The Characteristics and Prospects of China's Assistance to Minority Areas in Realizing the Right to Development

Assisting minority areas to realize the right to development is an important part of Chinese government’s goals of protecting human rights and building a prosperous society. To assist minority areas to realize the right to development, China’s Constitution, laws, administrative regulations and policy documents define the State’s constitutional obligations. There also exists a legal and policy support system to help the minority areas to achieve economic and social development through measures such as transfer payments, assistance to Tibet and Xinjiang and counterpart support for poverty alleviation. However, China is also faced with the difficult challenges of poverty reduction, development, unbalanced regional development and other issues in assisting ethnic minority groups to realize the right to development.

Study on Farmers' Cognition and Willingness to Plant Trees during Collective Forest Right Reform Based on Data from Plain Areas of Henan Province

On the basis of the survey data from plain areas of Henan Province,farmers' cognition and willingness to plant trees in collective forest right reform are studied. According to statistical analysis and regression equation of binary logistic regress analysis,it is generally believed that different participants have various attitudes to the reform,with regard to if planting trees or more,reform variables have a distinct effect,as well as income variable and loaning or lending variable. At last,some advices are put forward,that is,the government should strengthen collective forest right reform,accelerate matching reform and increase policy and financial support to forestry farmers.

A Report on the Breast Development of Healthy Females of the Right Age in Different Regions

Objective: To observe the state of breast development of the healthy females of the right age in different regions. Methods: We randomly chose 1540 of 18 - 25 years old unmarried or married healthy females of the right age from both Guangxi and Yunnan provinces separately for regular checkups. Also we took notes on these females’ height and chest circumference and other indexes. According to the perfect chest circumference of Chinese females in relation to height, namely this relational expression—Standard Circumference = Height × 0.53, we evaluated the basic state of breast development of females from the two areas and then presented related research conclusions. Results: After the statistical analyses on every index of 1540 cases of healthy females of the right age from the two areas each, we found that the breast development of healthy women of the right age in Yunnan is more perfect than that of Guangxi, and in comparison to every index, there is a remarkable difference, and that is, P females of the right age is different in different areas. Some breasts are especially big;some are a little bit smaller;some are proper and some are relatively flat;also some breasts are strong while some are pendulous. In a word, there are some differences. These differences exist not only inChinabut also in every part of the world. The female whose chest circumference tends to be more close to the perfect is more likely to be more confident and more active, and also her life is full of sensibility and charm.

The Human Rights Legislation Practices of the Communist Party of China During the War of Liberation

During the War of Liberation,the liberated areas,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,kept deepening and developing the concepts and ideas of protecting human rights,promulgated a series of human rights laws and related administrative programs,and put them into practice.The contents included not only the political rights of citizens but also their economic,social,and cultural rights,with emphasis on the protection of the rights to subsistence and development.The human rights legislation in the liberated areas has a wartime and class-based nature due to its social environment.It reflects the transition of the Communist Party of China from a revolutionary party to a ruling party on the historical stage.It played an important role in directing,advancing,and promoting the progress of democracy and the rule of law at that time and accumulated experience for the human rights legislation after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.History proves that the Communist Party of China has always been a political party dedicated to fighting for the human rights of the Chinese people,and only the Communist Party of China can lead China’s human rights development to a deeper level.

A study on the dilemmas of resource utilization and tourism in Africa

This paper explores,explains and discusses issues around the dilemma between local conservation of natural resources(often,endangered species and habitats)and tourism needs in Africa.Often and in constitutional terms,local people have a right to exploit and use resources endowed in their local area.However,tourists often are interested in viewing the vegetation and animal resources undisturbed.Inevitably,there is an undeclared animosity of values and interests between local communities and tourists and state agencies.As a result,the dilemma is thus of governance.The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the governance dilemma of resource utilization and tourism in Africa in a bid to create an informed stewardship framework for sustainability.This is achieved by way of case studies and narratives from Africa.As such,this paper will be a review literature on how different communities perceive tourism and derive livelihoods from their immediate environment.It also explains how the external factors influence local needs and interests.A more sustainable and operational framework that reduces friction among stakeholders is suggested.

