Melosira is one of the most common diatom genera found in freshwater ecosystems.There are many freshwater species of Melosira,of which M.varians is the most common.In our investigation of periphytic diatoms in the Jin...Melosira is one of the most common diatom genera found in freshwater ecosystems.There are many freshwater species of Melosira,of which M.varians is the most common.In our investigation of periphytic diatoms in the Jinsha River,China,a new species,M.capsularum sp.nov,was characterized in combined morphological and molecular approaches.M.varians was also analyzed using molecular data.The new species is similar to M.varians,M.moniliformis,M.nummuloides,and M.lineata in morphology.The cells are capsular and join to filaments by mucilage pads that are secreted on the valve face and united into pairs by their cingula.The valve face is domed and covered with small granules,and the valve mantle edge has a milled appearance.The two strains of M.capsularum are in a single clade obviously away from other Melosira species,as determined in phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear small subunit(SSU)rDNA sequences and the chloroplast-encoded rbc L gene.Thus,the results of morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data provide strong evidence that M.capsularum is a new species,thereby increasing the total number of recognized freshwater diatom species in China.In addition,we have systematically reclassified the freshwater Melosira that have been recorded in China.展开更多
We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any...We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any two contiguous interpunctions I<sub>p</sub>, because this parameter can model how the human mind memorizes “chunks” of information. Since I<sub>P</sub> can be calculated for any alphabetical text, we can perform experiments—otherwise impossible— with ancient readers by studying the literary works they used to read. The “experiments” compare the I<sub>P</sub> of texts of a language/translation to those of another language/translation by measuring the minimum average probability of finding joint readers (those who can read both texts because of similar short-term memory capacity) and by defining an “overlap index”. We also define the population of universal readers, people who can read any New Testament text in any language. Future work is vast, with many research tracks, because alphabetical literatures are very large and allow many experiments, such as comparing authors, translations or even texts written by artificial intelligence tools.展开更多
We propose the first statistical theory of language translation based on communication theory. The theory is based on New Testament translations from Greek to Latin and to other 35 modern languages. In a text translat...We propose the first statistical theory of language translation based on communication theory. The theory is based on New Testament translations from Greek to Latin and to other 35 modern languages. In a text translated into another language</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> all linguistic variables do numerically change. To study the chaotic data that emerge, we model any translation as a complex communication channel affected by “noise”, studied according to Communication Theory applied for the first time to this channel. This theory deals with aspects of languages more complex than those currently considered in machine translations. The input language is the “signal”, the output language is a “replica” of the input language, but largely perturbed by noise, indispensable, however, for conveying the meaning of the input language to its readers</span></span></span><span><span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;" cambria="" math","serif";"="">.