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The investigation of NTO/HMX-based plastic-bonded explosives and its safety performance 被引量:8
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作者 Li-xiaosong Du Shao-hua Jin +4 位作者 Qing-hai Shu Li-jie Li Kun Chen Ming-lei Chen Jun-feng Wang 《Defence Technology(防务技术)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第1期72-80,共9页
3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO)is the main component of insensitive munitions(IM)formulation because of its outstanding insensitive properties.In this paper,a series of NTO/HMX-based compositeexplosives were prepared... 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO)is the main component of insensitive munitions(IM)formulation because of its outstanding insensitive properties.In this paper,a series of NTO/HMX-based compositeexplosives were prepared and characterized.The study focuses on the effect of NTO on the perfommance of the formulations,especially the safety performance.The results revealed that the mechanical sensi-tivity of fomulations was associated with NTO content,as well as the thermal conductivity,specific heat capacity and Arrhenius parameters.Then,the high amount of NTO using in formulation was proved to be helpful for NTO/HMX-based formulation to exhibit good thermal safety.Besides,by accelerating rate calorimeter(ARC)and a modified cook-off equipment,the pressure and pressure rise rate were proved as the important indicator for judging the thermal safety performance in confined spaces.Finally,the numerical simulation was used as a credible method for predicting the respond temperature of cook-off experiment. 展开更多
关键词 3-nitro-1 2 4-triazol-5-one(NTO) Plastic-bonded explosive(PBX) safety performance Cook-off
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Flammability and Explosion Property of Gases in the One-Step Process of Propane Oxidation to Acrylic Acid 被引量:1
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作者 Zhou Yi Liu Zhenyi +2 位作者 Liu Yu Duan Zaipeng Qian Xinming 《China Petroleum Processing & Petrochemical Technology》 SCIE CAS 2013年第1期40-47,共8页
Abstract: In order to study the flammability and explosion property of gases during the propane oxidation to acrylic acid process, the explosion limits and the safety oxygen content of gases at the recycle gas compre... Abstract: In order to study the flammability and explosion property of gases during the propane oxidation to acrylic acid process, the explosion limits and the safety oxygen content of gases at the recycle gas compressor outlet, the reactor inlet, and the reactor outlet were theoretically calculated and experimentally tested. Finally, the inert limit was also determined. It showed that gases at the recycle gas compressor outlet and the reactor outlet were nonflammable based on three indicators: the explosion limits, the safety oxygen content and the inert limit. The C3H6 and O2 contents were higher at the reactor inlet, which made the mixed gases easily ignitable. However, the large amount of inert gases suppressed the possibility of explo- sion effectively. As a consequence, no explosion phenomenon would happen in all three locations. But gases at the reactor inlet are most dangerous, where more supervision on the concentration of gases and more strict control on the temperature and pressure should be implemented. Besides this, open flame, hot surfaces and other sources of ignition are prohibited in working spaces. The experimental results can be applied to similar process for oxidation of propane. 展开更多
关键词 acrylic acid propane oxidation explosion limit safety oxygen content
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Understanding the boundary and mechanism of gas-induced explosion for lithium-ion cells:Experimental and theoretical analysis
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作者 Tongxin Shan Xiaoqing Zhu Zhenpo Wang 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第11期546-558,I0012,共14页
Thermal runaway(TR)of lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries(LIBs)involves multiple forms of hazards,such as gas venting/jetting,fire,or even explosion.Explosion,as the most extreme case,is caused by the generated flammable gas... Thermal runaway(TR)of lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries(LIBs)involves multiple forms of hazards,such as gas venting/jetting,fire,or even explosion.Explosion,as the most extreme case,is caused by the generated flammable gases,and a deflagration to detonation transition(DDT)may occur in this process.Here,overheat-to-TR tests and the corresponding outgas-induced explosion tests were conducted on 42 Ah Li-ion cells with Li[Ni_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)]O2cathode.The sum of CO_(2),H_(2),C_(2)H_(4),CO,and CH4accounted for more than 90%of the gases.Lower/upper explosion limits(LEL/UEL),laminar flame speed,and ideal stable detonation pressure were calculated to interpret the explosion characteristics and boundary.It turned out that shockwave was easily to be compressed and accelerated under higher state of charge(SOC)conditions.Thus,Li-ion cells explosion may evolve into unstable detonation in encapsulated battery pack and its evolution mechanism was explained,which provides a new idea for explosion-proof design of LIBs system.Additionally,a comprehensive assessment method was developed to intuitively characterize TR hazards.Severity of explosion presented an upward trend with the increase of SOC while the sensitivity was not the same.This study provides a further anatomy of TR,which is instructive to the safety of power battery systems. 展开更多
