Development of New Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations from the Perspective of Institutional Analysis

Appearance of new rural cooperative economic organizations is the result of institutional change and also important institutional arrangement and innovation promoting rural development of China. At present,development of rural cooperative economic organizations is faced with problems of unsmooth operation and management mechanism,lack of supervision mechanism,internal system defect and imperfect law,weak policy support,and imperfect financial system. In this situation,government should take due responsibility from improving legal system,strengthening policy support,deepening rural market reform,and improving rural financial system.

Performance Evaluation of Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations in Hunan Province Based on Structural Equation

Using the method of structural equation and balanced scorecard,this paper establishes the evaluation indicators and evaluation model for the performance of 21 rural cooperative economic organizations in X City of Hunan Province,and analyzes the relationship between indicators and dimensions of performance evaluation indicators,in order to find the influencing factors,obstacles and successful experience concerning the development of rural cooperative economic organizations. According to model analysis and conclusions,this paper sets forth the recommendations for promoting the development of rural cooperative economic organizations in Hunan Province,in order to provide a scientific basis for the institutional design and mechanism innovation of rural cooperative economic organizations in Hunan Province.

Profits and Costs of the Development of Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations

Through analyzing the economic profits of rural cooperative economic organizations,the following conclusions are obtained.The rural cooperative economic organizations can get the economic profits which are in accordance with the demands of market-oriented economy.The rural cooperative economic organizations can benefit from sharing the knight service provided by the government;from reducing and avoiding various kinds of risks in operation and from applying the agricultural technology and standardization production.Besides,the organizations can share the profits bought along by the standardized production of agricultural production and their members can enjoy the profits bought by socialized service system.In addition,the rural cooperative economic organizations can enjoy the profits produced by the agricultural management integration strategy.What' more,they can increase profits by reducing the transaction costs;enlarging scale and enjoying the brand advantages.The analyses of the costs of the development of rural cooperative economic organizations mainly include the organizing costs,operation costs,restriction costs and cooperation costs.We think that the slow development of rural cooperative economic organizations is caused by their high operation cost and the impediment of external environment.In the end,the countermeasures on strengthening the research on the theory,promotion,education and training of rural economic cooperative organizations and intensifying the supports on the policies of rural economic cooperative organizations are put forward.

Zakat, Local Social Organization, and Social Capital in Rural Economic Development

Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.

Rural Cooperative Economic Organized United Association: A Case Study of Baoding City of Hebei Province

Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific and technological services; organizing economic and trade negotiation and exchange, and promoting farmer-supermarket partnership; providing financial services and solving fund-raising problems. In line with these fields, we analyzed existing problems: (i) regional development is unbalanced and organization lacks internal connection; (ii) the development in some counties (cities) is to be improved, and the promotion effect is not significant; (iii) there is shortage of talent and the innovation strength is not enough; and (iv) it lacks system and management lacks restriction mechanism. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and recommendations: strengthen propaganda and cultivate farmers' cooperative awareness; incorporate rural cooperative economic organized united association into formal system arrangement, and absorb professional talents; innovate upon organization system of rural cooperative economic organized united association and improve service methods; improve internal operating mechanism and innovate upon working contents of rural cooperative economic organized united association at new development background.

Management Results and Financial Status of Rural Collective Economy under the Background of Rural Revitalization

Based on the analysis of financial statements,the performance and problems of rural collective economic organizations in their business activities were analyzed.It is believed that rural collective economy was developing continuously in a good way,with strong debt paying ability,but the operation ability and management efficiency need to be further improved.The operation was too conservative,and the asset utilization efficiency and profitability were weak.There were many unnecessary liabilities,and they developed mainly relying on their own accumulation.Therefore,it is proposed to crack the"talent dilemma"of rural collective economic operation and management,straighten out and clarify the relationship between rural collective economic organizations and villagers self-governing organizations,correctly handle the relationship between collective accumulation and member distribution,adhere to the financial input of blood replenishment and transfusion,and make liabilities reasonable according to the management development.

