Evolutionary game-based optimization of green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity joint market for thermal-wind-photovoltaic power system

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the power market,the demands on government financial subsidies are gradually increasing.Thus,a joint green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity multi-market trading process is proposed to study the market-based strategy for renewable energy.Considering the commodity characteristics of green certificates and carbon emission rights,the dynamic cost models of green certificates and carbon rights are constructed based on the Rubinstein game and ladder pricing models.Furthermore,considering the irrational bidding behavior of energy suppliers in the actual electricity market,an evolutionary game based multi-market bidding optimization model is presented.Subsequently,it is solved using a composite differential evolutionary algorithm.Finally,the case study results reveal that the proposed model can increase profits and the consumption rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon emission.

Prospects for the transformation and development of carbon storage in abandoned mines of coal enterprises from the perspective ofcarbon neutrality

Under the carbon neutrality goal,coal enterprises must seek breakthroughs from abandoned mines,develop new resources in the new era,turn problems into countermeasures,and participate in the carbon emissions market,for contributing to the accomplishment of the national strategic goal of carbon neutrality.To this end,we investigated the relevant national policies and regulations to clarify the boundaries disclosed by the carbon information of enterprises,understood the development direction of carbon storage in abandoned mines,and clarified the transformation and development of carbon storage in aban-doned mines.We made a few suggestions:(1)China should learn from its past experience and other countries to develop the energy industry with Chinese characteristics and reform the economic system.(2)Coal enterprises must actively respond to the national carbon information disclosure policy,clarify their own responsibilities and carbon emission boundaries.(3)It is necessary to proactively obtain advanced knowledge and plan carbon storage pathways for abandoned mines.(4)Devel-opment problems of coal enterprises should be deduced using cases.The'dual carbon'goals should be achieved steadily step-by-step.(5)Three measures,i.e.improving the existing resource structure,coordinating the information of abandoned mines,and promoting the cultivation of scientific and technological talents.

Spatial-temporal Evolution Characteristics and Decoupling Analysis of Influencing Factors of China’s Aviation Carbon Emissions

The aviation industry has become one of the top ten greenhouse gas emission industries in the world. China’s aviation carbon emissions continue to increase, but the analysis of its influencing factors at the provincial level is still incomplete. This paper firstly uses Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model(STIRPAT) model to analyze the time series evolution of China’s aviation carbon emissions from 2000 to 2019. Secondly, it uses the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LDMI) model to analyze the influencing characteristics and degree of four factors on China’s aviation carbon emissions, which are air transportation revenue, aviation route structure, air transportation intensity and aviation energy intensity. Thirdly, it determines the various factors’ influencing direction and evolution trend of 31 provinces’ aviation carbon emissions in China(not including Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan of China due to incomplete data). Finally, it derives the decoupling effort model and analyzes the decoupling relationship and decoupling effort degree between air carbon emissions and air transportation revenue in different provinces. The study found that from 2000 to2019, China’s total aviation carbon emissions continued to grow, while the growth rate of aviation carbon emissions showed a fluctuating downward trend. Air transportation revenue and aviation route structure promote the growth of total aviation carbon emissions, and air transportation intensity and aviation energy intensity have a restraining effect on the growth of total aviation carbon emissions. The scope of negative driving effect of air transportation revenue and air transportation intensity on total aviation carbon emissions in various provinces has increased. While the scope of positive driving influence of aviation route structure on total aviation carbon emissions of various provinces has increased, aviation energy intensity mainly has negative driving influence on total aviation carbon emissions of each province. Overall, the emission reduction trend in the areas to the west and north of the Qinling-Huaihe River Line is obvious. The decoupling mode between air carbon emissions and air transportation revenue in 31 provinces is mainly expansion negative decoupling.The air transportation intensity effect shows strong decoupling efforts in most provinces, the decoupling effort of aviation route structure effect and aviation energy intensity effect is not prominent.