A graphical method of presenting property rights, building types, and residential behaviors: A case study of Xiaoxihu historic area, Nanjing

One of the main reasons for the decline of urban historic areas in China is the coexistence of multiple property rights.It also deeply affects conservation and regeneration practice.This paper aims to propose a graphical method that illustrates the association between property rights,space,and resident behavior.Based on typological maps and justified graphs,a three-step method was proposed to visualize the relationships between these three elements.The final graph and quantitative data were used to observe the evolution of the courtyard building from a diachronic perspective,as well as to compare the residential behavior in different types from a synchronic perspective.The results show that following the subdivision of property rights,the building layout become more diverse due to various illegal additions,while the residential behavior within different building types tends to be consistent.Moreover,the study observed the traditional Chinese courtyard buildings’adaptability.The findings contribute to understand the evolution of Chinese urban historic areas and internal motivation,and provide guidance for the conservation and regeneration practice.

Grayscale Mapping of Historically Irrigated LandsUsing GIS

This document describes the use of grayscale mapping and GIS for identification of historical irrigated lands. Historical irrigated lands form the basis for water rights—a private property right in New Mexico that is bought and sold on the open market. Identification of irrigated land on historical photography is both a science and an art. Grayscale mapping of historic black and white photographs can aid in the identification of irrigated lands. GIS allows historical images to be geo-referenced and area computations to be performed on polygons that define the irrigated lands.

Chinese rural reform:experience,problems and the future

Chinese rural reform has made great achievements and accumulated a wealth of experience since the beginning of reform and opening up 30 years ago.At the core is the rapid and sustained development of the national economy.Currently,there are obstacles in rural reform;for example,the supply and demand of primary products are frequently out of balance,shortages of rural labor occur thanks to structural problems on the supply side,and the equality system between rural and urban citizens has yet to be established.Therefore,to make important breakthroughs,we must change our ideas of controlling the food market;we must improve rural land policy, loosen rural financial supervision,adjust the fiscal expense structure,protect farmers’ legal rights and interests,accelerate the building-up of democracy at the grassroots level,and intensify overall planning and coordination.

Right to Family Life:Convergent Interpretation between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong&Macao SARs

In the course of implementing the Constitution and theBasic Law in the Chinese mainland and the Hong Kong and MacaoSpecial Administrative Regions, the core content of “family life” (especiallythe part involving the parent-child relationship), which is abasic right at the constitutional level, has finally been recognized bythe competent authorities as “close ties between family members.”The convergent interpretation of basic rights by competent authoritiesin the Chinese mainland and the two special administrative regions,at least in terms of “family life,” is fundamentally due to the fact thatunder similar social, economic and population conditions, they havereached a consensus on understanding the core content of basic rightsunder the influence of international human rights law. On the basis ofthis convergent interpretation, there should be no longer significantdifferences in the basic rights enjoyed by Chinese citizens in the Chinesemainland and Hong Kong & Macao.

Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights:Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China

Henan is a large agricultural province and one of China’s major grain-producing areas. Agricultural land transfer and large-scale operations will have a profound impact on regional economic development and food security. This is a case study taken in Xiwan village in Qinyang city, Henan. This paper builds a transferring pricing model using land use rights assessment and characteristic correction of land contract and management rights. Results show that the transferring price of land contract and management rights should include the economic price, social price and corrected price. The use of a price model should focus on the distinction of theory and practical application. If there is no change in agricultural project,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price and social security price. If there is a change in agricultural projects,such as cropland into cash crops,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price, social price and corrected price. Because of the complexity of income distribution following the transfer, transferring gains should follow a rational distribution in the outflow side, inflow side, managers and land owner. The government should establish reasonable and orderly contracted management of land circulation transferring and use this to build a land transferring price system.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估