中国式现代化视域下农村集体经济组织成员身份认定规则解析

农村集体经济组织成员的身份认定、丧失及身份丧失后的权益保留,关系到农村居民的切身利益,科学的制度设计是引导乡村善治、助推共同富裕、实现中国式现代化的保障。《农村集体经济组织法(草案二次审议稿)》(以下简称《草案二次审议稿》)关于农村集体经济组织成员身份的定义及认定应以户籍为基础,但不宜强制要求成员的基本生活保障需以成员集体所有的土地等财产提供,也不应把二者之间形成稳定的权利义务关系作为成员身份定义的必要条件。丧失成员身份的规定中,可以用“户籍+财政负担工资福利”的类型划分方式,把公务员、事业编制人员等群体排除在组织成员之外。对于务工、经商、服役、就学等原因“暂时离开”的成员,其土地承包权、宅基地使用权等核心财产权益的保留时间不宜一概而论,可根据权益性质确定合理的保留期限。《草案二次审议稿》可通过细化、完善涉及成员身份的相关规定,保护农村居民合法权益,提升农村居民参与自我管理的积极性,促进乡村治理体系和治理能力现代化。

农业社会化服务与小农户的组织化:不同服务模式的比较

本研究通过对比政府主导型、市场主导型和村集体经济组织主导型社会化服务模式,讨论了小农户如何被组织起来以及组织成本由谁承担的问题。在由政府主导的社会化服务模式中,小农户因受到政府补贴的吸引而达成了临时的合作,但这种组织化具有暂时性。在市场主导型社会化服务模式中,小农户或被整合到规模经营主体的种植模式中,或被服务组织重塑。在这两种服务模式中,小农户都是被动的参与者,其组织化程度并未提高。村集体经济组织可能通过重建与小农户的双向权责均衡关系,通过收取服务费用的方式来解决组织成本问题。这种双向的权责均衡关系使村集体经济组织与小农户之间建立起有机的利益联结,从而使该组织对小农户的组织和动员成为可能。

社区性市场主体:农村集体经济组织的角色定性

法理上,对农村集体经济组织角色的准确定性,是围绕这一组织体进行科学立法的逻辑前提。从一定意义上讲,农村集体经济组织立法诸多争点的背后与我们对农村集体经济组织角色之定性不到位、不明确不无关系。本着对历史的尊重、对集体产权改革政策和实践的积极回应以及对现行实证法体系化效应考量等,法理上,宜将农村集体经济组织之角色定性为社区性市场主体。在当下农村集体经济组织推进集体资产股份合作制改革的背景下,农村集体经济组织的社区性决定了集体资产股权的初始配置宜在本集体范围内按照成员身份公平配置;农村集体资产股权在对外转让时,受让方的持股比例和股权权能需要受到相应的限制。如此,方能妥当处理好农村集体经济组织之社区性和市场性二者间的关系。

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定的逻辑脉络及其展开

农村集体经济组织成员资格认定是农村集体产权制度改革的基础性工作,集体所有权主体的确定是该问题研究的逻辑起点。集体所有权不具有共有和总有等所有权构造类型的特征,同时投资关系说和类比国有资本授权经营体制论都不能对农村集体经济组织的产生渊源进行合理解释。在民法规范语境下,应将农村集体经济组织确定为集体所有权主体。就成员资格和成员权利的关系而言,两者相伴而生,成员资格实质上是从权利主体角度对成员权的描述,为成员权在主体面向的表达。基于此,集体成员资格认定的法律实质是对农民所享有的集体经济组织成员权予以确权。我国农村传统经营方式决定了农户是基本经营单位,从逻辑上应当将家庭成员与以家庭为单位取得权益的关系确定为按份共有,集体经济组织成员权主体应为集体经济组织成员而非农户。城乡二元体制导致户籍这一本质上与成员权利取得不具因果关系的因素被纳入认定标准之中,其证明作用不应被忽视。在传统路径下,应构建以出生事实为核心、其他亲缘关系为辅助的主体判断路径,同时明确列举其他除外情形,形成正反双向的认定机制。在农村集体产权制度改革背景下,基于股权类型设置,集体固有成员与股份经济合作社股东在范围上并非完全一致,未来应以恢复农村集体经济组织和集体成员权的私法属性为目标,分阶段对农村集体经济组织成员权制度进行渐进性改革。

