Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Evolving Dynamics of Universality and Relativism——Safeguarding the rights of others is the most noble and beautiful end of a human being～Khalil Gibran

1. Introduction Culture is a defining feature of an individual＇s identity. It embraces everything from the traditions, beliefs and values of an individual＇s family and community. It is also the language one speaks, and place of worship. Culture is all of these elements and the way they connect to make up one＇s way of life. It is often the source for serf-definition, expression, and sense of group belonging.

Prison Management Works Hard to Bring Human Rights under Good Protection

EDITOR＇S NOTE： Human rights protection in prisons is an important part of China＇s National Human Rights Action Plan and the human rights conditions in prisons constitute an important hallmark of the human rights protection level of the country. In order to get to know more about human rights protection in this special area, this reporter paid a visit to the No. 4 Prison in Henan Province, central China.

老年人对善终认知质性研究的Meta整合

目的系统评价和整合老年人对善终认知的质性研究,为医护人员实施符合老年人意愿的善终关怀服务提供参考。方法计算机检索中英文数据库从建库至2023年11月收录的关于老年人对善终或优逝认识与了解的质性研究。运用JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准对纳入文献质量进行评价。采用汇集性整合方法进行结果整合。结果共纳入11篇文献,提炼出37个研究结果,归纳成8个新的类别,综合成3个整合结果:躯体层面(避免成为负担、保持独立自理,放弃无效救治、希望无痛离世,体面离世、缩短濒死过程);精神层面(朋友支持、家人陪伴,寻找精神慰藉、传承优良品质,克服负面情绪、自然平静死亡);社会层面(奉献社会、珍爱生命,完成人生使命、妥善处理后事)。结论老年人在晚年渴望能够实现善终,家庭成员和医护人员是该过程顺利实施的关键人员,建议医护人员全面了解老年人对善终的认知及理解,帮助其实现善终。

Survival outcomes of right-lobe living donor liver transplantation for patients with high Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists over whether living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) should be offered to patients with high Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. This study tried to determine whether a high MELD score would result in inferior outcomes of right-lobe LDLT. METHODS: Among 411 consecutive patients who received right-lobe LDLT at our center, 143 were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to their MELD scores: a high-score group (MELD score ≥25; n=75) and a low-score group (MELD score 【25; n=68). Their demographic data and perioperative conditions were compared. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify risk factors affecting patient survival. RESULTS: In the high-score group, more patients required preoperative intensive care unit admission (49.3% vs 2.9%; P【0.001), mechanical ventilation (21.3% vs 0%; P【0.001), or hemodialysis (13.3% vs 0%; P=0.005); the waiting time before LDLT was shorter (4 vs 66 days; P【0.001); more blood was transfused during operation (7 vs 2 units; P【0.001); patients stayed longer in the intensive care unit (6 vs 3 days; P【0.001) and hospital (21 vs 15 days; P=0.015) after transplantation;more patients developed early postoperative complications (69.3% vs 50.0%; P=0.018); and values of postoperative peak blood parameters were higher. However, the two groups had comparable hospital mortality. Graft survival and patient overall survival at one year (94.7% vs 95.6%; 95.9% vs 96.9%), three years (91.9% vs 92.6%; 93.2% vs 95.3%), and five years (90.2% vs 90.2%; 93.2% vs 95.3%) were also similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the high-score group had signifi-cantly more early postoperative complications, the two groups had comparable hospital mortality and similar satisfactory rates of graft survival and patient overall survival. Therefore, a high MELD score should not be a contraindication to right-lobe LDLT if donor risk and recipient benefit are taken into full account.

