Study on the Kind and Character of Mongol Hats in Yuan Dynasty

In the thirteenth century the Mongols created a vast, transcontinental empire that intensified cultural, art, craftwork, garment and commercial contact throughout Eurasia. Hats were so indispensable parts of formal Mongol dress that were seen as a symbol of Mongol traditional garment. Roughly Mongolian men＇s headgear can be divided into two groups, which are Li and Mao. In addition, Mongolian women＇s Gu-gu-gwan, a kind of bonnet, was the head-dress for the empress, concubines of the emperor, and wife of high ranking ministers. This study, based on the analysis of image resources and existing evidence, discusses the hats of Yuan period in the context of its group, origin, decoration and cultural influences.

Research on the Social Custom of the Jurchen of the Yuan Dynasty

In the Yuan Dynasty,the Jurchen and the Han nationality had already blended,but as the place of origin of the Jurchen,there are still some social customs of the Jurchen in some places in Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty.From the analysis in this paper we can see that in the Yuan Dynasty,although the Liaoyang Province of that time was ruled by the Mongol nationality,the Jurchen nationality stilled lived there after the Jin Dynasty perished because the Liaoyang Province was the cradle for the Jurchen nationality.From the character of the Jurchen,the custom of chewed wine,singing and dancing and costumes of the Jurchen,we can have a deeper understanding of the unique social customs of the Jurchen,which places the role of a connecting link between the preceding and the following for the inheritance and development of the Jurchen culture in the coming generations.

Ritual Traditions of the Three Dynasties and the Continuity of the Chinese Civilization

The rule of rites was the fundamental pattern of the governance in the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties(i.e.the Three Dynasties).As a complex system of political and cultural practices with political,religious and moral attributes,rites legitimately and structurally underpinned the royal regime,therefore ensuring regime stability,integrating social relations,and enhancing recognition of cultural and political identities.Ritual traditions of the Three Dynasties went beyond extrinsic rites and institutions to include intrinsic spiritual traditions,e.g.divinity of the Heaven,conformity with ancestral heritage,and derivative moral values such as the pursuit of ethics and rewards for benevolence.Also included were the sense of blood relationships,the sense of clanship,the sense of ethics and the sense of filial piety and fraternal duty based on ancestral worship.Through the enlightenment of ritual music,the sense of rites was internalized as the collective value and cultural identity of the members of a society.Therefore,early nations that were founded upon rites functioned as a community of politics,culture and morality.Rites,having been internalized as cultural elements of the Chinese people,shaped the ways of thinking and behavior.It is fair to say that rites have served as the fundamental bedrock for the continuity of the Chinese civilization.

Identification of 13th-14th Century Chinese Handmade Paper Fibers Collected in Yuan Dynasty Paper Currencies

The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are rare.This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers collected in Yuan dynasty paper currencies in conjunction with the Herzberg staining method.Despite differences in circulation period,paper fibers in both Zhi Yuan Tong Xing Bao Chao(two Guan)and Zhong Tong Yuan Bao Jiao Chao(one Guan and 500 Wen,issued in Zhi Zheng period)were identified as similar papermaking materials,bast fibers of mulberry bark.The results indicate that mulberry bark,a durable papermaking material used since ancient times,was mainly utilized as a raw material in these Yuan dynasty paper currency.This fiber identification work solved the critical problem of papermaking material in the Yuan dynasty paper currency and provided important information for conserving these precious cultural relics.

Walking into the world of Li Yu

Li Yu is a failure as emperor,but as a ci writer he is considered to be the indisputable emperor to take the crown.A brief life of Li Yu is first presented to account for his failure as emperor and success as a ci writer.Then some of his ci poems are analyzed according to the categories of court life,love and lamentation over past splendor.In the end,his achievements in ci writing are summarized by citing Wang Guowei's words from his Comments on Ci in the Human World.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

Sino-Thai Relations in the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties

This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.

Build for the Living： Stone Buildings of the Yuan Dynasty

It is easy to fred an association between stone architecture and the afterlife in pre-modern China, given that most architecture of brick and stone was used only for mortuary monuments. People in pre-modern China may have believed that timber architecture was for the deceased. The fact that stone timber architecture further buttresses for the living while stone architecture was architecture often was designed to imitate the dominance of timber, both structurally and aesthetically, in the architectural history of pre-modern China. This article focuses on several stone buildings that were built during the Yuan dynasty （1271-1368） for daily religious activities and were rare exceptions to the normative association of stone architecture with the afterlife. Through the study of the structure, decorative motifs and history of these stone buildings, I determine whether they were built to reflect the tradition of imitation timber architecture or were an exception to the dominance of timber architecture. I investigate how these stone buildings should be contextualized in the history of Yuan as well as the history of Chinese architecture.

