Effect and mechanism of on-chip electrostatic discharge protection circuit under fast rising time electromagnetic pulse

The electrostatic discharge(ESD)protection circuit widely exists in the input and output ports of CMOS digital circuits,and fast rising time electromagnetic pulse(FREMP)coupled into the device not only interacts with the CMOS circuit,but also acts on the protection circuit.This paper establishes a model of on-chip CMOS electrostatic discharge protection circuit and selects square pulse as the FREMP signals.Based on multiple physical parameter models,it depicts the distribution of the lattice temperature,current density,and electric field intensity inside the device.At the same time,this paper explores the changes of the internal devices in the circuit under the injection of fast rising time electromagnetic pulse and describes the relationship between the damage amplitude threshold and the pulse width.The results show that the ESD protection circuit has potential damage risk,and the injection of FREMP leads to irreversible heat loss inside the circuit.In addition,pulse signals with different attributes will change the damage threshold of the circuit.These results provide an important reference for further evaluation of the influence of electromagnetic environment on the chip,which is helpful to carry out the reliability enhancement research of ESD protection circuit.

The effect of pulse voltage rise rate on the polypropylene surface hydrophilic modification by ns pulsed nitrogen DBD

The nanosecond(ns) pulsed nitrogen dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is employed to enhance the hydrophilicity of polypropylene(PP) surface and improve its application effect.The discharge characteristics of the ns pulsed nitrogen DBD with different pulse rise times(from 50to 500 ns) are investigated by electrical and optical diagnostic methods and the discharge uniformity is quantitatively analyzed by image processing method.To characterize the surface hydrophilicity,the water contact angle(WCA) is measured,and the physical morphology and chemical composition of PP before and after modification are analyzed to explore the effect of plasma on PP surface.It is found that with increasing pulse rise time from 50 to 500 ns,DBD uniformity becomes worse,energy efficiency decreases from 20% to 10.8%,and electron density decrease from 6.6 × 10^(11)to 5.5 × 10^(11)cm^(-3).The tendency of electron temperature is characterized with the intensity ratio of N_(2)/N_(2)^(+)emission spectrum,which decreases from 17.4 to15.9 indicating the decreasing of T_(e) with increasing pulse rise time from 50 to 500 ns.The PP surface treated with 50 ns pulse rise time DBD has a lower WCA(~47°),while the WCA of PP treated with 100 to 500 ns pulse rise time DBD expands gradually(~50°–57°).According to the study of the fixed-point WCA values,the DBD-treated PP surface has superior uniformity under50 ns pulse rise time(3° variation) than under 300 ns pulse rise time(8° variation).After DBD treatment,the increased surface roughness from 2.0 to 9.8 nm and hydrophilic oxygencontaining groups on the surface,i.e.hydroxyl(-OH) and carbonyl(C=O) have played the significant role to improve the sample’s surface hydrophilicity.The short pulse voltage rise time enhances the reduced electric field strength(E/n) in the discharge space and improves the discharge uniformity,which makes relatively sufficient physical and chemical reactions have taken place on the PP surface,resulting in better treatment uniformity.

Digital coherent detection research on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry with simplex pulse codes

The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card （DAQ）. A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator （LO） in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.

The study of numerical character for femtosecond pulse shaping

This paper describes the generation of shaped femtosecond multiple pulses by using the phase-only Dammann filters in 4f femtosecond shaper and gives the experimental result of femtosecond pulse characterization by the frequency- resolved optical gating （FROG） technique. With the theoretical simulation, it concludes that the quality of the generated output array is relevant to the number of pixels and the spacing between the components.

