A Coherent Interpretation of Economic Compensation for Divorce:Taking Gender Equality as the Basis

Article 1088 of China's Civil Code grants the right to seek economic compensation in divorce cases.However,significant confusion persists regarding the values,interpretations of doctrine,and legal techniques related to this compensation.Various viewpoints have emerged on the nature of compensation,including notions of household wages,human capital investment,moral obligation,and damages recovery.Concerning compensation standards,there are proposals such as the“humanitarian assistance”theory,“household wages”theory,“expected interest”theory,or“loss of interest”theory.By examining the evolution,legal principles,and practical applications of economic compensation for divorce from a human rights perspective,we aim to establish the legal foundation for this compensation,grounded in principles of gender equality.It clarifies that the compensation essentially confirms and restores individual development opportunities and the right to development in the context of gender inequality.This approach aims to provide a more coherent interpretation of clauses of economic compensation for divorce in terms of legal purposes,legal doctrines,and legal techniques,thus offering a more reasonable perspective to reconcile theoretical and practical discrepancies in economic compensation for divorce.

A study of benef its compensation mechanism for agricultural water rights trading under the restriction of ecological reconstruction:a case study of Shiyang River basin

Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establish benefits compensation mechanism to resolve such problems. This paper takes the Shiyang River basin as an example to calculate the opportunity cost of 0.97×10^8 m^3 of agricultural water encroached by the middle reach based on initial water right allocation system under which water is allocated in accordance with the ratio between agricultural population of two different regions concerning the downstream ecological reconstruction needs with Bio-economic model （BEM）. The results suggest that the total economic loss of Minqin County for ecological reconstruction amounts to 2.5 7×10^8 yuan, of which 1.68×10^8 yuan is ecological compensation, representing the economic loss Minqin suffered for ecological reconstruction which shouM burden beneficial groups of ecological reconstruction and 0.89 ×10^8 yuan is the economic loss Minqin suffered due to Liangzhou＇s encroachment behavior which should be compensated by Liangzhou.

Important Guarantee for The Basic Rights of Citizens——China's State compensation system

A common folk can sue an official? This was hardly possible in the past in China where the old feudalistic tradition dies hard. But this is really possible today when the common people cannot only sue officials and also get compensation if they are wronged. State compensation system It would be inevitable for government functionaries to cause damages to some citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the course of their management of the society. That is why China has established a State compensation system to compensate for the damages to citizens, legal persons and other organizations caused by government functionaries in exercising their power.

Problems and Countermeasures to Improve Clinical Trial Participants’Compensation Rights in China

Objective To discuss the problems existing in the compensation of Chinese clinical trial participants and propose some suggestions for improving their rights.Methods The literature related to the participants’right to compensation at home and abroad was searched to study the inadequacy of the compensation right for clinical trial participants in China from four aspects:insurance system,principle of attribution,legal relationship and compensation regulations.Then,some suggestions to improve the participants’right to compensation were proposed.Results and Conclusion China lacks clear legal norms for participants’right to compensation.There are problems such as unclear insurance rules and compensation rules,unclear contractual relationships between parties to clinical trials,and no laws and regulations to rely on for attribution and compensation.China should issue regulatory guidelines related to the right to compensation of participants in clinical trials,so that all parties in clinical trials can have rules to follow if there is the occurrence of injury,which can better protect the rights and interests of the participants.

Interregional compensation for farmland protection:From the perspective of farmland allocation optimization

Interregional compensation for farmland protection(IRCFP)is a policy instrument for encouraging farmland protection through interregional fiscal transfer payments.Previous practices and studies on IRCFP have generally determined the payers and recipients of compensation based on the present distribution of farmland,and the compensation standards did not combine farmland development right value with farmland deficit and surplus,resulting in insignificant effects on farmland protection and even policy failure.Therefore,in this study,we proposed an interregional compensation mechanism for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization by considering 31 provincial-level regions in China.The results showed that(1)the determination of farmland surplus or deficit areas based on farmland allocation optimization met the regional construction land demand from the perspective of achieving food security.(2)The combination of the compensation value standard and cropland deficit and surplus had a positive effect on farmland protection.(3)Interregional compensation for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization can coordinate economic development,farmland protection,and ecological conservation.Finally,we discussed the rationality of interregional compensation for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization and designed the operation mechanism of IRCFP.