Severe Trauma of Uterus and the Right Limb during a Road Accident at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Teaching Hospital Souro Sanou of Bobo-Dioulasso: A Case Report and Review of Literature

The authors reported a case of trauma with uterus rupture at 35 weeks gestation with fetal death in uterus with a trauma of the right limb injuries during a serious road accident. Aim: the aim is to show the increasing of road accident with the motorized tricycle and their many risks for pregnant woman. Case Presentation: our patient was thrown from the back cargo of a motorized tricycle (three-wheeled vehicle) after a collision with a truck in a rural area from 150 km to Bobo-Dioulasso. She sustained a closed abdominal injury and a severe right lower limb open injury. At admission in our department in the Teaching Hospital, she was conscious, shocked with hemodynamic instability, including low blood pressure (75/52 mmHg), rapid heart rate (140 pulses per minute), rapid breath rate (40 per minute), and cold extremities. Abdominal examination was painful with uterine hypertonia, 28 cm height uterus, and no fetal heart heartbeat. A laparotomy in urgency revealed a rupture of the uterus fundus with a dead fetus. A conservative surgical treatment was performed. An open trauma to the right limb was managed by the orthopedists with a good outcome. Conclusion: Accident trauma during pregnancy is becoming more and more frequent with the increase in means of transport in urban and inter urban areas. The transport ways of the pregnant woman must take into account her safety and that of the fetus.

Preservation of Human Rights as the Basis and Objective of a Modern State Governance System

A good state governance system, which features democracy, scientific decision-making, efficiency, civility and rule of law, is indispensable for realizing the Chinese Dream. As both the foundation and the objective of a good governance system, human rights protection should be integrated in all the processes of building a modern governance system. Adherence to public law in administration should be guaranteed in this connection.

Influence of Migrant Workers Returning to Hometown on the Changes of Village Social Structure

Based on field survey data of Village Z in Henan Province and from the perspective of the end of villages,we studied the influence of migrant workers returning to hometown on the changes of village social structure from village social interaction and village right reconstruction.Survey results show that social interaction centers of migrant workers returning to hometown for starting an undertaking move outside,which has exceeded the range of rural society of acquaintances and promoted the breaking of the traditional social relationship network " Differential Model of Association".In addition,migrant workers returning to hometown actively participate in building village rights and show more passionate political enthusiasm and practice of modern democratic concept.Furthermore,it not only speeds up disintegration of China's small peasant economy and division of traditional farmers,but also is an important opportunity for realizing farmers' self-ending and village ending,as well as urban and rural integration.

International Cooperation and Human Rights Protection in the Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic

The protection of human rights through international cooperation has a long history.Core human rights conventions,regional human rights treaties and other human rights instruments have continuously developed the meaning and scope of international human rights cooperation.The modern risk-laden society with a high degree of complexity and uncertainty has changed the world pattern,which calls for the building of a community with a shared future for human beings with cooperation as the starting point.Under the constant threat of the novel coronavirus,we must continue to deepen the concept of a community with a shared future for human beings,adhere to a“human rights-oriented”approach,and pay particular attention to the current supply and distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine as an important global public good.Only through solidarity and cooperation can mankind finally win the battle against this pandemic and protect human rights.

基于Meta人种学的生命末期家庭照顾体验理论模型的研究

目的系统整合中国家庭在患者生命末期的照顾体验,明确家庭照顾体验的核心元素,尝试构建诠释中国家庭照顾生命末期患者现象的理论模型。方法系统检索6个英文数据库和5个中文数据库中发表在2021年12月之前的描述中国家庭在患者生命末期的照顾体验的质性研究或混合型研究。采用Meta人种学方法对纳入的16篇文献进行整合。结果整合形成了8个核心元素,即爱与责任、临终意识、伴行、告别、五味杂陈、生活改变、个人成长和需求。其中7个核心元素的GRADE-CERQual整合质量评价的可信度为低至中度,1个核心元素的可信度为高度。论证整合显示,患者优逝是中国家庭照顾者临终照顾的最终目标。结论中国家庭对临终患者的照顾体验过程是动态的,对患者的爱和责任是中国家庭照顾者坚持的动力,家庭照顾者会因患者获得优逝而感到欣慰。

The Whaling in the Antarctic Case, Applying the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling as a Self-contained Regime