The Right to Carbon Emission: A New Right to Development

For the past few years, the international community has regarded the right to carbon emission as a new right to development. The legal basis of this mainly includes “the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”, “the Kyoto Protocol” as well as the sustainable development principle, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and the principle of fairness and justice, etc. The distribution of the right to carbon emission of the post-Kyoto age should consider the need of development, population, historical responsibility, the principle of fairness and justice and other factors. As a dominant country of greenhouse gas emission, on the premise of sticking to “the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities”, China should achieve the transformation from the “difference principle” to “common responsibilities” progressively. Meanwhile, in strengthening coordination with developing countries, China should appropriately support the requests of the Alliance of Small Island States and the least developed countries and attach importance to the issue of the right to development in the distribution of the right to carbon emission.

A study of legal attributes of carbon emission rights in carbon trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity, which provides developing countries with valuable opportunity to address climate change issues right along with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve sustainable development. However, most studies of CDM focus on economics, and few on its legal problems. CDM involves too many aspects. And the clear legal attribute of trading object is the basis of progress of the transaction and also the start point of legal protection. Therefore, this paper in accordance with the inherent principle of property rights economics, and environmental economics in CDM, only discusses CDM carbon emission right legal interpretation and its attribution. The paper recommends that in order to ensure and promote the carbon emission right trading, carbon emission right should be attributed into the system of real rights to be regulated by Real Right Law. In this way, carbon emission right can gain exclusive power of possession and use, which can achieve a clear right def inition of environmental goods in line with Coase's theory to protect Chinese prof it in carbon trading market and promote the development of the carbon trading market further.

Research on Carbon Reduction Strategy of China’s Industrial Chain with the Goal of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality

In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.

Study on China's Carbon Emission Trading Market Development under the Globalization

This paper starts by describing China's carbon emissions trading market development history, reveals the existence of its development problems, then, analyzes the experience of successful establishment of the European and American national carbon emissions trading market. At last, this paper recommends for a call of unified effort to improve domestic carbon emissions trading market system.

Research on Link Mechanism of China's Regional Carbon Emission Trading System

The construction of China's carbon emission trading market has gone through a process from one-way participation in the international carbon market to voluntary emission reduction trading at home, and then to the total carbon emission right trading as the main and voluntary emission reduction trading as the auxiliary. The link of regional carbon emission trading system is conducive to reducing the cost of carbon emission reduction, promoting market liquidity, reducing operational risks of carbon market and reducing carbon leakage. The link of inter-provincial carbon market needs to break down administrative barriers and form a consensus on the link elements of carbon emission trading under the unified legal framework. The link of regional carbon emission trading system should be carried out from the aspects of legal mechanism construction, link mode selection and mutual recognition and assimilation of carbon emission trading system.

不同碳减排政策交互影响下发电企业交易策略

在双碳目标和电力系统转型背景下,发电企业的交易策略会发生重要转变。基于可再生能源配额制的实施,综合考虑碳排放权市场和绿证市场,探究了发电企业参与电力市场的最优决策。首先搭建了在多政策情形下市场主体参与交易的市场架构,理清各市场中的供求关系。随后建立发电企业利润函数,以发电企业利润最大化为目标,并分别在非合作博弈和合作博弈两种情况下,建立发电企业的最优生产交易模型。最后通过算例分析检验该交易模型,为发电企业在多种政策影响下参加电力市场交易提供依据。

中国煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格的传导路径研究

碳市场作为新兴市场易受能源价格因素干扰,在“双碳”目标下研究煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格(以下简称为碳价)的传导路径,有利于碳市场的健康运行并助力其发挥减排作用。在梳理煤炭价格与碳价传导机理的基础上,利用DCC-GARCH模型揭示煤炭指数与碳价的动态关系,并运用VAR模型实证检验煤炭价格与碳价的传导路径及能源消费结构、能源效率与动态相关系数的因果关系。实证结果表明:煤炭价格与碳价存在显著动态相关性,并呈现复杂性和多变性;碳市场尚未充分发挥其创新激励效应,相较于能源利用效率,煤炭价格与碳价通过能源消费结构路径实现的传导更加显著;能源消费结构调整是动态相关系数变化的格兰杰原因,而能源利用效率改变则不是。