The Research On Protecting of Criminal Victims ＇ Rights

In the scales of the human rights protection which is not only meant to protect the basic rights of suspects, but also included the rights of victims, both are very important. However, during the execution process, the criminal legal relations are always simply to be defined as the relationship between the national authorities with the suspects except the victims. The victim＇ s benefits and aspirations are often ignored because they are viewed as a category of witnesses. Therefore, it is against the will of legals,which is better to give the victims the concerned parties to participants the processing, then their rights can be protected and got the coordinating compensation.

Land Expropriation and Constitutional Protection of Farmers' Rights

One of the reasons for many social tragedies resulted from land expropriation in China is failure of the constitution to bring into play its due functions in standardizing land expropriation power of the government and protecting farmers' rights.In the existing land expropriation system,government is not only a policy maker of land expropriation,but also a "referee" of dispute over land expropriation.Government' land expropriation power and land-expropriated farmers' rights become out of balance.As a result,some local governments do not attach importance to farmers' rights,making land-expropriated farmers dissatisfied and consequently leading to some social tragedies unfavorable for harmony and stability.To fundamentally settle disputes over land expropriation and realize win-win of farmers' right and state interest,it should bring into full play functions of the constitution through protecting farmers' right to participate in land expropriation and establishing constitution evaluation mechanism.

耕地保护补偿制度的定位反思与规范重构

研究目的:探析耕地保护补偿制度的立法定位,准确把握耕地保护补偿制度的调整范畴,为正在制定的《耕地保护法》关于“国家建立耕地保护补偿制度”提供具体的立法建议。研究方法:规范分析法和制度目标分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护补偿制度在认识论层面,耕地权利设限与补偿的法权基础模糊;在本体论层面,耕地保护补偿的内涵外延尚存争议;在价值论层面,生态供益与增益的激励属性无从彰显。(2)耕地具有资源利益和生态利益一体两面共存的属性,《耕地保护法(草案)》相关条款仍是在“资源—管制”立法理念下的产物,存在显著构造缺陷。(3)以补偿目的为基准,该制度涵盖耕地资源存续补偿与耕地生态保护补偿;以补偿属性为基准,该制度包括耕地保护填平补偿与耕地保护奖励补助。研究结论:建议通过“一般规定+具体制度群”的立法模式在《耕地保护法》中完善耕地保护补偿制度,从而实现该制度维护粮食安全和生态安全的目标定位、价值导向和功能预设。

《民法典》视域下离婚家务劳动补偿制度的理论基础、司法适用与体系协调

《民法典》第1088条扩大了离婚家务劳动补偿制度的适用范围,具有正当性、合理性的理由以及价值基础。在法定夫妻共同财产制下,离婚时通过分割夫妻共同财产不能得到适当补偿的,家务劳动付出较多一方可主张家务劳动补偿。家务劳动补偿中的“负担较多义务”包括两种特定牺牲情形:一是抚养子女、照料老人;二是协助另一方工作。特定牺牲必须建立在家庭利益最大化的基础之上。在确定家务劳动补偿数额时可以综合考量家庭劳务的时间、投入家庭劳务的精力、劳务的效益、负担较多家庭义务一方的信赖利益等因素。体现不同价值目标的离婚救济三大制度中,离婚损害赔偿与离婚家务劳动补偿并不矛盾,也不冲突,应独立进行判断。如果损害赔偿或家务劳动补偿已经消除了原本“生活困难”的客观状况,则不能叠加适用离婚经济帮助制度。

论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

物之使用利益的损害赔偿研究

权利人的物因遭受他人侵害毁损、灭失,该物在修理、重置过程中,权利人丧失对物的正常使用,导致使用利益受损。我国《民法典》中并无使用利益损害赔偿的一般性规定,司法实践中却存在大量相关案例,因此研究物之使用利益损害赔偿的原理与规则有其必要性。侵害物之使用利益能否构成侵权的关键点在于使用利益是否为受侵权法保护的民事权益。而权利人能否请求损害赔偿,还须证明使用利益遭受侵害时确实存在财产上的损害。无损害即无赔偿,但并非所有的损害都必然会得到填补,因此对物之使用利益的损害的具体赔偿仍需区分探讨:将物分为具有经营性目的的物和不具有经营性目的的物,对于不具有经营性目的的物可根据是否支出替代费用细化区分,没有实际支出替代费用的还须再判断其是否为生活必需品。