Characteristics of plasma in a novel laser-assisted pulsed plasma thruster

A novel laser-assisted pulsed plasma thruster(LA-PPT)is proposed as an electric propulsion thruster,which separates laser ablation and electromagnetic acceleration.It aims for a higher specific impulse than that achieved with conventional LA-PPTs.Owing to the short-time discharge and the novel configuration,the physical mechanism of the discharge is unclear.Time and spatial-resolved optical emission spectroscopy was applied to investigate the variation in the plasma properties in the thruster discharge channel.The plasma species,electron temperature,and electron density were obtained and discussed.Our investigation revealed that there were H_(α),H_(β),H_(γ),H_(ε) atoms,CⅠ,CⅡ,CⅢ,CⅣ,ClⅠ,ClⅡparticles,and a small amount of CH,C_(3),C_(2),H_(2) neutral molecular groups in the plasma.The electron temperature of the discharge channel of the thruster was within 0.6–4.9 e V,and the electron density was within(1.1–3.0)×10^(18)cm^(-3),which shows that the optical emission spectroscopy method is to measure the electron excitation temperature and electron density in heavy particles.But the Langmuir probe method is to measure the temperature and density of free electrons.The use of laser instead of spark plug as the ignition mode significantly changed the plasma distribution in the discharge channel.Unlike the conventional PPT,which has high electron density near the thruster surface,LAPPT showed relatively large electron density at the thruster outlet,which increased the thruster specific impulse.In addition,the change in the ignition mode enabled the electron density in the LA-PPT discharge channel to be higher than that in the conventional PPT.This proves that the ignition mode with laser replacing the spark plug effectively optimised the PPT performance.

The Neutron-Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination Method for Neutron Flux Detection in the ITER

The neutron flux monitor （NFM）, as a significant diagnostic system in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor （ITER）, will play an important role in the readings of a series of key parameters in the fusion reaction process. As the core of the main electronic system of the NFM, the neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination （n-γ PSD） can distinguish the neutron pulse from the gamma pulse and other disturbing pulses according to the thresholds of the rising time and the amplitude pre-installed on the board, the double timing point CFD method is used to get the rising time of the pulse. The n-γ PSD can provide an accurate neutron count.

Relaxation of Dense Electron Plasma Induced by Femtosecond Laser in Dielectric Materials

Electron plasma induced by a focused femtosecond pulse （130 fs, 800 nm） in dielectric materials （Soda Lime glass, K9 glass, and SiO2 crystal） is investigated by pump-probe shadow imaging technology. The relaxation of the electron plasma in the conduction band is discussed. In SiO2 crystals, a fast self-trapping process with a trapping time of 150fs is observed, which is similar to that in fused silica. However, in Soda Lime glass and K9 glass, no self-trapping occurs, and two decay processes are found： one is the energy relaxation process of conduction electrons within several picoseconds, another is an electron-hole recombination process with a timescale of lOOps. The electron collision time T in the conduction band is also measured to be in the order of 1 fs in all of these materials.

Precise Optical Fiber Length Measurement System Based on Fresnel Reflection

In this study, a precise optical fiber length measurement system is proposed. The measurement technique is based on the measurement of relative Fresnel reflected light intensity in a test fiber. Time delayed optical reflected pulses are obtained from a single nanosecond pulse injected at the input due to the difference in lengths of the reference and test fibers. The lengths of the different optical fibers have been measured with this technique with high resolution and fast response time. The measured results show that, the proposed technique has a comparable performance with the well-known length measurement systems.

基于脉冲变压器的快前沿固态触发器

结合理论求解、仿真分析与实验验证,确定了影响脉冲变压器型触发器输出前沿的主要因素,并研制了一台能可靠触发真空沿面闪络开关导通的快前沿固态触发器。研究结果表明:影响触发器输出脉冲前沿的关键因素为脉冲变压器漏感、匝数比和半导体开关开通速度;不同绕制方式的脉冲变压器漏感差异很大,最小漏感绕法的变压器漏感值低1个数量级;选用开通速度优于15 ns的碳化硅金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(SiC MOSFET)、绕制低漏感(小于0.5μH)的脉冲变压器,实现了前沿为20.4 ns(10%~90%)、幅值为16.5 kV的快前沿输出;控制SiC MOSFET的驱动脉宽在35~55 ns变化可以控制触发电流峰值在35~55 A范围内变化。

SNR improvement in self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer using Golay pulse codes

The application of Golay pulse coding technique in spontaneous Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor based on self-heterodyne detection of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering is theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The enhancement of system signal to noise ratio(SNR) and reduction of temperature measurement error provided by coding are characterized. By using 16-bit Golay coding, SNR can be improved by about 2.77 d B, and temperature measurement error of the 100 m heated fiber is reduced from 1.4 °C to 0.5 °C with a spatial resolution of 13 m. The results are believed to be beneficial for the performance improvement of self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer.