用能权交易制度对城市碳排放绩效改善的影响研究

用能权交易制度作为我国实现绿色发展的一项重要制度创新,对改善城市碳排放绩效具有重要意义。本文基于2006~2022年我国281个地级市的面板数据,采用双重差分模型检验用能权交易制度对城市碳排放绩效的作用机制及其溢出效应。研究发现:(1)用能权交易制度显著降低城市碳强度和提升碳全要素生产率;(2)用能权交易制度有利于非老工业基地和资源型城市碳强度的降低,同时也有利于非老工业基地和非资源型城市碳全要素生产率的提高;(3)用能权交易制度主要通过结构效应、创新效应和监管效应等途径改善城市碳排放绩效;(4)用能权交易制度的碳排放改善作用存在显著的正向空间溢出,能够实现环境红利和社会福利相容发展。因此,稳步扩大试点政策范围,积极探索实现路径和推进区域协同是实现绿色低碳的重要保障。

基于演化博弈分析的可持续航空燃油与碳市场协同减排研究

面对全球气候变化的严峻挑战,航空业作为温室气体排放的重要领域,其减排行动对于实现全球气候目标至关重要。可持续航空燃油(SAF)作为一种具有显著减排潜力的替代能源,其推广与应用成为航空业减排的关键。然而,SAF的广泛应用需要政府和航空公司的共同努力与协作。本文旨在通过博弈论的视角,构建政府与航空公司的双方演化博弈模型,分析SAF与碳市场协同减排机理。研究结果表明,合理的碳市场机制能够使航空公司通过加注SAF在实现减排的同时在碳市场中获益,进而激励SAF的规模化应用;降低SAF的采购价格以及对航空公司加注SAF提供政策激励措施,同样可以促进SAF的应用,实现减排目标。基于此,本文建议政府在初期通过设置较低的减排目标和提供研发支持,促进SAF技术的成熟和市场接受度。随着市场的发展,逐步提高碳配额要求和碳价,以激励航空公司增加SAF的使用比例,实现长期减排目标。本文的研究在推动SAF和碳市场协同减排中的决策中,为政府部门和航空公司提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于促进航空业的绿色转型和可持续发展。

用能权市场和碳市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略

火电企业在用能权市场和碳市场中面临着独立配额约束,为降低履约难度、提升减排效率,对两市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略进行了研究.分析两市场的相互影响,从交易主体、配额分配、互认抵消等方面梳理市场间协同机理;构建火电企业履行双市场配额责任的系统动力学模型,探讨双重配额约束对企业的影响;对比分析无协同机制、允许配额互认和限制抵消比例3种政策情景下企业的履约策略.结果表明,双重配额约束加大了企业履约成本,未能提升其自主减排意愿,进一步建立配额互认的协同机制后,企业能够在履行义务的同时优化自身经济效益,但会引起两市场发展不平衡问题,为解决这一困境,互认比率应处于2~3.5之间,且需进一步设计抵消限制机制,确保企业按时履约和市场均衡发展,实现资源配置最优化.

林业碳汇权的法律属性及规范完善

要促进林业碳汇高质量发展,不仅应对其开发经营加强行政监管,也需从私法角度厘定林业碳汇权的法律属性,明确权利主体、客体及内容,实现林业碳汇权的私法化配置。从法律属性上说,林业碳汇权为准物权,其客体既具有特定性、独立性等物权属性,又在排他性、支配性、有体性等方面具有与典型物权不同的特殊性。目前,《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国森林法》等相关法律未对林业碳汇权作出具体规定,现实中常出现林业碳汇利益归属不明确、权利客体不清晰、权责分配不均衡等问题。要使林业碳汇权这一新型权利得到更好的保障和规制,法律规范应适时调适,明确林业碳汇的利益归属、厘清权利客体、明晰权责内容。首先,在利益归属上,项目业主、林权人、林农等均可根据其贡献依约参与利益分配。其次,在权利客体上,碳减排量是林业碳汇权利主体权利和义务所指向的对象,是适格的权利客体。由于林业碳汇权与林权、碳排放权等有着密切联系,现实中其客体常被混淆为林权客体或碳排放权客体,因此,未来《森林法》等相关法律法规在厘定林业碳汇权时,应注重明确碳减排量这一权利客体。再次,在权责分配上,林业碳汇权人应享有使用一定的林地林木进行林业碳汇生产、取得和销售林业碳汇产品等权利;同时,需承担在批准的期限内进行林业碳汇生产、有效保护林地林木及环境、按法定或约定的收益分成比例与林权人分享林业碳汇项目之收益、防范及承担各项风险等义务。林权人及林农在享有收益分配、获取报酬等权利的同时,也需承担提供符合要求的林地及劳务等义务。