</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:""></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We have defined a noise-to-signal power ratio and found that channels are differently affected by translation noise. Communication channels are also characterized by channel capacity. The translation of novels has more constraints than the New Testament translations. We propose a global readability formula for alphabetical languages, not available for most of them, and conclude with a general theory of language translation which shows that direct and reverse channels are not symmetric. The general theory can also be applied to channels of texts belonging to the same language both to study how texts of the same author may have changed over time, or to compare texts of different authors. In conclusion, a common underlying mathematical structure governing human textual/verbal communication channels seems to emerge. Language does not play the only role in translation;this role is shared with reader’s reading ability and short-term</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">memory capacity. Different versions of New Testament within the same language can even seem, mathematically, to belong to different languages. These conclusions are everlasting because valid also for ancient Roman and Greek readers.展开更多
背景自“全面二孩”政策实施后,经产妇为主要分娩人群,高龄、慢性合并症、产科并发症、剖宫产术后再次妊娠等问题日渐突出,给产科工作者带来新的挑战。目的基于修正版Robson分类系统对新生育政策下经产妇的剖宫产现状进行分析,为合理控...背景自“全面二孩”政策实施后,经产妇为主要分娩人群,高龄、慢性合并症、产科并发症、剖宫产术后再次妊娠等问题日渐突出,给产科工作者带来新的挑战。目的基于修正版Robson分类系统对新生育政策下经产妇的剖宫产现状进行分析,为合理控制剖宫产率、提高产科医疗质量提供数据支持。方法纳入2017—2020年在南方医科大学第十附属医院剖宫产分娩的产妇共19170例,分为初产妇组(n=5630)和经产妇组(n=13540)。通过电子病历系统收集产妇信息,包括年龄、孕产次、既往分娩情况、胎方位、妊娠合并症及并发症、产妇结局及新生儿结局等,并对两组产妇的一般资料、产妇结局及新生儿结局进行比较。采用修正版Robson分类系统,根据产科特征(产次、胎位、胎儿数量、分娩孕周)对产妇进行分类,对比两组在修正版Robson分类系统中的分布及各组占比随年度变化情况。结果经产妇中剖宫产后再次妊娠的比例高达81.4%(11026/13540);经产妇组的年龄、孕次、产次及年龄≥35岁、妊娠合并糖尿病比例均高于初产妇组(P<0.05)。修正版Robson分类在所有剖宫产产妇中,以R3类(妊娠≥37周单胎头位,至少有1次剖宫产史)为主(50.4%,9668/19170),其次为R1类(妊娠≥37周单胎头位初产,自然临产、诱导临产或临产前剖宫产)(20.8%,3993/19170);经产妇中,R3类的占比最高达71.4%(9668/13540)。分析经产妇人群特征发现,2017—2020年,占比最高的R3类产妇从73.5%下降至67.1%,而R2类[妊娠≥37周单胎头位经产(无剖宫产史),自然临产、诱导临产或临产前剖宫产]、R8类[所有妊娠<37周单胎头位(包括有剖宫产史)]的占比均有所升高。经产妇组产后24 h出血量、输血比例高于初产妇组,而术后住院天数低于初产妇组(P<0.05)。19170例产妇共分娩新生儿20026名例,其中初产妇分娩6077例,经产妇分娩13949例;经产妇组新生儿出生体质量、1 min Apgar评分高于初产妇组新生儿,而1 min Apgar评分≤7分、转新生儿科比例低于初产妇组新生儿(P<0.05);两组产妇剖宫产新生儿5 min Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高龄和剖宫产术后再次妊娠是经产妇的突出特征。R3类的占比虽然逐年下降,但仍是剖宫产经产妇的主要人群,为降低剖宫产率,需有效控制初次分娩剖宫产,并在安全的前提下积极推广R3类产妇经阴道试产。同时,经产妇中R2类和R8类的占比有所升高,对产科临床实践提出了新的要求。展开更多
基于分子和形态学证据,野海棠属Bredia Blume被重新界定,鸭脚茶属Tashiroea Matsum. ex T. It?et Matsum.被恢复。本文结合文献研究和野外补充调查,对浙江产野海棠属和鸭脚茶属植物进行了分类修订,编制了鸭脚茶属分种检索表,同时报道了...基于分子和形态学证据,野海棠属Bredia Blume被重新界定,鸭脚茶属Tashiroea Matsum. ex T. It?et Matsum.被恢复。本文结合文献研究和野外补充调查,对浙江产野海棠属和鸭脚茶属植物进行了分类修订,编制了鸭脚茶属分种检索表,同时报道了鸭脚茶属一个新变种——瑞安鸭脚茶Tashiroea amoena (Diels) R. C. Zhou et Ying Liu var.ruianensis M. Z. Lin, W. Y. Xie et Z. H. Chen和一个浙江分布新记录种——长柔毛鸭脚茶Tashiroea villosa X. X. Su。展开更多
马尾杉属植物因含治疗阿尔茨海默症的特效药成分石杉碱甲而具有重要的经济价值和保护价值,全属为国家重点保护植物。该文基于形态学、生态学和地理学等证据,对中国分布的马尾杉属植物进行了分类修订,承认我国有马尾杉属植物21种,将该属...马尾杉属植物因含治疗阿尔茨海默症的特效药成分石杉碱甲而具有重要的经济价值和保护价值,全属为国家重点保护植物。该文基于形态学、生态学和地理学等证据,对中国分布的马尾杉属植物进行了分类修订,承认我国有马尾杉属植物21种,将该属植物划分为4个单系的组,即金丝条马尾杉组(Sect.Fargesiani X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang, sect. nov.)、喜马拉雅马尾杉组(Sect.Hamiltoniani C. Y. Yang, emend. X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang)、马尾杉组(Sect.Phlegmariurus)和粗糙马尾杉组[Sect.Squarrosurus(Herter) X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang, comb.&stat. nov.],并将Huperzia medogensis、Phlegmariurus austrosinicus、P.changii、P.nylamensis、P.cancellatus var.minor、P.qiongzhongensis和P.shangsiensis的名称作为异名处理。展开更多
基金Supported by the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(No.2019HJ2096001006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31770222)。
