The Three Principles of Institutional Safeguards for Women's Participation in Legislation in China

The participation of women in legislation is an important aspect and means of safeguarding women’s rights.Feminist theory,based on criticism of both the“citizenship identity theory as rights”and the“citizenship identity theory as responsibilities,”proposes the“citizenship identity theory as subjectivity.”Observing the current practice of women’s participation in legislation in China,two institutional safeguard principles can be summarized:the“minimum proportion”and the“influence evaluation.”However,each of these principles has its inherent limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to supplement them with the principle of“subjective participation”in a reflective manner.This principle requires women to participate substantively in the legislative process as subjects,express women’s needs and demands,input women’s perspectives and experiences,and reconstruct the distribution of rights and responsibilities in the existing legislation.The three principles complement each other and work together to comprehensively constitute the institutional structure of women’s participation in legislation,thereby promoting the reproduction of corresponding action structures.

The Centennial Protection of Ethnic Minority Rights by the Communist Party of China: An Ideological Exploration

during the different periods of revolution,construction,and reform,under the pattern of unity in diversity,the Communist Party of China has recognized and respected ethnic cultural differences,taken ethnic equality as the moral foundation for ethnic minority rights,ethnic fraternity as the ethical foundation of ethnic minority rights,and regarded ethnic minority rights as an important part of China’s human rights cause.Protecting ethnic minority rights through regional ethnic autonomy and ethnic support policies has not only proved to be an effective way to protect ethnic minority rights but also built up rich and profound ideolog ical resources for respecting and protecting ethnic minority rights.

Research on the System of Preliminary Registration in the Property Right Law of China

In property transactions,there are many reasons for the debt agreement and the property registration that cause some timeinterval,which can easily lead to acts of infringing upon the interests of creditors,for example, a thing sold to different people at the sametime.Because in a number of transactions,the effectiveness of each contract is independent of each other, and this can lead to the occurrenceof credit,and each claim has the function of mutual tolerance and equality.Then set up multiple claims on the same item,the ownership of theproperty is difficult to determine because there is no priority.In order to ensure the realization of coming property rights,it is particularly importantto apply for preliminary registration to the registration authority.

Pragmatist View of Human Rights:Theoretical Explanations of China’s Human Rights Practice

The pragmatist view of human rights represents a the-oretical condensation of the Chinese practice in human rights devel-opment.In view of the problem of circular idling between rights and claims caused by the traditional view of human rights of focusing on contents and not valuing implementation,social segmentation caused by empty talks on interests and claims while ignoring social develop-ment,and the phenomenon of the issue of human rights completely becoming empty and useless political rhetoric,the pragmatic view of human rights,based on the fact that there is a gap between the claims and realization of human rights,emphasizes that instead of blindly ex-panding the types of rights in term of text,it is better to base on prac-tice and promote the maximum realization of existing rights through development.The pragmatist view of human rights attaches impor-tance to relevant economic,social and cultural basis to promote the realization of human rights,rather than only focusing on the claims themselves;it pays greater attention to enhancing the realization of rights,rather than the distribution of rights under the total limit;it ad-vocates more for cooperativism in the realization of rights,rather than confrontation.The pragmatic concept of human rights takes Marxism as its theoretical basis and the gene of practice and the dimension of development as its theoretical characteristics,and promotes the devel-opment of human rights through the realization of rights.

Risk Analysis of Industrial Internet Identity System

The risks of the current identity system represented by Domain Name System(DNS)and Object Identifier(OID)are studied.According to the characteristics of the industrial Internet Identity(Ⅲ)system,four open ecosystem planes are divided,and a corresponding risk analysis view is established to analyze risks for various planes.This paper uses Isaiah Berlin’s definition of liberty to more generally express the concept of security as positive rights and negative rights.In the risk analysis view,the target system is modeled from four dimensions:stakeholders,framework,architecture,and capability delivery.At last,three defensive lines are proposed to establish the identity credit system.

Imploding the Mirage: The Yogyakarta Principles and the New Era of Globalization

The aim of the article is to examine the role of the Yogyakarta Principles in the new era of globalization.The Principles could be assimilated for their modesty and multiple points of entry in the global system.However,they have not necessarily created formal protections for sexual minorities that keep being abused globally because conservative elites share goals and tactics among themselves to repress these minorities.

民法教学中的“一体化”思维模式培养

民法作为法学教学中最重要的一门专业课之一,一直面临一个不可回避的困难,即民法下属各分支领域之间的“思维壁垒”。为突破此困难,文章以请求权,这个民法理论和实践上的双重核心概念为支点,提出以“一体化”民事法律思维培养为中心的教学理念,并以“债权”,这个民法中最复杂、最特殊、最重要的分支为例,详细论证“一体化”思维模式培养的三个教学模块,即债权请求权的分类体系、债权请求权的抗辩体系和债权请求权的后置程序。同时根据上述内容改变传统的案例教学方法,形成一套能够适应“一体化”思维模式培养要求的案例教学方法。

论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

我国家庭法上遗产酌给请求权人规则之构造--以法定继承制度与遗产酌给制度之严格区分为法理基础

在我国家庭法视阈内,为妥当区分法定继承制度与遗产酌给请求权制度,根据遗产酌给请求权的规范目的,遗产酌给请求权人应当被认定为“法定继承人以外的主体”。未实际继承遗产的法定继承人并非遗产酌给请求权人。不过,倘若没有实际继承遗产的法定继承人契合“依靠被继承人扶养”或者“对被继承人扶养较多”要件之规定,则其仍可借由遗产酌给请求权条款之类推适用,而取得“准寄养人遗产酌给请求权”或“准扶养人遗产酌给请求权”,继而根据具体情况分得适当遗产。此外,就未实际继承遗产的法定继承人类推适用遗产酌给请求权条款而言,应当根据不同类型的遗产酌给请求权之规范旨趣,结合未实际继承遗产的法定继承人与被继承人之间的法定扶养关系、亲属关系等因素,酌定其可以分得的遗产份额。