双阶理论视域下碳排放权的实践困境与对策探讨

碳排放权蕴含碳排放管控的公法特征和私主体自由交易的私法内涵,呈现出公权行使与私法自治交织的特征。在碳排放交易市场日益成熟,并即将全国统一的发展背景下,可采用双阶理论构建碳排放权属性,以碳排放权注册登记为界限,纵向分为两个阶段,注册前视为公法属性,注册后视为私法属性。基于对双阶视阈下的碳排放权困境的分析,探索对立法实践困难和市场实践困难的解决方法,完善碳排放交易机制,以期加快绿色创新步伐,促进实现“双碳”目标。

交易安全视角下碳排放权交易风险防控

在“双碳”战略目标的引导下,碳排放权交易已成为国家气候治理的重要工具。2021年,全国碳排放权交易市场正式启动上线,生态环境部先后发布一系列有关碳排放权交易的管理办法和交易规则,但碳排放权交易活动中存在的和可能发生的交易风险并未全部纳入立法防控中。有关市场准入、交易标的、交易资金和回购交易引发的交易风险缺少必要的立法防控措施,应当从适度提高市场准入条件、加强交易标的真实性监管、实行交易资金来源审查和强化回购交易风险防控等方面完善碳排放权交易的安全环境,保障全国碳排放权交易市场健康发展。

“双碳”目标背景下我国碳会计发展路径探讨

“双碳”目标是我国为应对全球气候变化而向国际社会作出的庄严承诺。碳会计兼具经济管理和环境保护的双重作用,对于“双碳”目标的实现具有至关重要的作用。文章基于绿色、低碳、可持续发展理念,围绕“双碳”目标,并结合《碳排放权交易有关会计处理暂行规定》的相关内容,分析我国碳会计面临的现实问题,在此基础上提出我国碳会计的未来发展路径,以期丰富我国碳会计的理论研究,为碳会计实践提供一定的参考。

碳排放配额作为碳排放权客体之证成

因碳排放权法律属性不明晰、传统物权思维固化及法政策表达不准确等原因,大气环境容量被误认为是碳排放权的客体,而碳排放配额的独立法律地位因此被忽略。碳排放权不是代表排放资格的权利,而是以碳排放配额为客体的财产性权利。碳排放配额制度是各项市场机制直接作用的对象,具有链接大气环境容量的实体价值,补足碳交易理论瑕疵的作用。碳排放配额具有无形性、双重经济价值来源和有限收益属性,区别于既有的权利客体类型,所以有必要将其设立为新的客体类型,这对维持碳交易市场中政府管理和市场自主调节之间的平衡具有现实意义。

基于行政过程论的碳排放权交易市场法律规制

时下,碳排放权交易市场是实现“双碳”目标的重要机制。作为政策性市场,行政权对其构成与运行具有基础性意义。为全面把握碳排放权交易制度的全貌,有必要通过行政过程论进行整全性、动态性考察。在行政过程论的范式下,碳排放权的生成源自行政机关的确认,包括权利主体资格的确认和碳排放配额的确认。而后续的碳排放权交易和核查清缴过程,离不开行政主体的规制。这种规制既包括行政处分、行政处罚或制裁在内的硬性方式,以强制性义务或责任为约束;也包括行政指导、行政契约等在内的柔性手段,以市场主体配合为目标。

国内碳排放权交易市场价格机制存在的问题、成因与对策

碳排放权交易市场及其价格机制是实现碳排放权交易公平、有序、高效运行的重要基础,是引导企业要素资源流动、加快企业转型升级的驱动力,也是加快经济发展方式绿色转型和实现“双碳”目标的重要保障。通过分析当前国内碳排放权交易市场发展现状,指出国内碳排放权交易市场价格机制仍然存在“不活跃、不灵敏、不畅通”等问题,进而从碳排放权交易市场的政府驱动机制、市场分割特征、参与体系不健全等视角深入分析了其成因。基于研究结论,提出了逐步探索建设全国统一大市场、完善细化碳排放实施路径、加快大数据技术实施应用、健全碳市场交易体系等对策建议,以助力“双碳”目标实现和中国经济社会高质量发展。