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

农地资源市场配置法律机制的完善

我国以土地承包经营权和土地经营权为基础的农地市场配置的法律机制,既存在市场机制的固有缺陷,也存在农村集体经济组织和集体土地所有权缺位的特定性局限。为实现市场对农地资源的有效配置,需充分发挥农村集体经济组织的民事治理作用和政府的市场管理与调控作用。应当完善农地市场民事法律机制,明确农村集体经济组织介入农户承包地经营权流转的法律地位和权利,扩大农村集体经济组织流转土地经营权的范围,完善农村集体经济组织的监督权利。应当完善对农地市场的管理调控法律机制,更好地发挥政府在农地用途管制、农业补贴政策和价格调控、产业政策引导、健全市场服务体系以及营造良好市场环境等方面的作用。

农村集体经济组织与集体土地所有权关系的现代化重构

自1999年《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》通过以来,农村集体经济组织在我国的法秩序中从“类型化法律术语”转变为“专用型法律概念”,但这一概念所指代的现实对应物一直模糊不清。《农村集体经济组织法》致力于为农村集体经济组织的重建和发展提供新的法律框架和制度保障,这一目标的实现,需要重构农村集体经济组织与集体土地所有权的法律关系。为此,应当按照党的二十届三中全会提出的“发展新型农村集体经济,构建产权明晰、分配合理的运行机制,赋予农民更加充分的财产权益”改革目标,着力打破“行政区划型集体土地所有权”的理论藩篱和制度迷思,然后按照“经营性—非经营性”标准合理解释《农村集体经济组织法》的相关规定,从而最终建立农村集体经济组织和农村基层群众自治组织分别享有并行使部分集体土地所有权的法律制度。

语义密构解析:农民集体所有与本集体成员集体所有

民法典第261条第1款规定:“农民集体所有的不动产和动产,属于本集体成员集体所有”。其条文中有三个“集体”和两个“所有”,但其同一词语并非表达同一概念。在该条立法假定部分,表达集体所有制客观存在的事实状态,其中“集体”“所有”为政治经济学概念;在立法处理部分,表达设定集体所有权的法律状态,其中“集体”“所有”为法学概念。我国宪法和民法典通过在特定规范中语境设置转换,实现“集体”“所有”的语义设定由政治经济学范畴迁移至法学范畴。对“集体”“所有”的语义自设不同,反映词语所指的概念界定不同,进而反映法律叙事者的观察视野与观念表达不同,这是农村集体经济法治领域许多学术观点争议与立法方案竞争得以发生的底层原因。依民法典第261条第1款之本旨,民法典中的“农民集体”是政治经济学概念,反映物质性的经济关系;“农村集体经济组织”是法学概念,反映观念性的法律关系。农民集体是农村集体经济组织的经济本质,农村集体经济组织是农民集体的法律形式,两者之间是异质同体的社会存在。

农村集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权的困境破解

对“农村集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权”问题的研究,有必要从制度阐释、制度评价和制度完善三个层面依次进行。运用文义解释、体系解释和目的解释方法明确“农村集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权”的规范内涵,即区分农民集体和农村集体经济组织——前者作为所有权归属主体,后者作为所有权行使主体。在主体多元、关系复杂的制度设计下,农村集体经济组织存在权限不清、定位不明、能力不足的三重困境。以“代表说”为基础,塑造农村集体经济组织与农民集体的法律关系,发掘代表的制度价值并予以完善。在组织权限方面,应消除集体产权“折股量化”范围限制的影响,明确农村集体经济组织对集体资产的全权管理;在法律定位上,从成员构成方面确保农村集体经济组织代表集体的资质,避免农村集体经济组织异化为以股权投资为基础的一般农业经营主体;在组织能力上,着重提高农村集体经济组织运行效率,并从资产收益取得和分配规则上充实其收入能力。

