The Plights and Solutions of the Farmers' Land Rights Protection

The current plights of farmers' land rights in China are analyzed.They cover the vain installation of the security of farmers' land rights,vain position of the dominant role played by rural collective land,incomplete functions of rural collective land and the inadequate material assistance of farmers.The solutions for ensuring the security of farmers' land rights are put forward,in the first place,perfecting the legislation of guaranteeing farmers' land rights.In the second place,scientifically installing the rural land rights,which covers the following aspects,such as,clearly defining that the collective ownership of rural land belongs to farmers in law;clearly defining the main body of rural land property and eliminating the shortage of property rights;demarcating the range of public interests and clearly stipulating the reasonable compensation of main body of land expropriation.In the third place,villagers' autonomy should be perfected.In the forth place,standardizing the system of land expropriation,which includes the two aspects of normalizing the land transference procedure and the control of collecting land tax,and establishing fair compensation standard and normalizing land compensation procedure.In the fifth place,strengthening land transference and judiciary,and enforcing supervision;in the sixth place,accelerating the development of peasants' cooperative economic organizations and cultivating peasants' rights keeping organization.Through the discussion on the plights and solutions of farmers' land rights protection,the coordination of rural and urban development will be realized and a harmonious society will be built.

Law Absence and System Construction of Equal Material Assistance Rights of Farmers in China

Firstly,conception of farmers' equal material assistance rights is introduced from the aspects of equal rights,material assistance rights,and farmers' equal material assistance rights.Value function of farmers' equal material assistance rights is pointed out,which can eliminate the partial policies with urban priority orientation.It is a necessary condition for maintaining the legal and institutional authority,as well as an inevitable choice to realize the social justice and harmony.Current status of the law absence of farmers' equal material assistance rights in China is introduced,which is reflected in the lack of theoretical research on farmers' equal material assistance rights in the law circle,the lack of procedural legal system of farmers' equal material assistance rights at present,and the lack of actual law effectiveness of farmers' equal material assistance rights at present.System construction is a turning point to change the law absence of farmers' material assistance rights.Government should promote the economic development,provide material bases for the system construction of farmers' material assistance rights,enhance the legal consciousness of farmers,cultivate the ability of farmers to participate in equal material assistance rights,strengthen the procedural legislation and judicial justice,and ensure the farmers' material assistance rights.

The Current Analysis of Protection Path of Farmers＇ Rights and Causes

The problem of Chinese peasant in society is a very important issue in the process of China＇ s legal system; the farmer is very worthy subject of rights concern. The author believes that China has the right to protect their farmers in three main ways： private relief, public relief and gray channels, which play a major role in the private relief for farmers. For these channels, they are a unique reason; the rule of law should be the vision and balance for them to choose their own presence in China.

Land Expropriation and Constitutional Protection of Farmers' Rights

One of the reasons for many social tragedies resulted from land expropriation in China is failure of the constitution to bring into play its due functions in standardizing land expropriation power of the government and protecting farmers' rights.In the existing land expropriation system,government is not only a policy maker of land expropriation,but also a "referee" of dispute over land expropriation.Government' land expropriation power and land-expropriated farmers' rights become out of balance.As a result,some local governments do not attach importance to farmers' rights,making land-expropriated farmers dissatisfied and consequently leading to some social tragedies unfavorable for harmony and stability.To fundamentally settle disputes over land expropriation and realize win-win of farmers' right and state interest,it should bring into full play functions of the constitution through protecting farmers' right to participate in land expropriation and establishing constitution evaluation mechanism.

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

Study on Farmers' Cognition and Willingness to Plant Trees during Collective Forest Right Reform Based on Data from Plain Areas of Henan Province

On the basis of the survey data from plain areas of Henan Province,farmers' cognition and willingness to plant trees in collective forest right reform are studied. According to statistical analysis and regression equation of binary logistic regress analysis,it is generally believed that different participants have various attitudes to the reform,with regard to if planting trees or more,reform variables have a distinct effect,as well as income variable and loaning or lending variable. At last,some advices are put forward,that is,the government should strengthen collective forest right reform,accelerate matching reform and increase policy and financial support to forestry farmers.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

Farmers' Self-decision Right in New Countryside Construction——An interview with Lu Xueyi,a specialist on rural issues

Lu Xueyi graduated from the Philosophy Department of Beijing University in 1962. He pursued graduate studies at the Philosophy Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences during 1962-1965. He has long been engaged in the study of sociology, social structure and rural development. He worked once as director of the Sociology Institute of CASS. After 1998 he.. has served as member of the Academic Committee of CASS. In 1996 he became president of China Sociology Society. He was a deputy to the Eighth and Ninth National People＇s Congresses. He is author of The Chinese Countryside and Chinese Farmers amid Reforms, Chinese Society in a Transitional Period, Evolution of China＇s Social Structure and On Agriculture, the Countryside and Peasantry.