关键词 Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway Gas explosion Evolution mechanism safety
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Theoretical Considerations of Laminar Flame Speed as a Function of Initial Conditions and Basic Kinetic Properties with Respect to the Safety Problem
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作者 Jorge Yanez Mike Kuznetsov Alexei Kotchourko Alexander Lelyakin Tomas Jordan 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2012年第6期849-857,共9页
The Zeldovich-Frank-Kamenetskii solution for the flame velocity of a planar front with one-step overall chemical reaction was enhanced. The assumption that the consumption rate depends exclusively on a chemical compon... The Zeldovich-Frank-Kamenetskii solution for the flame velocity of a planar front with one-step overall chemical reaction was enhanced. The assumption that the consumption rate depends exclusively on a chemical component was removed. Instead, the reaction rate was considered to be dependent on all reactants of an overall reaction. The new formulation was applied to obtain the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of a set of hydrogen-air mixtures. 展开更多
关键词 Laminar flame velocity activation energy explosion hydrogen safety.
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Explosion behavior investigation and safety assessment of large-format lithium-ion pouch cells 被引量:2
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作者 Tongxin Shan Zhenpo Wang +5 位作者 Xiaoqing Zhu Hsin Wang Yangjie Zhou Yituo Wang Jinghan Zhang Zhiwei Sun 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第9期241-257,I0007,共18页
Large-format lithium-ion(Li-ion) batteries with high energy density for electric vehicles are prone to thermal runaway(or even explosion) under abusive conditions. In this study, overcharge induced explosion behaviors... Large-format lithium-ion(Li-ion) batteries with high energy density for electric vehicles are prone to thermal runaway(or even explosion) under abusive conditions. In this study, overcharge induced explosion behaviors of large-format Li-ion pouch cells with Li[NiCoMn]Ocathode at different current rates(C-rates)(0.5C, 1C, 2C) were investigated. The explosion characteristics of the cells were elucidated by discussing the evolution of the cell voltage, the surface temperature and the shock wave pressure.Generally, the whole overcharge process could be divided into four stages according to the evolution of several key parameters and the overcharge behaviors;the overcharge C-rate has a great influence on cells’ thermal behaviors. The experimental results showed that the thermal runaway process of Liion cells caused by overcharging consisted of two kinds of explosions, physical explosion and chemical explosion. The existence of observable negative pressure zone in the pressure curves indicated that the Li-ion cells are not a self-supplying oxygen system during the explosion. Further, the explosion dynamics parameters were matched. An explosion TNT-equivalent conversion strategy that depended on the pressure of the shock wave was utilized to evaluate the released energy and its hazards. In addition, with respect to the overcharge of Li-ion pouch cells, a safety assessment method and a safety management method were proposed based on the explosion behaviors. From the perspective of battery safety, this study is of great significance for the safety design of Li-ion cells and can provide guidance for engineers to optimize the safety function of battery packs. 展开更多
关键词 Lithium-ion battery OVERCHARGE explosion behavior safety explosion dynamics
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Modeling of Hydrogen Blending on the Leakage and Diffusion of Urban Buried Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas Pipeline 被引量:3
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作者 Yue Su Jingfa Li +3 位作者 Bo Yu Yanlin Zhao Dongxu Han Dongliang Sun 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2023年第8期1315-1337,共23页
With the introduction of various carbon reduction policies around the world,hydrogen energy,as a kind of clean energy with zero carbon emission,has attracted much attention.The safe and economical transportation of hy... With the introduction of various carbon reduction policies around the world,hydrogen energy,as a kind of clean energy with zero carbon emission,has attracted much attention.The safe and economical transportation of hydrogen is of great significance to the development of hydrogen energy industries.Utilizing natural gas pipelines to transport hydrogen is considered to be an efficient and economical way.However,hydrogen has a higher risk of leakage due to its strong diffusion capacity and lower explosive limit than conventional natural gas.