Problems and Countermeasures to Improve Clinical Trial Participants’Compensation Rights in China

Objective To discuss the problems existing in the compensation of Chinese clinical trial participants and propose some suggestions for improving their rights.Methods The literature related to the participants’right to compensation at home and abroad was searched to study the inadequacy of the compensation right for clinical trial participants in China from four aspects:insurance system,principle of attribution,legal relationship and compensation regulations.Then,some suggestions to improve the participants’right to compensation were proposed.Results and Conclusion China lacks clear legal norms for participants’right to compensation.There are problems such as unclear insurance rules and compensation rules,unclear contractual relationships between parties to clinical trials,and no laws and regulations to rely on for attribution and compensation.China should issue regulatory guidelines related to the right to compensation of participants in clinical trials,so that all parties in clinical trials can have rules to follow if there is the occurrence of injury,which can better protect the rights and interests of the participants.

On the Expansion and Realization of the Right to Environmental Information in Environmental Protection Supervision

As an innovation in the environmental governance system that breaks the traditional hierarchical structure,environmental protection supervision has not only played a significant role in protecting tangible environmental rights but also expanded the basic scope of the right to environmental information—part of procedural environmental rights.In the supervision of environmental protection,the objects of the right to environmental information and the subjects of the obligation to provide environmental information have been both expanded,with the focus shifting from government information to Party information and from administrative organs to Party organs.This vividly demonstrates the Communist Party of China’s concrete efforts to protect human rights in the field of the endeavor to build an ecological civilization.At present,the realization of the right to environmental information in environmental protection supervision still faces problems such as insufficient standards and norms,disordered practice and operation,and lack of liability guarantee.In this context,based on renewing relevant subjects’cognition of the right to know in environmental protection supervision,we should further improve and specify the rule for disclosing information about environmental protection supervision,rationally distribute the obligations for information disclosure in environmental protection supervision,and clarify the accountability rules for violating relevant requirements for information disclosure,so as to promote the overall development of the environmental protection supervision system while guaranteeing the realization of the right to environmental information.

The Three Principles of Institutional Safeguards for Women's Participation in Legislation in China

The participation of women in legislation is an important aspect and means of safeguarding women’s rights.Feminist theory,based on criticism of both the“citizenship identity theory as rights”and the“citizenship identity theory as responsibilities,”proposes the“citizenship identity theory as subjectivity.”Observing the current practice of women’s participation in legislation in China,two institutional safeguard principles can be summarized:the“minimum proportion”and the“influence evaluation.”However,each of these principles has its inherent limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to supplement them with the principle of“subjective participation”in a reflective manner.This principle requires women to participate substantively in the legislative process as subjects,express women’s needs and demands,input women’s perspectives and experiences,and reconstruct the distribution of rights and responsibilities in the existing legislation.The three principles complement each other and work together to comprehensively constitute the institutional structure of women’s participation in legislation,thereby promoting the reproduction of corresponding action structures.

Knowledge, Understanding and Attitude Toward Civic Rights and Duties in Administrative Affairs and People＇s Participation in Local Administration of Mahasarakham Municipality

This research aimed to study on the people and the local government. The samples were 395 respondents over 18 years old, selected locally of Mahasarakham Municipality, Thailand. The research found that the level of knowledge, understanding, and attitudes toward civic rights and duties of administrative affairs was at a high level but participation in the local administration was rated at a low level. The relationship between knowledge, understanding, and attitudes toward civic rights and duties of administrative affairs of the community was positive correlated. The relationship between knowledge and understanding toward civic rights and duties and participation in the community administration and the relationship between attitudes toward civic rights and duties in administrative affairs and participation in the local government administration were not correlated. Some recommendations were the local government organizations should promote and provide more information to build the right understandings and improve good attitudes toward civic rights and duties in administrative affairs. Local administrators and local leaders should play an important role to advocate and encourage public opinions toward a political ideology to ensure the public mind and make the vision ＂people-centered＂. Most importantly, the State shall pursue directive principles of State policies in relation to public participation.

Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC

July 2019 Contents Preamble I.Development of the Cause of Persons with Disabilities II.Mechanisms for the Protection of Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities III.Health and Rehabilitation IV.Special Education and Inclusive Education V.Employment and Entrepreneurship VI.Basic Life and Social Security VII.Creating an Accessible Environment and Enabling Mobility.

Pursuit of Excellence:The Past Development and New Progress of the Human Rights Action Plans of China

Since the Vienna Declaration and programme of Action in 1993 recommended that countries formulate national human rights action plans,many countries have carried out relevant explorations.Since 2009,China has formulated four series of Human Rights Action plan of China,which is significant for promoting the development of human rights,enhancing the say in international human rights,reducing social risks and protecting individual rights.The formulation of the plan adheres to the principles of being laws and policies-based and human rights-oriented,and taking into account both the country and society.The first three series of the Action plans have undergone such evolution as upgrade of guiding principles and goals,refinement of rights content and measures,diversification of responsible subjects,increasingly reasonable framework structure,and more human rights consideration in discourse expression.The fourth series of the Action plan pays more attention to expanding public participation and the content,improving the supervision mechanism,and further promoting the formulation and implementation of the Action plan.

Human Rights NGOs and the United Nations Human Rights Council——Participation by the China Society for Human Rights Studies in the Universal Periodic Review Mechanism

Since its founding in 1993, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） has extensively participated inthe human rights work of the United Nations （UN） and has actively carried out international exchange and cooperation. In May 2012, the UN Human Rights Council （UNHRC） initiated the second round of country reviews on human rights.

On the Value of the Legalization of Political Participation in Protecting Human Rights

It＇s necessary to legalize political participation in contemporary China because of its value in protecting human rights in terms of function and value. That is, the legalization of political participation aims to promote human rights protec- tion. What＇s more, the legalization of political participation in contemporary China and the maturity of the pro- motion of interest coordination and the rule of law, also show the great development of democracy and politi- cal stability in China.

Autonomy and interdependence: quandaries in research ethics

The autonomy of research participants is crucial in research ethics without which it will be difficult to carry out research. Central to the concept of autonomy is the debate on whether the cultural norms of individuals (particularly women) should be given priority in settings where these norms require that researchers should go through male heads such as husbands and traditional leaders. This paper examines issues relating to the autonomy of women in research ethics. It highlights the far-reaching implications of autonomy for women participating in research using Islam as a religion and Africa as case studies. The paper takes a look at what obtains in Ghana and Nigeria as African countries with diverse religious sects highlighting at the same time the extent to which women are autonomous in some Islamic parts of India and Pakistan. The paper stresses that in spite of certain factors limiting the autonomy of women in Africa and Islam, there is need for a more robust account of autonomy. It takes a relational approach to autonomy concluding at the same time that the best way to do bioethics is to be culture-sensitive.

Participation of Users in Traditional and Modern Turkish Settlements

When the development level of a city is determined, its residents＇ level of participation and support to social organizations, especially the voluntarily participation to civil organizations, are taken into account, as well as, their level of utilization from city services. It is beneficial to organize civil groups who are sensitive to urban and environmental issues. In traditional Turkish settlements, it can be talked about the existence of such an organization as a natural process in social organizations including moral and humanistic values. The feeling of belonging had raised the environmental quality both physically and socially. Respect to the nature and human was the main principle of these settlements. Such organizations has displaced with the written rules and official or civil organizations in modern urban settlements. In these organizations, participation of the users to urban planning decisions is not directly, but indirectly. As people who live in modern settlements do not participate to the planning and building process, they have not felt themselves belong to the place. The environmental quality and respect to the nature and human have been lessened in these modern settlements. This study focuses on the participation of users on planning and building housing environments in traditional and modern Turkish settlements and the comparison of them with their positive and negative results with the examples given.

