macro-scales. This study defines a concept for RDLS and applies the concept for population distribution study of the entire country. Based on the concept and macro-scale digital elevation model datum and ARC/INFO software, the RDLS at a 10 km×10 km grid size of China is extracted. This paper depicts systemically the spatial distributions of RDLS through analyzing the ratio structure and altitudinal characters of RDLS in China. The conclusions are drawn as follows： the RDLS in more than 63% of the area is less than one （1） （relative altitude is less than 500 m）, reflecting the fact that most of RDLS in China is low. In general, the RDLS in the west is larger than that in the east and so is the south than that of the north in China. The RDLS decreases with the increase of longitude and latitude and the change of RDLS at the latitudes of 28°N, 35°N, 42°N, as well as at the longitudes of 85°E, 102°E, 115°E could reflect the three major ladders of China. In the vertical direction, the RDLS increases with the increase of altitude. Analysis of the correlation between RDLS and population distribution in China and its regional difference shows that the R2 value between RDLS and population density is 0.91 and RDLS is an important factor influencing the spatial distribution of population. More than 85% of the people in China live in areas where the RDLS is less than one （1）, while the population in areas with RDLS greater than 3 accounts only for 0.57% of the total. The regional difference of correlation between RDLS and population within China is significant and such correlation is significant in Central China and South China and weak in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.

Relief Degree of Land Surface and Population Distribution of Mountainous Areas in China

Evaluation on the population pressure in the mountainous areas is a necessary condition for the protection and good governance. The evaluation depends on accurate population density assessment. Traditional methods used to calculate population density often adopt the administrative region as a scale for statistical analysis. These methods did not consider the effects of the relief degree of land surface(RDLS) on the population distribution. Therefore they cannot accurately reflect the degree of population aggregation, especially in mountainous areas. To explore this issue further, we took the mountainous areas of China as the research area. China has A total area of 666 km2 can be classified as mountainous area,accounting for 69.4% of the country's total landmass. The data used in this research included the digital elevation model(DEM) of China at a scale of 1:1,000,000, National population density raster data, the DEM and the national population density raster data. First, we determined the relief degree of land surface(RDLS). Next, we conducted a correlation analysis between the population distribution and the RDLS using the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS). Based on the correlation analysis results and population distribution, this new method was used to revise the provincial population density of themountainous areas. The revised results were used to determine the population pressure of different mountainous areas. Overall, the following results were obtained:(1) The RDLS was low in most mountainous areas(with a value between 0 and 3.5) and exhibited a spatial pattern that followed the physiognomy of China;(2) The relationship between the RDLS and population density were logarithmic, with an R2 value up to 0.798(p<0.05), and the correlation decreased from east to west;(3) The difference between the revised population density(RPD) and the traditional population density(PD) was larger in the southeastern region of China than in the northwestern region;(4) In addition, compared with traditional results, the revised result indicated that the population pressure was larger. Based on these results, the following conclusions were made:(1) the revised method for estimating population density that incorporates the RDLS is reasonable and practical,(2) the potential population pressure in the southeastern mountainous areas is substantial,(3) the characteristics of the terrain in the high mountainous areas are important for the scattered distribution of the population, and(4) the population distribution of mountainous areas in China should be guided by local conditions, such as social, economic, and topographic conditions.

Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct ( − 0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect ( − 0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

Study on the Flow of Rural Labor Force and the Contribution of Terrain Factor in Shaanxi,China

The flow of rural labor to urban is a significant phenomenon in China during the last 20 years.In spite of many researches focus on the driving force of economy,terrain is an important index in the rural development.There is a question that whether the flow of rural labor has some relationships with terrain.The study used the relief degree of land surface (RDLS) as terrain index,and the cost distance model and the center of gravity model to analyze the relationship between terrain and labor flows.The results indicated:(1) In the last 20 years,the rural labor force was not simply flowing to the low terrain region in Shaanxi province.And the RDLS was constantly strengthening the influence on the movement.(2) The RDLS was low in Guanzhong region,and the translation of rural labors relatively was not significant.Since North Shaanxi act as the energy industry base,the number of rural labors there increased faster than in South Shaanxi.(3) The movements of economical centers took an important role in the change of rural labor centers,and terrain factors also showed a high correlation with them.It is found that the lower of the terrain index,the higher of the land intensive degree,the more intensive of nonagriculturalization process.