数字借阅补偿金制度及其对我国的启示

公共借阅权有排他权、获酬权和补偿金三种实施模式,其中补偿金模式是当前各国的主流选择。数字时代,很多国家开始探索将公共借阅权拓展至数字领域,澳大利亚、加拿大、英国和丹麦四国均已建立起数字借阅补偿金制度。这一制度符合功利主义社会整体利益最大化的理念。在目前制度实践的基础上,本文总结了数字借阅补偿金的运行机制,主要体现在受益者范围、借阅模式、报酬支付和管理体系四个方面。我国应当引入数字借阅补偿金制度,以激励文化创新,促进知识传播,从而实现社会利益最大化。

重整计划强制批准中担保权人保护规则的检视与完善

《企业破产法》关于重整计划强制批准的规定,为担保权人提供了适当程度的保护,但现有规则过于抽象,导致实践中存在争议。担保债权是否获得全额清偿的判断,以担保财产的评估价值为依据,担保财产的评估价值应由双方协商确定,协商不成时以重整计划草案提交批准时担保财产的“清算价值”为标准评估。公平补偿应以重整计划执行期间担保债权延期清偿的损失为限,补偿利率应以“贷款市场报价利率”为基准,综合考量延期清偿时间、债务人重新购置担保财产的成本等因素向上调整。担保权未受实质损害的识别,应主要考量重整计划草案是否明确对担保财产价值减损的补偿,以及其是否未经担保权人同意改变债权的清偿方式。

违法建筑上合法权益的行政赔偿研究

违法建筑不为我国法律所认可,但其在强制拆除过程中存在部分符合我国法律规定的合法权益。违法强拆侵害行政相对人合法权益应予行政赔偿,赔偿范围包括可回收利用建筑材料、建筑材料的损失扩大、室内物品及行政相对人信赖利益损失。违法强拆侵害合法权益应予行政赔偿具有法理支撑,具体可从行政赔偿功能、以人为本的执法理念、行政赔偿归责原则及职务侵权行为的应责性四个方面证成。违法建筑认定绝对化、贵重物品举证难、赔偿惩戒性不足及赔偿执行难度大成为违法强拆行政赔偿的实践难题。为充分保障行政相对人合法权益,可从综合考虑认定违法建筑、做好拆除证据收集、增强赔偿惩戒性及对赔偿义务机关依法强制执行等方面探索完善行政赔偿的路径。

精神病患者与智障者性权利保护的基本问题

精神病患者与智障者因在认识能力和防卫能力方面的缺陷,其性权利受到侵犯的事件屡有发生。性权利是一项天赋的权利,精神病患者与智障者当然享有性权利,但因为生理上的特殊性,其性权利的实现和保护存在着一些现实难题。加强对精神病患者与智障者性权利的保护,应当完善支持精神病患者与智障者婚育权实现的制度体系,推动对性防卫能力鉴定以及性同意能力判断的个案化,对符合条件的适用推定同意理论,建立精神病患者与智障者遭受性侵后的救助补偿制度,为精神病患者与智障者的性权利保护打造一个从法律到社会、从教育到救助的全方位的制度体系。

规制商标恶意维权的反赔制度研究——兼评《商标法修订草案(征求意见稿)》第84条

商标恶意维权是一种特殊的民事侵权行为,反赔是规制该行为的有效路径之一。《商标法》第五次修订草案新增恶意诉讼反赔条款,但其规定过于简单。反赔请求的前提应由商标恶意诉讼扩张至商标恶意维权。“恶意”的认定应以明显违反诚实信用原则为基础,强调同时具备认识因素和目的因素,并结合具体个案中的客观事实综合判断。反赔请求的实现方式包括反诉、另行起诉和在确认不侵权之诉中提出三种路径。反赔责任范围中的商誉损害可通过无形资产评估的方式确定,合理开支应包含制止商标恶意维权所支出的必要律师费。需提高举证妨碍制度的适用率以化解反赔请求人举证难、判赔低的问题,减少法定赔偿标准的适用率并肯定惩罚性赔偿制度在打击商标恶意维权行为中的积极意义。