Reform of Agricultural Land Transfer of Different Types of Farmers' Willingness

Since forty years of reform and opening up,China's rural landscape has undergone tremendous changes,and agricultural production manner is obviously improved,while farmers' living level is rose significantly.Rural land contracting and management right system plays a vital role in promoting rural economic and social development in China.In this paper,farmers under the background of the transfer of rural land contracting and management right are taken as research objects,and the difference of different types of farmers under the willingness of land transfer is analyzed.Finally,corresponding reform assumptions are proposed for transfer willingness of different types of farmers.

The Shareholders' Responsibility for Contribution of Balance of the Equity Assignee

2005年修订的《公司法》第31条规定:"有限责任公司成立后,作为发现设立公司出资的非货币财产的实际价额显著低于公司章程所定价额的应当由交付该出资的股东补足其差额;公司设立时的其他股东承担连带责任。"从该条规定可知,差额补缴责任的主体为公司成立后发现的特定的瑕疵出资人。

新《公司法》弘扬企业家精神的制度回应

新《公司法》增加“弘扬企业家精神”的立法目的表明了公司法需要更好地发挥鼓励投资创业、保护企业家权益以及推进创新精神的重要制度功能。在公司法语境下,企业家最接近于控股股东或者实际控制人。公司法语境下的“企业家精神”可以从个体、组织和社会三个层面来理解和把握。新《公司法》在立法目的、准入制度、治理机制以及问责机制等方面体现出“弘扬企业家精神”的重要创新。公司法对于控制权的妥当规制是“弘扬企业家精神”的关键制度,新《公司法》构建了控制权识别规则、控制权行使规则和控制权责任规则。下一步需要提升控制权识别规则的可操作性,完善控制权取得方式和权利内容的规定,并以合规制度和容错机制为企业家铸造“安全港”。

土地经营权入股公司:股东出资、保本投资与配套制度

土地经营权入股发展农业产业化经营是深化农村土地制度改革的重要举措,也是促进农业适度规模经营、实现小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的重要途径。土地经营权入股公司应定性为股东出资行为,以公司法为基础,完善股东出资、法人运行与配套措施等方面的法律法规。在股东出资方面,应限定出资标的物范围,完善农村土地价值评估机制。在法人运行方面,为农民股东优先配置可转换的、可累积的及可参与嗣后分配的优先股以基本实现其“保底收益+按股分红”目的;为农民股东配置优先股赎回权、清算优先权与股份回购保险以基本实现“保本退出”目的。在配套措施方面,国家应灵活运用宏观调控措施以改善农业弱质性问题,完善农村社会保障制度以破除农民失地失业困境。

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定的逻辑脉络及其展开

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定是农村集体产权制度改革的基础性工作,集体所有权主体的确定是该问题研究的逻辑起点。集体所有权不具有共有和总有等所有权构造类型的特征,同时投资关系说和类比国有资本授权经营体制论都不能对农村集体经济组织的产生渊源进行合理解释。在民法规范语境下,应将农村集体经济组织确定为集体所有权主体。就成员资格和成员权利的关系而言,两者相伴而生,成员资格实质上是从权利主体角度对成员权的描述,为成员权在主体面向的表达。基于此,集体成员资格认定的法律实质是对农民所享有的集体经济组织成员权予以确权。我国农村传统经营方式决定了农户是基本经营单位,从逻辑上应当将家庭成员与以家庭为单位取得权益的关系确定为按份共有,集体经济组织成员权主体应为集体经济组织成员而非农户。城乡二元体制导致户籍这一本质上与成员权利取得不具因果关系的因素被纳入认定标准之中,其证明作用不应被忽视。在传统路径下,应构建以出生事实为核心、其他亲缘关系为辅助的主体判断路径,同时明确列举其他除外情形,形成正反双向的认定机制。在农村集体产权制度改革背景下,基于股权类型设置,集体固有成员与股份经济合作社股东在范围上并非完全一致,未来应以恢复农村集体经济组织和集体成员权的私法属性为目标,分阶段对农村集体经济组织成员权制度进行渐进性改革。

新《公司法》股东双重代表诉讼规则的展开

面对公司立体式发展而产生的权利扩张现象,2023年修订的《公司法》引入了股东双重代表诉讼规则,旨在解决子公司诉讼能力丧失问题并提供有效救济。当子公司遭受内部或外部侵害,子公司与母公司均不能或怠于起诉时,母公司股东可以提起双重代表诉讼。在双层制下需要向子公司的董事会或监事会履行前置程序,单层制下则由审计委员会替代监事会履行前置程序。当前的股东双重代表诉讼规则将母子公司的控制关系限定于直接或间接的全资母子公司,应当将其适度扩张至绝对控股母子公司及部分相对控股母子公司,并在前置程序中增加股东请求回复规则。同时,对于母子公司控制关系中隐藏的权利滥用问题,股东双重代表诉讼与其他公司法律规范存在衔接适用的空间,应当注重制度联动效应,以防止母公司及其控股股东滥用控制权或者母公司中小股东滥用诉权。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