Spatial Spillover and the Factors Influencing Public Service Supply in Sichuan Province, China

This article examines the spatial characteristics of public service supply and the factors influencing such supply in cities of Sichuan Province, China using spatial-autocorrelation and spatial econometric models with statistical data in 2012. The results demonstrate that expenditures on different types of public services present different spatial autocorrelation patterns. Although the spatial differences in basic public service expenditures are relatively small, a clear fan-shaped spillover to the east can be seen in Chengdu City. Chengdu also shows high clustering of advanced public service expenditures, being a typical core-periphery pattern. Post-earthquake reconstruction expenditures are clustered in the "5.12 Wenchuan earthquake" region and spill over toward cities to the east. The efficiency of public services in the mountainous areas in western Sichuan is low and exhibits a pattern of low-low spatial autocorrelation. The efficiency of public service supply is affected by economic, social, political and geographical factors. Based on the results of this analysis, we recommend a supply strategy that incorporates different types of public services and a specialized public service supply strategy for mountainous areas. Overall public service efficiency should be enhanced by focusing on narrowing the gap in farmers' income among regions and accelerating urbanization. Decision-makers should consider moresupportive policies with regard to providing basic public services in mountainous areas to ensure an equalized supply of basic public services. To enhance the efficiency of advanced public service supply, additional growth pole should be encouraged and incentivized; however, investments are required to drive the development of the peripheral regions through regional economic integration. Both software and hardware types of infrastructure are required to supply services efficiently during post-disaster reconstruction.

广东省地形起伏特征与人口和经济的关系研究

为了探讨地形条件对广东省人口分布和经济发展的影响,运用均值变点分析法进行最佳计算单元的计算分析,提取广东省地形起伏度;利用土地利用/覆被数据进行人口和经济空间化建模,生成人口和经济密度图;在系统分析地形起伏度、人口密度、经济密度空间分布规律的基础上,借助于统计分析方法定量揭示广东省地形起伏度与人口、经济的空间关系。结果表明:(1)广东省地形起伏度总体呈北高南低、东高西低的空间格局,其空间分布与海拔、坡度2个地形因子呈较强正相关,地形起伏度区域面积占比呈现较强的地形梯度效应。(2)采用自然间断点法划分人口稀疏区与密集区,进行土地利用/覆被数据的人口空间化建模,其模拟精度更高。(3)与其他地形因子相比,地形起伏度对人口、经济的影响更强,与人口密度、经济密度均呈显著的负相关关系,且对经济密度的影响更大。(4)人口和经济均呈现向地形起伏度低值区集聚的现象,经济发展的空间集聚效应更强。

基于GIS的绵阳市地形起伏度与人口、经济的关系

以绵阳市为研究区域,采用移动窗口法和均值变点法提取地形起伏度,分析地形起伏度对人口密度、经济密度的影响及其相关性,并与海拔进行对比分析.结果表明:①绵阳市中起伏度地形(200~500 m)占比最大,占研究区土地面积33.97%;小起伏度地形(70~200 m)次之,占26.83%;大起伏度地形(500~1000 m)占18.32%;微起伏度地形(30~70 m)占15.46%;平坦地形(0~30 m)占5.38%、极大起伏度地形(>1000m)占比最少,占0.4%.②地形起伏度对绵阳市人口分布、经济发展的影响强于海拔的影响;地形起伏度对人口分布的影响强于对经济发展的影响,且均呈显著负相关.③绵阳市地形起伏度不超过70 m的地区,聚集了26.67%的人口和35.41%的经济总量,但土地面积仅占2.74%,人口和经济活动向平原、台地等地形起伏度较小地区聚集趋势明显.