债权人撤销权行使的法律效果

《民法典》第542条关于债权人撤销权行使效果的规定近年来争议颇大。根据《合同编通则解释》的最新规定,撤销权行使既可致使债务人的行为自始绝对无效,也可发挥债权人得请求相对人向债务人承担返还财产等法律后果的效力。根据我国现行强制执行规则,要使撤销权的请求力发挥一种不可替代的作用,应允许行使撤销权的债权人代位受领相对人向债务人提出的给付。为与代位权制度保持适度的规范体系平衡,行使撤销权的债权人可以通过《民法典》有关抵销的规定,代为受领相对人的给付而直接实现债权。当债务人为企业法人时,债权人撤销权的行使效果应注意与《企业破产法》规定的破产管理人撤销权的衔接适用。

论合同履行请求权普通诉讼时效期间的起算时点

与对诉讼时效制度的程序法理解和实体法理解相应,普通诉讼时效期间起算客观时点的确定方法有权利被侵害与请求权可行使之别,但在各自的理论脉络下两种确定方法的实质均为权利可行使。权利被侵害的确定方法无法适用于合同履行请求权,《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百八十九条、第六百九十四条第一款和《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第四条第一分句采纳了请求权可行使的确定方法。《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第四条第二分句与《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百八十九条的规定相悖,属于司法解释的败笔。具有行为请求权性质的履行请求权普通诉讼时效期间自权利人主张权利时起算,但代偿请求权具有不当得利的性质,应适用不当得利债权的起算规则。继续履行请求权属于履行请求权的延续,不存在独立的诉讼时效期间。作为次请求权的损害赔偿请求权不受履行请求权诉讼时效期间的规制,存在自己独立的普通诉讼时效期间起算时点。我国民事立法关于普通诉讼时效期间起算时点的规定呈现出二元结构,体系化不足。

第三人代缴税款的逻辑证成与制度构建研究

第三人代缴税款或能化解“先税后证”形成的僵局,或是税收法定下双方合意实现交易目的的结果,在有助于财政目的实现的同时并未影响税收公平分配功能的发挥。由于税款缴纳依其性质可代为履行,第三人代缴税款可以借鉴《民法典》第524条第三人代为清偿的制度和理论,舍去“合法利益”这一构成要件,将大量的代缴税款行为纳入第三人代缴税款规制中。以“目的合适说”构建第三人代缴税款制度,代缴税款后第三人享有“求偿权”而不是“代位权”;代缴税款前后的债权性质从公法性质转为私法性质,从社会功能型转为非社会功能型债权,第三人不享有专属于税务机关的税收优先权。第三人代缴税款制度具有回应税费承担条款争议和衡平纳税人权利之功能。其应在“以纳税人为主、第三人为辅”的纳税人主体意识基础上采用“设定技术”进行税法建构。同时其在民事领域的运用应限制在一定的范围内。

《教师法》修订:基本理念、教师身份与立法技术

权益保障是我国教师立法的基本理念,此次《教师法》修订仍需贯彻和继承。科学定位教师的法律身份是保障教师合法权益的前提。基于义务教育与高等教育的不同特征以及我国教师队伍建设实践诉求,中小学教师宜定位为专业技术类公务员,高校教师的事业单位工作人员身份宜通过法律予以规定。教师权利义务是教师法律身份的外在表现,相关内容的修订须依据教师的不同法律身份。教师教育惩戒是中小学教师基于专业身份实施的事实行为,本质上属于教师专业自主权,《教师法》应予以确认和规范。围绕教师权益保障,还需从法律规范协调统一、增加程序性规范以及纠正硬法规范软法化等技术层面提高修订的科学性,增强《教师法》的可操作性。

定牌加工出口下的商标侵权请求权基础探析

定牌加工出口为我国十分重要的产业发展方向,海关系统也对知识产权提供边境执法保护。然而,假使境外委托方并未在我国境内进行商标注册,并且在我国境内却由第三人拥有该商标专用权,则我国境内受托方定牌加工的行为将可能产生侵权疑虑。在平衡境内商标权利人的权利保护及促进定牌加工制造业发展间,应找出一个平衡点,但长期以来,司法裁判观点历经数次变动与海关执法存在一定的逻辑矛盾,使得相关争议一直存在,因此,明确请求权基础才能把问题从根本上解决,也才能平衡我国加工出口产业的发展及商标权保护。

公民基本权益的概念证成——以“强制亲子鉴定”备案审查案例为中心

2021年,全国人民代表大会常务委员会法制工作委员会在备案审查工作报告中披露的“强制亲子鉴定”案的审查结论中认为,亲子关系涉及公民人格尊严、身份、隐私和家庭关系和谐稳定,属于公民基本权益,受宪法法律保护。该审查结论首次提出“公民基本权益”的概念,这既是对宪法上所规定的权利和利益的重大发展,也提出了如何认识基本权益的问题。通过分析发现,人格尊严、家庭关系和谐稳定属于我国宪法明确列举的基本权利,身份、隐私、亲子关系虽然未被我国宪法所列举,但仍然受宪法上人格尊严、家庭关系的保护。因此,公民基本权益是公民基本权利和基本利益的总称,宪法上明确列举的权利属于基本权利,而宪法上虽未列举但受宪法基本权利保护的属于基本利益。