300 MHz、139 fs全光纤超短脉冲激光器

高重复频率超短脉冲光纤激光器在高效加工、生物光学成像等方面具有广泛的应用价值。报道了基于非线性偏振演化效应的高重复频率、百飞秒、集成化光纤激光源。通过集成结构实现重频300.25 MHz、脉冲宽度139 fs的脉冲激光。在384.2 mW的平均泵浦功率下,该激光器连续工作12 h,光谱输出形状未发生变化。其中在6 h内,重复频率漂移量约为25 Hz。此外,该激光器在泵浦功率为512.8 mW时,可以实现自启动,因此,这种结构简单,高重复频率的超短脉冲锁模光纤激光器是一种具有广泛应用潜力的激光源。

随机数编码融合长脉冲级联调制提升Φ-OTDR定位性能

为解决随机数编码造成相位敏感光时域反射系统振动定位差的问题,设计了一种随机数编码融合长脉冲的级联调制方法,分别利用声光调制器和半导体光放大器实现随机数编码和长脉冲的融合调制,提升消光比。使用自相关的随机数编码生成脉冲序列,设计数字正交解调算法获得拍频信号幅值与相位信息。实验结果表明,在4km长度传感光纤上,脉冲宽度为40ns时,方案可将消光比提升13.7dB;当振动信号频率为200Hz时,振动信号定位均方根误差为2.1m,最大绝对误差为3.8m,提升了振动信号定位精度,为编码相位敏感光时域反射系统定位性能提升提供了新方法。

闭环全光纤电流互感器阶跃响应上升时间研究

应用于柔性直流输电工程的闭环全光纤电流互感器(FOCT)为满足工程应用,需使用长距离保偏光缆实现偏振光信号的远距离传输,对其阶跃响应上升时间的影响尚未论证。此处从工作原理及输出特性两个方面分析了闭环FOCT采用M阶滑动平均滤波器特性、阶跃响应上升时间,并进行了仿真及试验验证,结果表明:影响阶跃响应上升时间的关键因素为光路渡越时间和滑动平均滤波器阶数,滤波器积分时间与闭环FOCT阶跃响应上升时间正相关;增加300m保偏光缆后闭环FOCT阶跃响应上升时间显著增加,通过控制滑动平均滤波器的积分时间可使闭环FOCT阶跃响应上升时间及测量性能与不增加长距离保偏光缆保持一致,解决了闭环FOCT增加保偏光缆引起阶跃响应上升时间增加的问题,满足柔性直流输电工程对其快速响应及特性稳定的需求。

Nanosecond high-pulse energy 1.57 μm KTA optical parametric amplifier with time delay

An efficient two-stage KTi OAO4 optical parametric amplifier(OPA) system with walk-off-compensating alignment is designed. By introducing an extra time delay between the pump pulse and the signal pulse, this OPA architecture is capable of obtaining high optical conversion efficiency and high signal gain simultaneously.Finally, a maximum gain of 98 at the 1.57 μm wavelength is obtained with the signal beam quality of M2 around5.6. The efficiency of the optical conversion from 1.064 to 1.57 μm is around 26%.

基于铁氧体传输线的百纳秒脉冲前沿陡化技术研究

基于铁氧体传输线脉冲陡化原理,利用COMSOL软件建立了铁氧体传输线的电磁场仿真模型,研究了脉冲陡化的影响因素及特征规律,根据仿真模型设计了2种不同直径磁芯的铁氧体传输线,并建立了实验测试平台,对传输线陡化后的脉冲前沿进行测试。仿真及实验结果均表明,铁氧体传输线陡化后的脉冲前沿随输入电压幅值、传输线长度的增加而减小,随磁芯直径的减小而减小,实验结果与仿真结果规律一致。磁芯直径为40 mm,线长为1500 mm的铁氧体传输线可将幅值为120 kV的脉冲电压的前沿由124 ns陡化至14.4 ns,整个脉冲源的抖动为1.83 ns,验证了铁氧体传输线替代FLTD触发器中气体陡化开关的可行性。