The Whaling in the Antarctic Case (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) decided by the International Court of Justice (hereinafter "ICJ" or "the Court") on 31 March 2014 dealt with the interpretation of specific provisions of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), in particular Article VIII.1, and its complementary instruments, i.e., the Schedule and the Annexes of the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee. The decision of the Court was a remarkable good one. However, its rigorous reasoning focused almost exclusively on the required purpose of "scientific research" of the JARPA II Programme1 permits as set out in the ICRW, approaching the convention as an autonomous self-contained regime which leaves aside other additional grounds. Nonetheless, it would be beneficial for further jurisdictional developments to strengthen the scope of the ICWR system with the applicable provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and other treaties and institutions impinging on whales and whaling, e.g., CITES, Bonn Convention, Antarctic Treaty System, among others. The query remains concerning the unexplored sources of international law ruling Antarctic spaces and species which are absent in the judgment of the Court but may allow an evolutive interpretation of the ICRW.

公序良俗在情人遗赠纠纷中的适用——基于私法与基本权利冲突理论的二元视角

遗赠是否违背公序良俗应以遗赠本身为审查对象,而不能以遗赠以外之事实为断。同时,情人遗赠行为是否违背公序良俗,尤应考察当事人一方遗赠的动机是否是将性奉献与经济上的对待给付联结起来,抑或是存在其他更值得尊重的动机。但在私法视角下,情人遗赠的效力,总是呈现出完全有效或完全无效的形态。而在基本权利冲突与权衡的视角下,各基本权利相互较量各自在具体个案中的分量,此种权衡和较量之结果体现在法律行为效力上,即既非完全有效亦非完全无效,而是在两者间存在多种可能性,因而更能适应个案中的具体情况,也更具灵活性。

基于Web技术的校园体育用品租借App设计

目前,随着人类生活质量的提升,学生的活动意识也逐渐强化,特别是在新冠肺炎疫情背景下,体育运动成了在校大学生课余生活的重要组成部分,但部分体育用品价格昂贵,开发相应的体育用品租借系统就显得尤为重要。文章利用Web系统的前后端框架技术,开发一款校园体育用品租借App平台,对学生闲置的体育用品进行线上整合,通过线上或线下两种方式完成租借活动,平台上的闲置体育用品同样可以进行二手出售,用户可根据需要选择,为当代大学生提供一个更加适应当下活动模式的可靠服务平台,使学生闲置的体育用品在另一部分有需求的学生身上发挥价值,营造一个更加积极的校园运动环境。

受教育人权理念的嬗变:基于国际组织的经验

受教育权作为一项基本人权,对人的发展与完善具有奠基作用。20世纪中叶以来,联合国教科文等国际组织发布了有关受教育人权的系列报告,受教育人权理念经历了从“注重学会生存技能”“赋能学习化社会”到“增进全球共同利益”“重新构想教育社会契约”的嬗变,凸显了受教育人权理念内涵不断深化的政治逻辑、经济逻辑与文化逻辑、教育逻辑,充分体现了受教育人权理念对个体乃至人类命运共同体的深切关照。在充满不确定性的未来,我们在制定教育法的过程中,需要充分吸纳不断发展变化的受教育人权理念的丰富内涵,以真正保障公民受教育的权利,从而充分发挥教育的潜能与价值。

末期病患善终权之真实意思表达及其认定

近年德、日等地善终权研究重点转向病患的意思真实及其表达。意思真实表达需要满足有效告知、具备同意能力、不存在意思瑕疵三个要件。刑法视域下善终权不适用代理规则。死亡直接阶段病患真实意思容易认定;非死亡直接阶段病患处于丧失意识状态,在无生前预嘱的情形下,需特定法益主体进行事前判断,以恢复可能性和存活时间作为实体容许要件,并适用推定同意确定病患真实意思表示。我国在建立生前预嘱制度时,可建构意思真实表达的体系化结构,对于无预立医疗决定+无意思表示病患,允许有限制地适用推定同意规则。