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the leakage and diffusion law of hydrogen-enriched natural gas(HENG)pipelines for the safe transportation of hydrogen energy.In this study,the leakage and diffusion characteristics of urban buried HENG pipelines are investigated numerically,and the dangerous degree of leakage is analyzed based on the time and area when the gas concentration reaches the lower explosive limit.The influences of hydrogen blending ratio(HBR),operating pressure,leakage hole size and direction,as well as soil type on the leakage and diffusion law of HENG are analyzed.Results show that the hydrogen mixing is not the key factor in increasing the degree of risk after gas leakage for urban buried HENG pipelines.When the HBR is 5%,10%,15% and 20%,the corresponding first dangerous time is 1053,1041,1019 and 998 s,respectively.Thiswork is expected to provide a valuable reference for the safe operation and risk prevention of HENG pipelines in the future. 展开更多
关键词 Hydrogen energy pipeline leakage diffusion characteristics explosive limit transportation safety
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A CombustionModel for Explosive Charge Affected by a Bottom Gap in the Launch Environment
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作者 ShiboWu Weidong Chen +4 位作者 Jingxin Ma Lan Liu Shengzhuo Lu Honglin Meng Xiquan Song 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第2期1207-1236,共30页
Launch safety of explosive charges has become an urgent problem to be solved by all countries in the world aslaunch situation of ammunition becomes consistentlyworse.However, the existing numericalmodels have differen... Launch safety of explosive charges has become an urgent problem to be solved by all countries in the world aslaunch situation of ammunition becomes consistentlyworse.However, the existing numericalmodels have differentdefects. This paper formulates an efficient computational model of the combustion of an explosive charge affectedby a bottom gap in the launch environment in the context of the material point method. The current temperatureis computed accurately from the heat balance equation, and different physical states of the explosive charges areconsidered through various equations of state. Microcracks in the explosive charges are described with respectto the viscoelastic statistical crackmechanics (Visco–SCRAM) model. Themethod for calculating the temperatureat the bottomof the explosive charge with respect to the bottomgap is described. Based on this combustionmodel,the temperature history of a Composition B (COMB) explosive charge in the presence of a bottom gap is obtainedduring the launch process of a 155-mm artillery. The simulation results show that the bottom gap thickness shouldbe no greater than 0.039 cm to ensure the safety of the COM B explosive charge in the launch environment. Thisconclusion is consistent with previous results and verifies the correctness of the proposed model. Ultimately, thispaper derives amathematical expression for themaximumtemperature of the COMB explosive chargewith respectto the bottomgap thickness (over the range of 0.00–0.039 cm), and establishes a quantitative evaluationmethod forthe launch safety of explosive charges.The research results provide some guidance for the assessment and detectionof explosive charge safety in complex launch environments. 展开更多
关键词 Combustion model explosive charge safety launch environment bottom gap TEMPERATURE
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Investigation on the threshold control of safety blasting vibration velocity for the extraction of complicated orebody under railway 被引量:6
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作者 Jiang Lichunt Hu Liuqing Lai Xiuying 《Mining Science and Technology》 EI CAS 2011年第2期169-174,共6页
The threshold control of safety blasting vibration velocity is a significant process for the underground mining of complicated ore deposit under construction,road,and water.According to the equivalent principle of dis... The threshold control of safety blasting vibration velocity is a significant process for the underground mining of complicated ore deposit under construction,road,and water.According to the equivalent principle of displacement and velocity of mass point,differential evolution is put forward based on 3DEC dynamic analysis,making the calculation more efficient and accurate.The 3DEC model of the complicated orebody under railway is established according to the topographic maps and geological data of the eastern Pyrite Mine.The stimulus-response distribution of internal stress and displacement fields are demonstrated by analyzing the on-site monitoring vibration displacement and velocity data of the mass point.The reliability of parameter selection,such as blasting simulation waveforms,rock damping,is identified.The safety vibration velocity of railway is set to 4.5 cm/s in line with the requirement of safety blasting rules.Thus,the maximum amount of single-stage explosive in this region is 44.978 kg.The simulation result is in good agreement with the on-site monitoring datum.No displacement and settlement of the 701 railway special line was achieved by choosing the critical amount of the single-stage explosive. 展开更多