文摘Melosira is one of the most common diatom genera found in freshwater ecosystems.There are many freshwater species of Melosira,of which M.varians is the most common.In our investigation of periphytic diatoms in the Jinsha River,China,a new species,M.capsularum sp.nov,was characterized in combined morphological and molecular approaches.M.varians was also analyzed using molecular data.The new species is similar to M.varians,M.moniliformis,M.nummuloides,and M.lineata in morphology.The cells are capsular and join to filaments by mucilage pads that are secreted on the valve face and united into pairs by their cingula.The valve face is domed and covered with small granules,and the valve mantle edge has a milled appearance.The two strains of M.capsularum are in a single clade obviously away from other Melosira species,as determined in phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear small subunit(SSU)rDNA sequences and the chloroplast-encoded rbc L gene.Thus,the results of morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data provide strong evidence that M.capsularum is a new species,thereby increasing the total number of recognized freshwater diatom species in China.In addition,we have systematically reclassified the freshwater Melosira that have been recorded in China.
文摘We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any two contiguous interpunctions I<sub>p</sub>, because this parameter can model how the human mind memorizes “chunks” of information. Since I<sub>P</sub> can be calculated for any alphabetical text, we can perform experiments—otherwise impossible— with ancient readers by studying the literary works they used to read. The “experiments” compare the I<sub>P</sub> of texts of a language/translation to those of another language/translation by measuring the minimum average probability of finding joint readers (those who can read both texts because of similar short-term memory capacity) and by defining an “overlap index”. We also define the population of universal readers, people who can read any New Testament text in any language. Future work is vast, with many research tracks, because alphabetical literatures are very large and allow many experiments, such as comparing authors, translations or even texts written by artificial intelligence tools.
文摘We propose the first statistical theory of language translation based on communication theory. The theory is based on New Testament translations from Greek to Latin and to other 35 modern languages. In a text translated into another language</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> all linguistic variables do numerically change. To study the chaotic data that emerge, we model any translation as a complex communication channel affected by “noise”, studied according to Communication Theory applied for the first time to this channel. This theory deals with aspects of languages more complex than those currently considered in machine translations. The input language is the “signal”, the output language is a “replica” of the input language, but largely perturbed by noise, indispensable, however, for conveying the meaning of the input language to its readers</span></span></span><span><span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;" cambria="" math","serif";"="">.</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:""></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We have defined a noise-to-signal power ratio and found that channels are differently affected by translation noise. Communication channels are also characterized by channel capacity. The translation of novels has more constraints than the New Testament translations. We propose a global readability formula for alphabetical languages, not available for most of them, and conclude with a general theory of language translation which shows that direct and reverse channels are not symmetric. The general theory can also be applied to channels of texts belonging to the same language both to study how texts of the same author may have changed over time, or to compare texts of different authors. In conclusion, a common underlying mathematical structure governing human textual/verbal communication channels seems to emerge. Language does not play the only role in translation;this role is shared with reader’s reading ability and short-term</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">memory capacity. Different versions of New Testament within the same language can even seem, mathematically, to belong to different languages. These conclusions are everlasting because valid also for ancient Roman and Greek readers.