Operationalizing Cultural Autonomy in International Law as a Form of Effective Participation in Decision-Making

According to most commentators,cultural autonomy is not a right recognized by positive international law.This article argues that the core elements of cultural autonomy can be derived from the right to effective participation guaranteed by Article 15 of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities(FCNM).The existing standards developed by the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention are rather vague,and fail to regulate several issues important for effective participation.This is not determined by the wording of the Convention,but by the Committee’s choice to provide states with a very wide margin of appreciation.To fill in the gaps in the Committee’s jurisprudence,the article examines the case study of a recently adopted law on support for minority cultures in Slovakia.By using a qualitative-substantive approach,it specifies the content of cultural autonomy by defining its purpose,as well as the conditions under which it can be achieved.Applying the Committee’s general criteria to the specific problems raised by the Slovak law,the article establishes the core positive law requirements vis-à-vis the right to cultural autonomy.In closing,the article argues that the Committee should adopt detailed standards,similar to those proposed in the text,in order to enforce the right to effective participation in practice.Operationalizing effective participation leads in substance to the enforcement of the right to cultural autonomy,which is a developed form of the former.

Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Under the Framework of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a manifesto for the rights of the disabled. It establishes the values and concepts, the guidelines for action, and the system of rules for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities worldwide. As one of the main drafting countries and the first signatories of the Convention, China has been actively implementing the principles of the Convention and faithfully fulfilling the responsibilities of a signatory party, and has made great achievements in building up its legal system, policy and culture. However, compared with the goals of the Convention, there still exist some gaps in rights awareness, social environment and related systems. Guided by the spirit of the Convention, and taking into account China’s national conditions, the country will continue to cultivate its human rights culture, upgrade its capability to provide public services for people with disabilities, improve the construction of barrier-free environments, guarantee the full realization of the survival, development and participation rights of the disabled, and establish a new mode of protecting the human rights of persons with disabilities in China.

Reform and Opening-up and China's Participation in International Human Rights Cooperation Process

The process of China’s participation in international human rights cooperation is closely related to the process of reform and opening-up launched at the end of the 1970s, while participation in international human rights cooperation is based on the process of reform and opening-up. It is the fruit of the reform and opening-up policy and the emancipation of the mind for China to decide to participate in international human rights cooperation. Since then, along with the process, the process of China participating in international cooperation can be divided into four periods. The first established the multi-ministries cooperative group to do research on international human rights activities in 1980. The second, was the first white paper on human rights published by the government in 1991. The third was the incorporation of human rights in the Constitution in 2004, and the fourth been putting forward the idea "a community with shared future for human beings" in 2013. All of these are landmark events for China to participate in international human rights cooperation against the general background of the reform and opening-up policy.

“住有所居”对流动人口定居意愿的影响--基于非正规产权房的视角

流动人口及其家庭在城镇安居是新型城镇化进程中流动人口市民化的重要内容,探索影响其定居城镇的决定因素具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,从住有所居的视角出发,探讨非正规的产权住房--小产权房对流动人口定居意愿的影响。研究发现:第一,小产权房通过其价格低廉化和在购买后形成的事实性占有提高了流动人口的定居意愿,但在现实中仍应高度警惕和重视小产权房对流动人口完整市民化和正规房地产市场健康运作带来的诸多负面挑战;第二,小产权房对流动人口定居意愿的“锁定”效应存在显著的群体异质性,在法律意识淡薄和对廉价住房需求高的“初中”“收入低”“老一代”流动人口群体中的影响作用更加明显,说明经济地位偏低和法律风险感知能力弱的流动人口在面对小产权房的低廉性时更容易作出“非理性”选择。这一结果预示着提供可负担的保障性住房和稳定城市住房价格,将附着在小产权房上的“廉价保障房”功能剥离开来,可能是解决小产权房问题行之有效的方式;同时,在治理和整顿存量小产权房时,要对蜗居其中的弱势流动人口群体予以充分的人文关怀,找寻保障弱势流动人口群体的住房权益与解决小产权房问题之间的平衡点和兼容性。