关键词 Mining under construction Road and water Blasting vibration the method of differential evolution safety velocity Amount of single-stage explosive
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Fault Tree Analysis of Fire and Explosion Accidents for Dual Fuel (Diesel/Natural Gas) Ship Engine Rooms 被引量:1
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作者 Yifeng Guan Jie Zhao +1 位作者 Tengfei Shi Peipei Zhu 《Journal of Marine Science and Application》 CSCD 2016年第3期331-335,共5页
In recent years, China's increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel(diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose ... In recent years, China's increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel(diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis.The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events.According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships. 展开更多
关键词 dual fuel ship engine room fault tree fire and explosion safety measures gas leak
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Ethernet-APL控制系统防爆安全技术综述 被引量:3
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作者 徐建平 《自动化仪表》 CAS 2023年第5期1-6,共6页
基于高级物理层(APL)的以太网具有快速、安全、兼容和互操作性等特点,开创性地迎合了工业4.0时代新需求。支持Ethernet-APL控制系统信息层、控制层和设备层的以太网“一网贯通”,实现了工业过程自动化的信息技术(IT)与操作技术(OT)无缝... 基于高级物理层(APL)的以太网具有快速、安全、兼容和互操作性等特点,开创性地迎合了工业4.0时代新需求。支持Ethernet-APL控制系统信息层、控制层和设备层的以太网“一网贯通”,实现了工业过程自动化的信息技术(IT)与操作技术(OT)无缝融合,可将底层设备数据直接传送到较高层级的分布式控制系统(DCS)或云端。Ethernet-APL技术有望成为未来工业自动化的优秀技术,具有广阔的应用前景。通过介绍典型Ethernet-APL控制系统架构,提出了Ethernet-APL控制系统整体防爆安全设计原则和解决方案,并重点阐释了现场设备层两线制本质安全以太网(2-WISE)概念的技术要求与应用规则,旨在促进Ethernet-APL控制系统在石油化工等爆炸性危险场所的推广应用。 展开更多
关键词 以太网 高级物理层 控制系统 防爆安全 两线制本质安全以太网
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Research on safety assessment of gas explosion hazard in heading face based on BP neural network
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作者 田水承 朱立军 +1 位作者 陈勇刚 王莉 《Journal of Coal Science & Engineering(China)》 2005年第2期55-59,共5页
According to hazard theory and the principle of selecting assessment index,combining the causes and mechanisrn of gas explosion, established assessment index system of gas explosion in heading face. Based on the metho... According to hazard theory and the principle of selecting assessment index,combining the causes and mechanisrn of gas explosion, established assessment index system of gas explosion in heading face. Based on the method of gray clustering, principle of BP neural network and characters of gas explosion in heading face, safety assessment procedural diagram of BP neural network on gas explosion hazard in heading face is designed. Meanwhile, concrete heading face of the gas explosion hazard is assessed by safety assessment method of BP neural network and grades of comprehensive safety assessment are got. The static and dynamic safety assessment can be achieved by this method. It is practical to improve safety management and to develop safety assessment technology in coalmine. 展开更多
关键词 neural network safety assessment gas explosion HAZARD
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Influence of Vapor Cloud Shape on Temperature Field of Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion 被引量:5
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作者 庞磊 张奇 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2010年第1期164-169,共6页
In order to analyze the influence of vapor cloud shape on temperature field effect of unconfined vapor cloud explosion(UVCE)and obtain creditable prediction method of explosion temperature effect,the transient tempera... In order to analyze the influence of vapor cloud shape on temperature field effect of unconfined vapor cloud explosion(UVCE)and obtain creditable prediction method of explosion temperature effect,the transient temperature fields of cylindrical and hemispherical UVCEs with same methane concentration and mass were numerically studied by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology.According to numerical simulation results, the concepts of UVCE’s temperature-near-field and temperature-far-field were proposed,the corresponding ranges were given,and the temperature attenuation laws and differences in corresponding regions with different vapor cloud shapes were presented.Through comparing with Baker fireball model,the accuracy and visualizability in acquisition of entire temperature effect based on numerical simulation were further validated.The functional relations among maximum temperature,horizontal distance,initial temperature and vapor cloud mass in temperature-near-field and temperature-far-field were deduced by means of data fitting,respectively.These conclusions provided quantitative basis for forecast and protection of UVCE disaster. 展开更多
关键词 unconfined vapor cloud explosion fireball injury temperature field numerical simulation safety evaluation
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Experimental Study on Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion 被引量:3
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作者 毕明树 丁信伟 +3 位作者 周一卉 喻建良 王淑兰 ABULITIAbudula 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2003年第1期90-93,共4页