基于地形起伏度的四川省地面气象站点适宜性研究

为科学确定气象站点地形起伏特征,基于先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model,ASTER GDEM)30 m数据,利用均值变点分析法确定四川省地形起伏度模型的最佳分析窗口。提取地面气象观测站所处的地形起伏特征,探究气象站点布设的区域代表性空间格局。结果表明:(1)四川省地形起伏度的最佳窗口为39×39个像元矩形邻域,对应面积1.369 km^(2)。建立的地形起伏度模型与山脉走向一致,能够捕捉到地表各种尺度的地形起伏状况,符合四川省地貌特征。(2)国家站和区域站所处地势以台地、丘陵和小起伏山地为主,地形起伏较小的国家站占比明显高于区域站,即国家站更具有区域代表性。(3)四川省气象观测站点布设的适宜地区主要集中在盆地、川西高原的北部和西部及攀西地区的东部和南部,占全省面积的69.74%。均值变点分析法确定的分析窗口面积可以兼顾各种地貌类型,提取的地形起伏度能较好地反映气象站点所处地形特征,可为气象站点布局和站网优化提供重要参考依据。

Mapping Soil Texture of a Plain Area Using Fuzzy-c-Means Clustering Method Based on Land Surface Diurnal Temperature Difference

The use of landscape covariates to variability of soil properties in similar estimate soil properties is not suitable topographic and vegetation conditions. for the areas of low relief due to the high A new method was implemented to map regional soil texture （in terms of sand, silt and clay contents） by hypothesizing that the change in the land surface diurnal temperature difference （DTD） is related to soil texture in case of a relatively homogeneous rainfall input. To examine this hypothesis, the DTDs from moderate resolution imagine spectroradiometer （MODIS） during a selected time period, i.e., after a heavy rainfall between autumn harvest and autumn sowing, were classified using fuzzy-c-means （FCM） clustering. Six classes were generated, and for each class, the sand （〉 0.05 mm）, silt （0.002-0.05 mm） and clay （〈 0.002 mm） contents at the location of maximum membership value were considered as the typical values of that class. A weighted average model was then used to digitally map soil texture. The results showed that the predicted map quite accurately reflected the regional soil variation. A validation dataset produced estimates of error for the predicted maps of sand, silt and clay contents at root mean of squared error values of 8.4%, 7.8% and 2.3%, respectively, which is satisfactory in a practical context. This study thus provided a methodology that can help improve the accuracy and efficiency of soil texture mapping in plain areas using easily available data sources.

中国地形起伏度及其与人口分布的相关性

基于人居环境自然评价的需要,运用GIS技术,采用窗口分析等方法,提取了基于栅格尺度(10km×10km)的中国地形起伏度,并从比例结构、空间分布和高度特征3个方面系统分析了中国地形起伏度的分布规律及其与人口分布的相关性。研究表明:中国的地形起伏度以低值为主,63%的区域低于1(相对高差≤500m);空间分布呈现西高东低、南高北低的格局;随着经度和纬度增高,地形起伏度呈逐渐下降趋势,28oN、35oN、42oN纬线和85oE、102oE、115oE经线上的地形起伏度符合中国三大阶梯的地貌特征;随着海拔高度增加,地形起伏度呈现逐渐升高趋势。实证分析表明:中国的地形起伏度与人口密度有较好的对数拟合关系,拟合度高达0.91;全国85%以上的人口居住在地形起伏度小于1的地区,在地形起伏度大于3的地区居住的人口总数只占全国0.57%。中国地形起伏度与人口分布的相关性区域差异显著,东北、华北、华中和华南等地相关性显著,内蒙古与青藏地区几乎不存在相关性。

基于地形起伏度的山区人口密度修正——以岷江上游为例

山区人口承载能力评价是山区国土空间管理的基础之一,而准确的人口密度数据是正确评价人口承载能力的基础。传统的人口密度算法并未考虑地形起伏度对人口分布带来的影响,不能客观反映山区人口聚集程度。引入地形起伏度、海拔高度因子,选择岷江上游作为研究区,首先运用GIS技术提取地形起伏度,再运用SPSS软件对人口密度与地形起伏度相关性进行分析,确定县域不同地形起伏度与海拔人居适宜标准,剔除阈值以外不适宜人口聚居的面积,对人口密度进行修正。研究结果表明:1岷江上游人口分布受地形起伏度的影响显著,二者的对数曲线拟合度为0.89,汶川县、茂县、理县、黑水县与松潘县地形起伏度与人口分布的相关性分别为:0.841、0.773、0.643、0.696和0.730;2应用地形起伏度对岷江上游人口密度修正,为真实反映山区人口密度提供了新的考量依据,剔除了人口密度空间噪音,5县地形起伏度与海拔适宜标准分别为:汶川3.2°和3 693 m,茂县4°和4 033 m,理县4.3°和3 790 m,黑水4.4°和3 853 m、松潘4.2°和3 966 m;地形起伏度高值区面积越大,修正前后的人口密度偏差越大,地形起伏度较大的理县和黑水县修正后的人口密度分别提高了7.8倍和5.6倍;地形起伏度较低的汶川县与茂县修正后人口密度仅分别提高2.3倍与2.4倍;3岷江上游人口潜在压力大,不同区域应因地制宜,汶川和茂县采取重点集约发展战略,理县和黑水县采取适度开发战略,松潘县应采取恢复与保护生态策略。