文摘背景自“全面二孩”政策实施后,经产妇为主要分娩人群,高龄、慢性合并症、产科并发症、剖宫产术后再次妊娠等问题日渐突出,给产科工作者带来新的挑战。目的基于修正版Robson分类系统对新生育政策下经产妇的剖宫产现状进行分析,为合理控制剖宫产率、提高产科医疗质量提供数据支持。方法纳入2017—2020年在南方医科大学第十附属医院剖宫产分娩的产妇共19170例,分为初产妇组(n=5630)和经产妇组(n=13540)。通过电子病历系统收集产妇信息,包括年龄、孕产次、既往分娩情况、胎方位、妊娠合并症及并发症、产妇结局及新生儿结局等,并对两组产妇的一般资料、产妇结局及新生儿结局进行比较。采用修正版Robson分类系统,根据产科特征(产次、胎位、胎儿数量、分娩孕周)对产妇进行分类,对比两组在修正版Robson分类系统中的分布及各组占比随年度变化情况。结果经产妇中剖宫产后再次妊娠的比例高达81.4%(11026/13540);经产妇组的年龄、孕次、产次及年龄≥35岁、妊娠合并糖尿病比例均高于初产妇组(P<0.05)。修正版Robson分类在所有剖宫产产妇中,以R3类(妊娠≥37周单胎头位,至少有1次剖宫产史)为主(50.4%,9668/19170),其次为R1类(妊娠≥37周单胎头位初产,自然临产、诱导临产或临产前剖宫产)(20.8%,3993/19170);经产妇中,R3类的占比最高达71.4%(9668/13540)。分析经产妇人群特征发现,2017—2020年,占比最高的R3类产妇从73.5%下降至67.1%,而R2类[妊娠≥37周单胎头位经产(无剖宫产史),自然临产、诱导临产或临产前剖宫产]、R8类[所有妊娠<37周单胎头位(包括有剖宫产史)]的占比均有所升高。经产妇组产后24 h出血量、输血比例高于初产妇组,而术后住院天数低于初产妇组(P<0.05)。19170例产妇共分娩新生儿20026名例,其中初产妇分娩6077例,经产妇分娩13949例;经产妇组新生儿出生体质量、1 min Apgar评分高于初产妇组新生儿,而1 min Apgar评分≤7分、转新生儿科比例低于初产妇组新生儿(P<0.05);两组产妇剖宫产新生儿5 min Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高龄和剖宫产术后再次妊娠是经产妇的突出特征。R3类的占比虽然逐年下降,但仍是剖宫产经产妇的主要人群,为降低剖宫产率,需有效控制初次分娩剖宫产,并在安全的前提下积极推广R3类产妇经阴道试产。同时,经产妇中R2类和R8类的占比有所升高,对产科临床实践提出了新的要求。
文摘报道了3个浙江种子植物分布新记录。其中,纤梗叶下珠Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.为华东归化植物新记录,同时确认浙江产的苦味叶下珠P.amarus Shumach.et Thonn.系本种之误定;池州报春苣苔Primulina chizhouensis Xin Hong,S.B.Zhou et F.Wen和宝华山老鸦瓣Amana baohuaensis B.X.Han,Long Wang et G.Y.Lu为浙江野生植物分布新记录。凭证标本保存于浙江自然博物院(ZM)和浙江大学标本馆(HZU)。
文摘基于分子和形态学证据,野海棠属Bredia Blume被重新界定,鸭脚茶属Tashiroea Matsum. ex T. It?et Matsum.被恢复。本文结合文献研究和野外补充调查,对浙江产野海棠属和鸭脚茶属植物进行了分类修订,编制了鸭脚茶属分种检索表,同时报道了鸭脚茶属一个新变种——瑞安鸭脚茶Tashiroea amoena (Diels) R. C. Zhou et Ying Liu var.ruianensis M. Z. Lin, W. Y. Xie et Z. H. Chen和一个浙江分布新记录种——长柔毛鸭脚茶Tashiroea villosa X. X. Su。
文摘马尾杉属植物因含治疗阿尔茨海默症的特效药成分石杉碱甲而具有重要的经济价值和保护价值,全属为国家重点保护植物。该文基于形态学、生态学和地理学等证据,对中国分布的马尾杉属植物进行了分类修订,承认我国有马尾杉属植物21种,将该属植物划分为4个单系的组,即金丝条马尾杉组(Sect.Fargesiani X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang, sect. nov.)、喜马拉雅马尾杉组(Sect.Hamiltoniani C. Y. Yang, emend. X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang)、马尾杉组(Sect.Phlegmariurus)和粗糙马尾杉组[Sect.Squarrosurus(Herter) X. C. Zhang&R. H. Jiang, comb.&stat. nov.],并将Huperzia medogensis、Phlegmariurus austrosinicus、P.changii、P.nylamensis、P.cancellatus var.minor、P.qiongzhongensis和P.shangsiensis的名称作为异名处理。