An experimental system was setup to study the pressure field of unconfined vapor cloud explosions. The semi-spherical vapor clouds were formed by slotted 0.02mm polyethylene film. In the center of the cloud was an ign... An experimental system was setup to study the pressure field of unconfined vapor cloud explosions. The semi-spherical vapor clouds were formed by slotted 0.02mm polyethylene film. In the center of the cloud was an ignition electrode that met ISO6164 'Explosion Protection System' and NFPA68 'Guide for Venting of Deflagrations'. A data-acquisition system, with dynamic responding time less than 0.001s with 0.5% accuracy, recorded the pressure-time diagram of acetylene-air mixture explosion with stoichiometrical ratio. The initial cloud diameters varied from 60 cm to 300 cm. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the quantitative relationship is obtained for the cloud explosion pressure, the cloud radius and the distance from ignition point. Present results provide a useful way to evaluate the building damage caused by unconfined vapor cloud explosions and to determine the indispensable explosion grade in the application of multi-energy model. 展开更多
关键词 unconfined vapor cloud explosion safety EXPERIMENT DEFLAGRATION
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Safety control for powder compaction of initiating explosive device 被引量:2
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作者 刘丰林 《Journal of Chongqing University》 CAS 2006年第1期16-18,共3页
Powder compaction is one of the most crucial processes in initiating explosive device manufacturing. The quality of powder compaction may influence the performances of product directly. Traditional powder compaction m... Powder compaction is one of the most crucial processes in initiating explosive device manufacturing. The quality of powder compaction may influence the performances of product directly. Traditional powder compaction mainly makes use of manual gravitational spiral loading machine or lever loading machine. Potential accident by the strike in powder compaction of initiating explosive device could risk life, property and the environment. To prevent this risk, automatic control system and control strategy can be used to guarantee no strike in pressing process. The scope of this paper is to analyze and review the control strategy for powder compact and discuss the experimental results for the application of the proposed strategy. 展开更多
关键词 safety control powder compaction initiating explosive device
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Distance Control and Positive Security for Intrinsic Equipment Working in Explosive Potential Atmospheres 被引量:2
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作者 Emil Pop Gabriel-Ioan Ilcea Ionut-Alin Popa 《Engineering(科研)》 2018年第3期75-84,共10页
In this paper, intrinsic safety and positive security distance control for an up/down elevator which extracts the materials from an underground coal mine is approached. For a better understanding of intrinsic safety a... In this paper, intrinsic safety and positive security distance control for an up/down elevator which extracts the materials from an underground coal mine is approached. For a better understanding of intrinsic safety and positive security, the first part of the paper describes the potential risk the workers are facing while working in dangerous environments like coal mining with “grisou” atmospheres and what the conditions of an unfortunate event to take place are. We presented the diagram and working principle for intrinsic safety equipment used in potential explosive areas based on which we modeled and simulated the intrinsic and positive security distance control in order to get a software solution for it. We created an algorithm and simulated the process in Matlab Simulink. The simulation results done in Matlab Simulink were then entered into a Moeller PLC using a ladder-type programming language. For protection against explosive atmospheres, the PLC is inserted into a metal housing with intrinsic protection and Positive Security. 展开更多
关键词 Fire TRIANGLE DISTANCE CONTROL POSITIVE SECURITY explosion Risk INTRINSIC safety
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Application of causality diagram in system safety analysis 被引量:1
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作者 梁新元 《Journal of Chongqing University》 CAS 2005年第3期158-163,共6页
Causality Diagram (CD) is a new graphical knowledge representation based on probability theory. The application of this methodology in the safety analysis of the gas explosion in collieries was discussed in this paper... Causality Diagram (CD) is a new graphical knowledge representation based on probability theory. The application of this methodology in the safety analysis of the gas explosion in collieries was discussed in this paper, and the Minimal Cut Set, the Minimal Path Set and the Importance were introduced to develop the methodology. These concepts are employed to analyze the influence each event has on the top event ? the gas explosion, so as to find out about the defects of the system and accordingly help to work out the emphasis of the precautionary work and some preventive measures as well. The results of the safety analysis are in accordance with the practical requirements; therefore the preventive measures are certain to work effectively. In brief, according to the research CD is so effective in the safety analysis and the safety assessment that it can be a qualitative and quantitative method to predict the accident as well as offer some effective measures for the investigation, the prevention and the control of the accident. 展开更多