基于GIS的关中-天水经济区地形起伏度与人口分布研究

地形起伏度作为影响人口分布的重要因素之一,是人居环境自然评价的一个重要指标,在小尺度人居环境自然评价方面也具有较高的准确性和实际应用价值。基于关中-天水经济区栅格数字高程模型,采用窗口分析等方法,利用ArcGIS软件空间分析模块中的邻域分析,提取了基于栅格尺度的关中-天水经济区地形起伏度,并从比例结构、空间分布和高度特征3个方面系统分析了关中-天水经济区地形起伏度的分布规律及其与人口分布的相关性。研究结果为:①关中-天水经济区的地形起伏度以中低值为主,地形起伏度小于2.4的区域占总面积的96.66%,其中平地比例占总体的32.4%;地形起伏度越高的地区,平地比例越低,反之亦然。②关中-天水经济区的地形起伏度呈现南北高中间低的空间格局,最高值为宝鸡市太白县,最低值为关中平原;经度上的变化规律不是很明显,纬度上的地形起伏度无论从南到北还是从北到南都是先下降后增高的。③随着海拔高度的增加,地形起伏度呈现逐渐升高趋势,但变化幅度不大。④地形起伏度对区域人口分布有较强的影响,关中-天水经济区近90%的人口居住在地形起伏度小于1.5的地区,人口密度与地形起伏度的曲线拟合度非常高。

基于GIS和遥感的中国城市分布与自然环境关系的定量研究

利用ArcGIS10、ENVI4.5、Visual FoxPro6.0等软件,采用空间分析技术手段,定量分析了中国655个建制城市的空间分布与河流、植被、地形起伏度、高程4种自然环境因素的关系,结论如下:①城市对水的依赖程度高,城市等级越高,依赖程度越强;②总体趋势上,植被状况越好,城市分布数目越多;城市对植被的依赖程度高,城市等级越高,依赖程度越强;③总体趋势上,地形起伏度越大,城市分布数目越少;地形起伏度对城市分布有较大影响,城市等级越高,影响程度越大;④高程对城市分布有较大影响,城市等级越高,影响程度越大。综合评价全国不同区域的城市发展适宜度,分析了适合城市发展的区域。

基于ASTERGDEM数据的湖北省地形起伏度及其与人口和经济的关系研究

[目的]探讨湖北省地形起伏度及其与人口和经济的定量关系,为制定合理的人口经济政策、引导人口经济合理布局和治理生态环境等方面提供科学依据。[方法]采用邻域分析法、均值变点法等方法,确定湖北省地形起伏度最佳统计单元,根据分级标准绘制湖北省地形起伏度分级图,并分析地形起伏度对研究区人口和经济分布的影响。[结果]湖北省地势整体上以平原、丘陵为主,平原地貌类型主要分布在江汉平原,丘陵主要分布在黄冈北部、咸宁、黄石南部、鄂西北和鄂西南大部,两者占湖北省面积的70%。随着地形起伏度的增加,县域人口密度和经济密度逐渐降低,呈显著负相关,而且县域地形起伏度越小,人口密度和经济密度在垂直方向越分散。[结论]地形起伏度与县域人口密度和经济密度有负相关性,对区域人口和经济分布有一定的影响。