台湾地区安宁疗护立法的改革与启示

历经近30年实践,台湾地区已形成较为成熟的安宁疗护立法。为克服改革前“安宁缓和医疗条例”的适用困境,2019年开始在岛内施行的“病人自主权利法”通过扩大安宁疗护的适用范围、明确病人最新医疗意愿的认定依据和设定安宁疗护决策执行中的医方免责情形,支持特定临床条件下的非末期病人预先做出安宁疗护决策。从实施效果看,改革后的台湾地区安宁疗护立法在保障病人善终权益、促进医患关系等方面更具优势,但在可行性上仍有不足。以台湾地区制度实践的得失为参照,中国内地应在患者权利保护法的框架下推进安宁疗护立法,并在立法理念上强调以协助决定范式促进临终患者医疗自主的实现。以此为基础,中国内地立法原则上应将安宁疗护的适用对象限定为末期患者,承认患者的拒绝维生医疗权,在患者安宁疗护意愿的认定和执行环节体现对医方专业自主的尊重,并结合监护制度完善安宁疗护的替代决策规则。

论老年人的安宁疗护权及其法律保障原则

在人口老龄化的冲击下,越来越多的终末期老年患者承受着身体、精神的痛苦及尊严的减损,这也在客观上增加了老年人对安宁疗护服务的需求。近年来,安宁疗护权已逐渐获得国际认可。目前我国虽然尚未制定关于安宁疗护的国家层面立法,但是我国的宪法、法律以及政策都能够为安宁疗护权提供充分的法理基础。在我国安宁疗护地方试点先行的基础上,未来我国安宁疗护立法应当遵循多层次服务体系、患者知情选择、谨慎审查、全人照顾、多学科服务模式的法律保障原则。

新生班级如何开好头起好步?——基于X校价值观实验的探索

X校开展的社会主义核心价值观落细落小落实到班级的实验充分证明了良好的开端是成功的一半的道理。新生班级开好头起好步,对全班同学在校几年的成长成才具有奠基定向意义。坚持全过程人民民主,相信、尊重和依靠学生,引导新生明晰并记录上学初心、谋求校园生活的增值性发展和可视化成长,以终为始,引导形成勤学互助奉献的班级核心价值观(集体目标)与改掉一个坏习惯的个人目标,协商制定守住安全、健康与文明言行底线的“四大公约”(寝室、班级、校园、网络),讨论达成目标和守住底线可为有效的举措,设计成效检测的指标与方法等。使同学们从入学之初就明确大学生活的共同价值与言行目标以及达成这一目标的方法,营造互帮互助、互教互学、互促共进的班风学风,一张蓝图绘到底,一年接着一年干,锁定目标,师生心往一处想,力往一处使,持续发力,久久为功。

The Semantic Equivalence Between the Good and the Right:Its Support for and Challenge to Consequentialism

Viewed from the perspective of meta-ethics,there is some semantic equivalence between the good as desirability and the right as acceptability,so that we can claim that whatever is desirable for a person is also acceptable to and thus right for her or him in terms of its very goodness.In the debate with deontology,then,this equivalence gives consequentialism an advantage,because it could prove that the good on its own is always right,and the evil on its own is always wrong.Meanwhile,it also puts consequentialism at a disadvantage,because consequentialism could hardly answer a tough question:why do we seriously need another criterion of right and wrong besides the one of good and evil in evaluation?

经营者将要退休是否影响公司绩效——以中国A股市场为例

我们的研究从静态和动态两个角度展开,分析了经营者将要退休这一事件对公司当前盈利能力和未来发展潜力的影响。对全部样本的实证研究显示:经营者将要退休与公司的盈利指标、成长性指标显著负相关,控制权属性虚拟变量与以上指标显著负相关。进而将样本按照最终控制权是否为国有分开后发现,这种负相关性在国有控股企业中表现得尤为明显,在以民营企业为主的非国有控股企业中则不显著。59岁现象在两组企业中表现差异的原因有二:第一,退休政策在两组企业中执行的力度不同;第二,国有控股企业可能具有更高的代理成本,从而59岁现象可能更加严重。