物权登记错误行政赔偿裁判规则争议问题之再认识

需要受害人穷尽其他法律救济途径才能判令行政机关承担因登记错误致损赔偿责任的司法实践于法无据;物权登记错误行政赔偿与民事赔偿或者刑事附带民事赔偿等救济途径具有同等独立法律价值,人民法院应当根据当事人诉请依法裁判;司法实践和司法规范将以房屋登记为代表的物权登记行政赔偿归责原则确立为过错归责原则缺少法律依据。确立结果归责原则理据在于:具有法律规范依据,更加符合《国家赔偿法》《民法典》立法宗旨;与国家赔偿责任构成要件相匹配;结果归责原则并不要求物权登记机构承担绝对责任。将登记错误行政赔偿责任作为一种补充责任涉嫌违反《行政诉讼法》和《国家赔偿法》规定,也会造成新的不公平。根据物权交易民事侵权人与登记机构(工作人员)是否具有实施故意侵权意思联络为标准,登记错误行政赔偿责任可以分为份额责任和连带责任。

论个人信息侵权中的“损害”

数字时代背景下,个人信息侵权中的损害与传统私法中损害的经典概念之间存在龃龉,使得个人信息侵权难以被损害赔偿请求权所涵盖。《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》第69条中的损害包括财产损害与非财产损害,但司法实践中几乎不存在财产损害;同时,作为精神损害赔偿适用要件之一的严重精神损害也较少出现。个人信息侵权的实质是对人格利益,即人格自由与尊严的损害,从损害救济角度来看,传统的“损害”概念应当进行革新与扩张。故而,将非严重精神损害与升高的未来风险纳入个人信息侵权损害概念体系之中,具有一定的理论基础与比较法解释基础。为了促进《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》的适用和对被告予以充分威慑,文章认为,应当基于损害类型构建赔偿责任体系,淡化精神损害赔偿认定的标准,引入惩罚性赔偿制度,确定侵害个人信息权益的小额损害最低赔偿限额。

生态环境损害修复与补偿机制研究

生态环境权是神圣不可侵犯的人格权。生态修复是对受损的生态系统进行全面整治,需要完善环境区域生态损害协同治理制度,划定生态保护红线实施源头治理制度。区域生态环境协同治理的实质,是对人心的约束和对法律的调整。要构建完善的生态环境损害修复机制,就要构建生态环境部门履职责任清单机制,为生态环境修复目标的实现提供法律依据,始终坚持以生态修复为重心的修复责任理念,构建生态环境修复的法律责任体系。需要完善生态环境损害的补偿机制,生态保护补偿是调节环境损害、保护生态环境主体之间利益关系的制度安排。生态修复责任是救济生态环境损害的主要方式,必须建立流域多元化横向生态补偿长效机制,扩大流域生态补偿规模需要遵循生态补偿制度和规则。实施生态损害修复工程需要遵循生态系统的内在规律,把握生态修复的系统性、完整性和原真性内涵,不断提升生态修复和环境治理能力的现代化水平。

著作权侵权之精神损害赔偿探讨

作品体现作者的思想和人格,故著作权包含了著作人格权。而根据侵权法基本原理,侵犯人格权,给被侵权人造成严重精神损害的,可以诉请精神损害赔偿。在我国,在以下情形下,法院应该判处精神损害赔偿:一是侵犯作者人格权,导致其姓名权、名誉权、隐私权损害的,后果严重时,法院应该判处精神损害赔偿,以保护作者的人格权。二是行为人“故意”或“屡次”侵犯同一作者的著作财产权时,法院也应该判处精神损害赔偿,以惩罚侵权人,威慑其下次再犯。三是毁损作品之载体(孤稿),导致作品无法再现的,侵犯发表权的,法院也应该判处精神损害赔偿,以抚慰作者受损的心灵。