刑事审判阶段涉案财物处置中案外人的权利保障

刑事诉讼程序中公民的财产权利长期被忽视,涉案财物处置与案外人利益息息相关。从当前我国立法及司法实践来看,刑事审判阶段涉案财物处置中对案外人财产权保障不足,缺乏必要的救济程序,影响了对案外人利益的保护。具体表现为涉案财物与案外人概念不清,案外人的知情权、参与权保障不足等诸多问题。因此,以《刑诉法解释》第279条为中心,从涉案财物情况告知义务主体和送达方式、案外人参与权的法律基础、案外人参与刑事诉讼的流程等角度进行分析和探讨,加强案外人在刑事诉讼中的权利保障。

清水江文书中的“用益物权”

清水江文书中的“用益物权”,以“讨”字文书的形式呈现。清水江文书中的地役权存在着“需役物”与供役地等不典型的地役权以及需役地与供役地的典型地役权两种模式;清水江文书中的居住权同样具有典型的“居住权”以及“保留占有、使用权买卖”的居住权两种模式;清水江文书中所呈现出的土地承包经营权则在占有、使用、收益的权利方面存在明显的限制性。纵观清水江文书中的三种用益物权,其背后蕴涵了以“礼”为主的法治观念价值和以“和谐”为主的法治实践价值,其对解决目前民法典用益物权编的某些现实问题以及建设中国特色社会主义法治体系均可能做出有益贡献。

中美出版物和音响产品市场准入WTO争端案述评

美国就"中国影响出版物和视听娱乐产品的贸易权和分销服务措施"提出与中国WTO争端解决。本文对专家组裁定及上诉机构裁决做了归纳。最后就本案的核心问题(如对中国入世服务贸易承诺表的解释,GATT第20条例外是否可适用于中国入世议定书)进行了简要评析。

WTO争端解决机制中透明度问题研究

透明度问题是当今WTO争端解决机制改革中的重要议题。争端解决机制的透明度意味着其规则的公开和透明,以及争端解决过程中公众的介入和参与。透明度对于争端解决机制具有重要的意义。争端解决的不同阶段反映出不同程度的透明度。磋商阶段的透明度略显不足,主要缺陷是文件的公开程度不足和公众的参与权丧失;而专家组阶段和上诉阶段的透明度总体来说值得肯定,其中的"法庭之友"问题,公开审理问题都是由实践发展而来的宝贵财富。

伦理审查在卫生管理研究中的重要性与更新要点——基于《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》

《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》的发布对于卫生管理研究领域的伦理审查提出了新的要求。基于新规背景,结合卫生管理学科特性,探究了卫生管理研究的伦理审查需求和必要性。在《办法》中,针对卫生管理研究的伦理治理进行了更新,提出了免除伦理审查概念和强调研究参与者权益保护,以及个人信息保护的重要性。还针对卫生管理研究的伦理审查框架进行了探索,包括制定免除伦理审查操作规范、细化规范伦理审查工作制度与流程,以及明确信息数据的来源证明。这些探索旨在为卫生管理研究提供伦理保障,促进其健康发展,并确保研究参与者的权益得到充分尊重和保护。通过研究,希望能够进一步提高卫生管理研究的伦理水平,推动学科的发展和社会的进步。

临床研究透明化在针灸临床试验注册中的实践与思考

临床研究透明化是临床研究结果真实可靠的重要保障之一,临床研究透明化通过在临床研究的试验设计、实施、得出结果和数据分析过程进行公开,加强社会监督,保障临床研究结果真实性。通过针灸临床研究注册,针灸临床研究注册数量不断上升,临床研究覆盖范围广泛,许多临床研究过程更加系统化、规范化,数据公开透明,极大程度的保障了临床研究结果的准确性,提高研究质量,促进针灸临床研究高质量发展。