基于期望效用理论的农户土地整治权属调整意愿研究

基于期望效用理论剖析农户土地整治权属调整意愿的内在机制,以广西壮族自治区龙州县的农户调查问卷数据为基础,采用逻辑斯谛(Logistic)模型,分析不确定条件下未来的预期收益和预期损失效用对农户权属调整意愿的影响,为引导农户积极响应权属调整提供决策参考。结果显示:农户认知是其产生支持行为意愿的基础,研究区只有约20%的农户对权属调整政策比较了解,超过80%的农户通过“自上而下”的方式被动获取信息,但接近90%的农户对权属调整表示认同,说明政策实施具备民意基础。在未来预期收益方面,新增耕地面积、改善农业基础设施条件、提高农业机械化使用率、提高规模化经营程度等因素对农户权属调整意愿至少在P<0.1水平上有显著正向影响;在未来预期损失方面,耕地质量下降、土地分配不公平等因素对农户权属调整意愿至少在P<0.05水平上有显著负向影响。据此提出如下对策建议:加强权属调整全过程的农户有效参与,切实保障农户土地权益;完善权属调整的法治化建设和制度化管理,促进权属调整获得农户的支持和信任;发挥权属调整对农地适度规模经营的推动作用,促进农户分享现代农业发展红利。

股东会电子化中股东平等原则的规范构造

出席股东会是股东行使自身权利、治理公司事务的基本路径。委托代理人出席或书面表决等方式系原《公司法》认可的股东现场出席股东会的合法替代方式,但这两种方式均存在不足。鉴于实践效果上电子化表决在提升参与度和确保表决真实性方面起到了积极作用,新《公司法》明确规定公司可以通过电子通信方式召开电子股东会,进一步提高了股东参与度并克服了传统的两类替代方式的弊端。该规定是对实践中已广泛采用的股东会组织方式合法性的确认。然而,新《公司法》等现行法律法规并未充分考虑到电子股东会制度可能引发的股东知情权行权差异和潜在的股东不平等问题,也并未对上述问题以及电子股东会可能发生的程序瑕疵、系统障碍作出针对性的预防和救济规制。实施电子股东会的公司应当保障不同参与方式的股东均可以充分行使权利,制定电子股东会决策程序瑕疵、出现系统故障时的预防和救济措施,以全面有效发挥股东会应有的功能。

新型职业农民经济权利的体系构建与法律保护

保护新型职业农民的经济权利,对保护新型职业农民的生存权、发展权具有重要意义,也有利于农业现代化和乡村振兴的实现。目前,中国已经初步构建起新型职业农民经济权利法律保护体系,但仍然面临一些现实挑战。保护新型职业农民的经济权利,需要出台支持新型职业农民发展的专门法,并完善现代农业、农民经济合作组织相关法律制度。行政机关出台的农业政策应符合法治精神,依法为新型职业农民提供优质的公共服务。应鼓励社会力量为新型职业农民提供法律咨询,开展法律宣传活动,并完善矛盾纠纷的调解解决方式。强化对经济权利的法律保护,要发挥新型职业农民自身的作用,并加强对新型职业农民的专业技能教育和法制教育。

未届期股东出资责任执行的构造解析

股东出资加速到期规则的实质是公司、债权人与股东利益博弈后的立法选择。债权人得对未届出资期限股东强制执行的法理基础并非执行力主观范围扩张,程序正当的逻辑起点在于股东认缴出资之公司责任财产属性。不应扩大解释《变更追加规定》等司法解释的涵摄范围,未届期股东仅在公司不能清偿债务的前提下,承担未出资本金范围内的出资责任。未经程序确权,债权人变更追加未届期股东为被执行人之穿透式执行力扩张有悖程序法理。加速到期之诉虽可填补执行名义缺位的纰漏,实现程序勾连,但其程序法价值主要在于补足债权执行的程序要件。对未届期股东出资责任的执行应当回归债权执行的基本定位,在债权执行构造内,实现对债权人的个别清偿,以体现程序殊相。未来亟待出台司法解释或指导案例,明晰出资加速到期规则与执行程序的衔接适用细则,厘清对未届期股东出资责任执行的程序脉络,提供程序保障规范,实现公司、股东与债权人利益关系的妥适处理。

控制权争夺动因和社会资本参与影响研究——以奥马电器的控制权争夺为例

控制权是公司治理机制及利益相关者实现利益最大化的核心因素,因此,控制权争夺成为各利益相关者博弈的主题。在控制权争夺的过程中,公司大股东和公司创始团队的社会资本运作能起到不可忽视的作用。基于控制权争夺动因和社会资本影响的视角,通过对奥马电器控制权争夺的案例研究,以社会资本理论、公司治理理论、委托代理理论为基础构建理论框架,探究奥马电器被控股的成因,分析奥马电器控制权争夺的历程和公司价值的发展趋势,重点剖析社会资本在奥马电器的控制权争夺过程中产生的影响。研究发现:社会资本对企业发展具有促进利益共享、降低交易成本、高度集中控制权等益处,是企业获得控制权不能忽视的关键因素。同时对于控制权争夺过程中企业价值如何更好发展提出了可行性建议和启示。