利用高程标准差表达地形起伏程度的数据分析

应用高程标准差为衡量参数,采用窗口递增的方法,对朔州市1∶10万和太原市阳曲县1∶5万DEM数据进行了高程标准差计算,并对结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:用高程标准差表达地形起伏程度能够灵敏地反应地形起伏变化;并且当统计计算窗口为1 km×1 km左右时,高程标准差的值对地形的分级能力较强,分级的结果与土地利用状况吻合较好。

基于栅格尺度的云南省人居环境自然适宜性评价研究

人居环境自然适宜性是人类生存和发展的基础,从根本上制约着区域人口的集聚和发展。同时随着经济社会的发展,人居环境适宜性越来越受到社会的关注,相关研究也越来越深入,牵涉的方面也更加广泛。采用地形起伏度、地被指数、水文指数、气候适宜度四类指标加权求和的方法计算了云南省不同区域人居环境自然适宜性。研究结果将为云南省未来人口发展功能分区,人口空间优化分布,协调人口、资源、环境之间的关系提供重要参考。

地表起伏度对农业生产条件的影响

以全国各省(市、区)地表起伏度的计算结果及农业数据为基础,研究地表起伏度对农业生产条件的影响。结果表明,随着地表起伏度的增加,1)不识字或识字很少的比例增加;2)耕地占国土面积的比例减少,水田比例减小,人均耕地减小;3)农业机械化程度降低;4)农业灌溉条件变差;5)化肥施用量增大。

层次分析法在下垫面因子影响沙尘暴危险度研究中的应用

沙尘暴是一种危害严重的气象灾害,其形成依赖于大气环流和沙质地表两种不同密度的物理介质的相互作用,风力条件和下垫面的性质是影响沙尘暴强度和危害程度的两个重要因素。减轻沙尘暴危害的有效方法就是改善沙尘暴源地的下垫面状况,但这需要评估下垫面各因子在不同天气、气候背景条件下对沙尘暴发生的影响程度。从下垫面的角度出发,以内蒙古中西部地区为例,利用气象资料和实测数据,应用AHP方法对下垫面定性与定量因子进行综合分析,得出不同地区下垫面因子对沙尘暴发生作用的权重,为从下垫面角度研究沙尘暴危险度奠定基础。

三峡库区(重庆段)地表起伏度及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

地表起伏度与生态系统服务价值密切相关。地表起伏度决定或直接影响土地利用类型,造成不同地表起伏度地区生态系统服务价值不同。利用ASTER GDEM V2全球数字高程模型数据,通过窗口分析法获得三峡库区(重庆段)地表起伏度。利用土地利用数据,参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表,计算三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统服务价值,定量分析地表起伏度与生态系统服务价值的相关性。结果表明:(1)研究区地貌复杂,地表起伏较大,整体来说东部高于西部,其中地表起伏度最大的是巫溪(1.360 3),最小的是渝中(0.289 0)。(2)研究区人均生态系统服务价值空间分布不均,东部为天然林保护区和水源涵养区,人均生态系统服务价值高。西部为都市重点开发区和城市发展新区,人均生态系统服务价值低。(3)地表起伏度与人均生态系统服务价值呈正相关,对其影响程度由大到小依次为原材料生产、食物生产、气体调节、气候调节、价值总量、水文调节、保持土壤、提供美学景观、维持生物多样性和废物处理。研究表明,加强对位于高地表起伏度区的天然林保护区和水源涵养区的保护是维护和提高库区生态系统服务价值的有效途径。

巢湖流域地形起伏度及其与人口分布的相关性研究

地形起伏度描述了某一范围内地形的起伏状况,是影响人口分布的重要因子之一。以Arcgis 10.0为数据处理平台,以分辨率为90 m×90 m的SRTM DEM为基础数据,采用邻域统计分析法,提取了巢湖流域不同分析窗口下的地形起伏度;然后运用均值变点法确定巢湖流域的最佳分析窗口,分析了巢湖流域最佳分析窗口下的地形起伏度的分布特点;并探讨了地形起伏度与人口分布的相关性。结果表明:1以90 m×90 m的SRTM DEM为基础数据下的巢湖流域地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口为11×11窗口单元;2巢湖流域地形起伏度介于0"701之间,整体趋势为以平坦为主,西高东低、南高北低,中部巢湖区域较低;3巢湖流域地形起伏度与人口密度呈显著负相关,其幂数拟合曲线拟合度为0.682。