针对森林环境文物建筑集中区域环境复杂,难以准确评估区域灭火救援能力等问题,基于层次分析法(AHP),提出耦合森林因素的单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估方法,涵盖建筑材料、森林防火隔离带、消防水源等19个二级指标;在单体评估基础上,从区域视角建立一种基于变权法的森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估模型;并引入惩罚占主导的混合型变权函数,设置评价策略,确定惩罚与激励区间,区分文物建筑保护等级,提出风险等级划分方法;通过实地调研和数据收集,结合定权法和变权法评价森林环境文物建筑集中区域(岳麓山风景名胜区)的灭火救援能力。结果表明:单体文物建筑评级为优、良、中、次、差的数量占比分别为12%、20%、32%、20%、16%。区域定权法得分为75.27(Ⅲ级,不需采取提升措施),变权法得分为69.97(Ⅳ级,需采取提升措施);建议采取增设电气火灾预警系统、增加森林防火隔离带等措施来提升灭火救援能力。

跟车工况下基于风险评估的人机共驾策略

为了避免驾驶辅助系统对驾驶员造成不必要的干预,结合碰撞风险与驾驶操纵能力引出了纵向跟车工况下的风险评估区的概念,基于驾驶数据的正态分布特性确定了风险评估区边界,进而提出一种新的人机共驾纵向驾驶权分配策略,该策略以碰撞时间倒数(TTCi)为判断前提,如果TTCi超过其阈值,则以风险评估区上边界代表驾驶操纵能力的最大偏差值,根据驾驶员操纵能力的偏差程度分配辅助驾驶系统的控制权。结合Prescan、Matlab/Simulink与罗技G29驾驶模拟器搭建了驾驶员在环仿真平台,以分心驾驶模拟驾驶员操纵能力下降情况,对策略的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,在高速道路跟车工况下,所提出的人机共驾策略能有效避免由于驾驶员操纵能力下降导致的碰撞事件发生。

论民族地区农民集体发展权实践与产业共同体形成

共同富裕需要乡村振兴进行推动,在民族地区更是如此。由于受到多重因素影响,民族地区的空间正义诉求凸显,农民亟待通过有组织地发展特色产业过上幸福生活,故而需要加紧形成产业共同体。农民集体发展权以农民集体为主体,依托合作来壮大农村集体经济、提升农村治理效能、优化农村社会保障,其实践能够有效促进民族地区产业共同体的形成。因此,应进一步根据农民集体发展权实践找准方向、解决堵点,在有力促进民族地区形成产业共同体的基础上,加快当地农民跟上共同富裕的步伐。

新背景下构建“图们江国际合作大湾区”的思考——以拓展我国图们江出海权为导向

图们江出海权益问题是我国近代以来备受关注的重要历史问题之一。我国拥有图们江出海的相关权利和法理依据,但权益行使却一直跌宕起伏。现阶段,百年大变局下全球秩序面临重构,东北亚局势也呈现出深刻变化,中俄朝政治、经贸合作日益强化。新背景为我国图们江出海权益带来新的契机和挑战。从东北亚格局演进的新背景出发,在充分阐释我国拥有图们江出海的法理依据和相关权利的基础上,主张对我国拥有图们江的相关权益进行整体规划,进而提出新时期构建“图们江国际合作大湾区”开发计划的三个阶段设想,并试图探索现阶段应着手解决的对策建议。

农村养老机构公建民营改制:何以可能又何以可为?