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

论元宫词的新变

元代宫词的新变表现在四个方面:一是内容与作者方面,写作内容由后宫嫔妃宫人的生活逐渐转移到宫殿文武百官的政治活动,具有承前启后的作用,作者为多民族构成。二是民族特色,表现在名词事物、宗教信仰两个方面。三是创作主张,题材扩大,语言典雅,风格上要求清和雅正。四是形式上的创新,表现为宫词中出现详细自注、以宫词唱和、语言多样和形式多样等特征。

臣服蒙古后高丽精英的阶层分野与认同分化——兼论他们对元朝法态度的分歧

蒙古建立与主导的秩序是“帝国秩序”,高丽臣服于蒙古是武力征服的结果。帝国强权在半岛的持续影响,促发了高丽精英阶层的分化。在他们中的不少人看来,本国国王的权力已非源自传统的合法性,而是来自帝国的任命,二重君臣关系出现了。但与此同时,帝国体制下的二元制,亦使传统认同保留了下来,作为传统精英集团的世家大族是其代表。这些因素又导致了省吏与国臣的分野,表现于对帝国法律的不同态度。

元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰多样化研究

开光装饰是陶瓷装饰中的一种独特手法,景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰具有代表性,而元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰的兴起具有承前启后的重要作用。通过图像分析与对比的研究方法,探索元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰特征与成因。元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰材质、技法、轮廓线等具有多样化的表现,主要受到中东伊斯兰风格、外来陶瓷匠人、元代金银器装饰和元代“纳石失”等因素影响。元代景德镇窑陶瓷开光装饰在多种因素影响下,呈现出鲜明的多样化特征。

以宗统族——明代岭南地区宗子主祭的礼制实践

宗子主祭作为宗法制的重要原则,为宋明理学家所重视与强调。明代是岭南地区宗族发展的重要时期,部分士大夫尝试运用宗子主祭原则来推动宗族建设,实现以宗统族的理想。以嘉靖初年“大礼议”为界,此前的宗子主祭实践只有何真、湛若水寥寥两例。此后,霍韬、湛若水、黄佐、冼桂奇等相继倡导并践行宗子主祭原则,但在运作过程中很快出现了坚持宗子主祭原则所带来的困境,因此都陆续于万历以后不再坚持这一原则。明代岭南地区宗子主祭的礼制实践,主要依靠强势的族内高官显宦通过其政治与经济实力来推动,一旦相关推动者本人故去,这一原则就很快被后代所抛弃。在这一过程中,理学家所坚持的大宗小宗祭祀原则,逐渐被“始祖—房支”祭祀原则所取代。

异代同调:论沈亚之传奇的骚体文学特征

以《异梦录》《秦梦记》《湘中怨解》作品为代表,唐代沈亚之的传奇文集中表现出与屈原楚辞异代而同调的典型风格,即骚体文学特征。沈亚之吸收了“骚体”独特的兮字文体范式、抒情的浪漫自然、情志的悲怨凄美等特征,与时人作品异趣。沈亚之传奇的骚体文学特征表现在以悲为美的审美内涵、浪漫自由的艺术形式以及凄艳混融的艺术风格。沈亚之创作出的具有鲜明骚体文学特征的传奇故事,亦可称之为“楚调小说”。传奇独特的骚体文学特征,使得沈亚之作品在众多传奇中独树一帜,成为一代之奇。

隐于书院:一种“中间状态”的出处选择——以元末徽州士人赵汸和郑玉为中心

元末朝廷和地方势力对士人的征召,多少存在竞争和笼络人才的意味。士人的出处机遇,从庙堂与山林的二元区分,转向元廷、地方势力和山林的多元格局。面对各方征召,徽州士人赵汸和郑玉抱以“旁观者”的不合作心态。随着徽州路脱离元廷控制,二人对于政治的疏离态度有所淡化,而“忠元”情结渐趋加深。志在山林却又难以与政治完全绝缘,兼具官方和民间双重性质的书院,成为士人安身立命的绝佳之所。隐于书院,是一种“中间状态”的出处选择。赵汸和郑玉的处境、心态和归宿,是观察古代尤其是易代之际士人生存境遇的一个窗口。

文本固化与类别偏移:宋元白话小说的文本变迁及其影响

依托于标志性的宋元讲史家话本以及小说家话本的分回文本,我们可以看到说话伎艺现场分回的基本状貌,也能以此为基础对于现存文本中的“每一回”做出更为清晰的观照。我们现在看到的来自宋元的小说家话本都是短篇的作品,可这只是它们被文本固化后的形态,在说话伎艺的表演场上,由于要分回演述,这些作品都应有更长的篇幅。这些作品都分属小说家下的八个类别,但由于表演的故事与我们现在所看到的文本在篇幅上存在极大的差异,因此,类别归属在文本中也会发生偏移。我们既不能以现存文本的状况质疑宋元时期这些小说所属的类别,同时也应正视文本固化后这种类别偏移的现实,而这其实也是世情小说得以最终出现的重要因缘和契机。

晚唐至元初绘画作品中“单肩包”的样式、功能及其发展的社会因素

在中国服饰史上,与腰间悬挂系结的荷包、荷囊等小型包具相比,可供肩挎的、现代意义上的包则出现得较晚,元代之前几乎没有实物发现。文章基于晚唐至元初的绘画作品,从使用者身份的角度,探讨了这一时期的“单肩包”,具体又包括“单肩挎包”及“斜挎包”的样式及功能。在此基础上,我们分析了促使其发展的社会因素,认为其发展与传教之需求密切相关,同时也是丝路之宗教文化、胡汉文化交流的产物;除此,亦受到蒙元游牧民族服饰文化的影响。