农村集体经济组织成员代表诉讼释论

集体成员代表诉讼是《农村集体经济组织法》借鉴股东代表诉讼而设立的全新制度,对维护农村集体经济组织及其成员的合法权益具有重要意义。集体成员代表诉讼适用于农村集体经济组织理事会成员、监事会成员或者监事、主要经营管理人员,以及农村集体经济组织外部人员侵害农村集体经济组织合法权益的情形。集体成员提起代表诉讼须经过前置程序,但在紧急情况下,人民法院有权豁免该程序。集体成员代表诉讼的适格原告为10名以上具有完全民事行为能力的集体成员,适格被告为侵害农村集体经济组织合法权益的理事会成员、监事会成员或者监事、主要经营管理人员及其他外部人员,农村集体经济组织为辅助型无独立请求权的第三人。在集体成员代表诉讼的案件审理中,管辖法院的确定、诉讼时效的适用、诉讼权利的限制、诉讼结果的效力及诉讼费用的承担等,是需要重点关注的问题。

集体成员诉权的组织法配置:法理、实践和解释性构造

《农村集体经济组织法》从体系性视角初步构建集体成员诉权机制,但仍然存在粗疏遗漏和诉权克减现象。运用组织法逻辑配置集体成员诉权并构设诉讼规则,纵向维度上应当尊重其不同诉讼阶段动态递进的三阶构造,横向维度上适用以诉讼目的为依据划分形成的三种类型。《农村集体经济组织法》主要沿着以撤销权保护成员权益、以代表诉权保护组织权益、以行政行为监督决议合法性的进路展开,尚存撤销诉讼规则错裂、代表诉讼规则疏漏、决议纠纷可诉性不明的问题,在司法实践的具体适用仍有极大解释空间。应结合集体成员诉权原理构设侵权诉讼、代表诉讼和决议诉讼,通过出台司法解释或法官采取扩张性解释拓展细化具体规则。

论农村集体经济组织终止制度建构

终止是农村集体经济组织正常运行必要的制度设计。农村集体经济组织仅为集体所有权的代表行使主体,在职能上兼具经济发展与公共服务双重属性。农村集体经济组织终止不会动摇集体所有权,也不会致使其职能落空,完善的退出机制反而可以增进集体经济的市场效益。现阶段农村集体经济组织终止制度存在解散事由限定范围过窄、高负债下破产适用观点不一以及责任财产范围界定模糊等问题。对此,应当在合并、分立的基础上扩大解散事由范围,增设自愿解散与违法强制解散;通过债务分摊及分期清偿、推动农村集体经济组织开源创收等非破产途径解决债务问题;划清责任财产与集体资产的边界,并通过财产来源分类确定责任财产范围。

合作经济组织何以促进乡村共同富裕——基于对浙江省“三位一体”农合联的考察

合作经济组织是实现乡村共同富裕的重要载体。浙江省“三位一体”农合联是合作经济组织的地域新形态,内含着习近平总书记“三位一体”综合合作的重要论述,符合社会主义生产力发展的根本目的,更好适应了分散农户对接大市场的现实需求,有利于促进农民与现代农业有效衔接。在价值功能上,浙江省“三位一体”农合联有利于促进农业产业化、分配均等化和服务普惠化。在实践路径上,浙江省“三位一体”农合联通过服务带共富、合作带共富、改革带共富、数字带共富以及融合带共富等路径,优化了乡村资源供给、提高了农民组织程度、提升了农民共富能力。新阶段,浙江省“三位一体”农合联应加快构建完备的为农服务体系,构建合理的利益分配机制,提升平台资源承接整合能力,形成乡村共富主体广泛参与和集体行动,扎实推进乡村共同富裕的实现。

农村集体经济组织法人的内在逻辑与制度表达

农村集体经济组织是实现乡村振兴战略的重要主体,《民法典》确认其特别法人地位,奠定了未来中国土地改革的基础。农村集体经济组织具有存续期间的先在性、组织职能的双重性、成员资格的封闭性和集体资产的公有性等特别属性,亦正是该特别属性导致农村集体经济组织陷入外延边界不清、组织职能分配不均衡、组织内农民难以受益和面临市场风险等制度困境,亟需进行法律上合理的制度表达。应厘清农村集体经济组织与村民委员会的角色定位并实现“政经分离”,适当剥离公共事业服务职能并强化生产经营性职能,在适度开放集体成员资格的同时设立成员双层结构,承认农村集体经济组织的破产能力,但应将集体土地所有权及非经营性资产本身从责任财产范围中予以剔除。