人口老龄化和城乡人口倒置的加深使得农村养老问题日益突出,在家庭养老照护功能减弱的情况下,对农村养老机构实行公建民营改制是完善农村社会化养老体系的重要举措。然而,农村养老机构公建民营改制虽拓宽了多元主体参与的渠道,但实际也遭遇了政策初衷扭曲、实践效果不佳等诸多瓶颈。研究发现,对改制主体权责关系的讨论是解决改制瓶颈的关键。通过福利多元主义中“多元福利主体”和社会治理中“多元主体治理”这两个概念,构建“多元主体识别多元主体参与多元主体协同”的分析框架,探讨农村养老机构公建民营改制的可能前提和可为进路。中部某省A县的改制实践表明,对多元主体的权责厘清是实施改制的前提条件,而多元主体本身各持逻辑则是导致改制困境的根源,具体表现为政策内卷导致的县民政局越位管理、科层逻辑导致的乡镇政府工作缺位、过度依赖导致的市场主体目标偏离和生活理性导致的机构院长经验欠缺等。为此,要确保县民政局把握导向不越位、重塑乡镇政府监督和沟通责任、明确市场配置作用和产品定位以及完善院长角色定位和能力提升,实现多元主体的协同发展,以期达成农村养老机构公建民营改制的初衷和目标,完善农村机构养老建设体系,为农村社会化养老的多样态高质量发展提供助力。

都江堰灌区水生态产品价值实现历史演进与对策建议

灌区是水生态产品的直接提供者之一,全面支撑水生态产品价值实现是灌区高质量发展的使命和任务。通过回顾和总结都江堰灌区水生态产品价值实现的历史演进特点,分析了目前存在的问题,建议从系统规划、水权水价改革、加强科技创新和数字孪生灌区建设等方面不断拓展水生态产品价值实现的广度和深度,充分融合千年古堰造福于民的价值追求,实现水生态产品价值的“帕累托最优”。

左束支区域起搏对房室传导阻滞患者术后新发房性心律失常的影响

目的探讨左束支区域起搏(left bundle branch area pacing,LBBaP)对房室传导阻滞(AVB)患者术后新发心房颤动(new-onset atrial fibrillation,NOAF)和心房高频事件(atrial high rate episodes,AHREs)的影响。方法回顾性纳入84例行起搏治疗的三度房室传导阻滞(ⅢAVB)患者,根据心室电极位置分为LBBaP组(n=42)和右室间隔部起搏(RVSP)组(n=42)。比较两组患者术前术后QRS波时限(QRSd)、心室起搏参数,并发症、脑卒中事件和NOAF、AHREs发生率。结果(1)LBBaP组术后NOAF、AHREs发生率均低于RVSP组(P<0.05)。(2)LBBaP组的p-QRSd短于RVSP组(P<0.05)。(3)两组患者心室起搏参数、并发症及脑卒中事件发生率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论相对于右室起搏,LBBaP术后AHREs、NOAF的发生率较低,可改善患者预后。

海域立体分层使用权的法律问题研究

伴随着海域资源在开发利用与保护修复过程中存在使用权界限不明、海域使用权人与捕捞权人存在纠纷等具体问题。文章从海域使用权权能的实现着手,提出海域划分空间由二维“平面”转向三维“立体”,研究结果为建立海域分层立体使用权法律机制,提高海域资源资产的开发效率与生态效益,为全面发展海洋经济提供可靠的制度保障。

老旧小区绿色改造不同产权业主决策协同机制研究

老旧小区绿色改造是实施节能减排、“双碳目标”战略、建筑可持续高质量发展和生态宜居城市建设的建筑实践。从城市更新系统要求考虑,老旧小区绿色改造应打破现有小区界限实施一体化系统改造,老旧小区绿色改造实施过程是基于同产权业主共同决策驱动的行为活动结果,协调不同产权业主利益关系是保障老旧小区绿色改造稳步推进的内在要求。基于老旧小区产权多样性界定与特性分析,依据演化博弈理论,从探寻老旧小区绿色改造业主决策协同机制出发,构建共有产权业主与私有产权业主决策行为演化博弈模型,并运用复制动态方法分析不同产权业主群体策略演化过程,得到改造成本、经济收益、环境收益、施工影响是双方决策协同的关键影响因素。进而从创新融资模式、建立共有产权住宅产权人费用分摊机制、推进项目全过程管理制度等三个方面提出决策协调策略。期望以业主决策协同驱动主体行为合力推动老旧小区绿色改造发展进程。