陡前沿方波对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果

为研究方波脉冲前沿陡度对高压脉冲电场技术(PEF)杀菌效果的影响,通过实验研究了前沿陡化的方波脉冲对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果。考察并比较了在不同电场强度、等效处理时间、电导率条件下,陡前沿方波和普通方波的杀菌效果。结果表明,脉冲电场的杀菌效果随着电场强度、溶液电导率、等效处理时间的增大而增强,且方波脉冲的上升时间对金葡菌的杀灭效果具有显著影响。上升时间为200 ns的脉冲电场处理后的细菌残存率比上升时间为2μs的脉冲电场的残存率大,且前者的温升比后者小。当杀菌效果相同时,陡前沿方波脉冲所需的等效处理时间比普通方波脉冲更短。此外,陡前沿方波脉冲杀菌效果的提升并非通过改变细胞形貌结构来实现,而是直接作用于细胞内部。

光脉冲光纤周期复制技术研究

针对常用的多路高速光脉冲复制系统可能的实现形式进行了研究,根据各种应用中所需的插入损耗、输出脉冲周期性与功率稳定性等性能要求,对多种光纤光脉冲复制结构的特点进行了分析比较。通过对各种结构的输出脉冲功率、周期性及其影响因素的理论分析,论述了使各种结构的输出脉冲优化的可能性与方法。指出了有源循环式光纤延迟脉冲复制器适合于产生重复周期准确、输出功率大的光脉冲序列。

小型脉冲电场屏蔽效能测试设备

为准确测量电磁脉冲电场对电气、微电子设备的危害,设计了一种由发射设备和接收设备两部分组成的小型电场屏蔽效能测试设备。其作用是用电气设备在有限范围内近似模拟电磁脉冲。在叙述了测试设备的原理和结构并估算出发射设备的一些参数后讨论了主要部件的设计,并选取了各个部件的材料。为减少脉冲上升时间采用了一种结构紧凑由高压气体开关和无感电容组成的脉冲形成装置。模拟器接受设备包括数据采集和系统标定。经多次调试,测得该设备产生的电场波形为双指数波形,上升时间<5ns,衰落时间>1μs,完全满足工程应用要求。

一种10kV方波电压发生器

为了对高电压分压器进行实验标定,研制了一台最高输出电压为10 kV的方波发生器。它由直流高压源、脉冲形成线、高气压气体火花开关和脉冲传输线构成,以波阻抗为50Ω的聚乙烯高频同轴电缆作为脉冲形成线和脉冲传输线,并采用紧凑型氮气火花开关,改变脉冲形成线的长度和开关的气压可分别改变方波脉宽和幅值（3-10 kV）。实验中脉冲形成线的长度为10 m,对应的方波脉宽为100 ns。开关中氮气为0.2-0.7 MPa时,输出方波前沿的上升时间为14.1-1.5 ns,随气压的上升而急剧下降,且上升时间和气压的关系式不同于由J.C.Mar-tin公式推导的结果。0.7 MPa时间隙静态击穿场强高达500 kV/cm,为输出方波上升时间大大减小的根本原因。由上述实验知：该方波发生器完全适合于高电压分压器的实验标定。

空气负电晕Trichel脉冲特性的实验研究

为得到Trichel脉冲放电的特征,采用针-板电极结构对空气中负电晕放电的特性进行了实验研究。利用示波器测试了放电电压、电流波形和脉冲频率,利用微安表测试了平均放电电流,并通过放电结构上并联电容的方法研究了外接电容对放电的影响。结果表明,空气负电晕Trichel脉冲非常稳定、规则;其脉冲频率随平均电流线性增大,针尖曲率影响频率上升的斜率,但电极间距、气压、并联电容对频率影响较小;不同放电条件下的Trichel脉冲波形基本相同,其上升沿几乎不随电流、间距、气压、针尖曲率和并联电容变化,但脉冲幅值随平均电流略有下降,同时与间距、气压、针尖曲率和并联电容等条件有关;Trichel脉冲是电晕区的特征放电,在给定电极条件下,其形成过程与平均电流(电压)、气压和外电路并联电容等无关。