关键词 causality diagram (CD) gas explosion safety analysis minimal cut set (MCS) minimal path set (MPS)
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Active protection of work area against explosion of dust-gas mixture
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作者 Zbigniew Szkudlarek Sebastian Janas 《International Journal of Coal Science & Technology》 EI CAS CSCD 2021年第4期674-684,共11页
Potentially explosive atmosphere can occur not only in the production systems of the food,energy,chemical and petrochemical industries but also in the production processes of the mining industry.Gases,vapours,mists an... Potentially explosive atmosphere can occur not only in the production systems of the food,energy,chemical and petrochemical industries but also in the production processes of the mining industry.Gases,vapours,mists and dusts arise can escape in an uncontrolled way during production,processing,transportation and storage of flammable substances.In combination with oxygen,they create explosive atmospheres that,if ignited,lead to an explosion causing catastrophic damage to peopled lives and property.To protect against the results of hazardous dust-gas mixtures explosions in a confined work space,where employees can stay,various control and protection mechanisms are used in the form of an active explosion-proof system.The article presents the results of tests on an active system for limiting the effects of ignition of gas and/or dust based on a highly efficient explosion suppression system-equipped with an ignition detection system,high-pressure fire extinguisher and a power supply and trigger system.Smokeless powder was used as the explosive charge and sodium bicarbonate as the suppressive material.Tests of the effectiveness of the active explosion suppression system were carried out on two devices:a small-size dry dust collector and a zone extinguishing system adapted for direct explosion suppression in closed working spaces.In both cases,the explosion suppression process took place through the action of extinguishing powder blown out of the fire extinguisher after membrane perforation by compressed combustion products. 展开更多
关键词 Gas hazard Explosive dust Suppression of explosion safety of work area
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Field test and probabilistic analysis of irregular steel debris casualty risks from a person-borne improvised explosive device
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作者 Piotr W.Sielicki Mark G.Stewart +5 位作者 Tomasz Gajewski MichałMalendowski Piotr Peksa Hasan Al-Rifaie Robert Studzinski Wojciech Sumelka 《Defence Technology(防务技术)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2021年第6期1852-1863,共12页
Person-borne improvised explosive devices(PBIEDs)are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries.This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people expos... Person-borne improvised explosive devices(PBIEDs)are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries.This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people exposed to this hazard.An explosive field test with a typical PBIED composed of a plastic explosive charge and steel nut enhancements was performed to record initial fragment behaviour,including positions,velocity,and trajectory angles.These data were used to predict the full trajectory of PBIED fragments using a probabilistic analysis.In the probabilistic analyses a probability of fatality or serious injury was computed.Based on the results presented,many practical conclusions can be drawn,for instance,regarding safe evacuation distances if a person were exposed to a suspected PBIED. 展开更多
关键词 Flying fragments Human safety Person-borne improvised explosive device experiment Probabilistic analysis
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Passive electrochemical hydrogen recombiner for hydrogen safety systems:prospects
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作者 A.V.Avdeenkov D.G.Bessarabov D.G.Zaryugin 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第6期215-224,共10页
This paper presents the concept of a passive electrochemical hydrogen recombiner(PEHR).The reaction energy of the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen is used as a source of electrical energy according to the operatin... This paper presents the concept of a passive electrochemical hydrogen recombiner(PEHR).The reaction energy of the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen is used as a source of electrical energy according to the operating principle for hydrogen fuel cells to establish forced circulation of the hydrogen mixture as an alternative to natural circulation(as is not utilized in conventional passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombiners currently used in nuclear power plants(NPPs)).The proposed concept of applying the physical operation principles of a PEHR based on a fuel cell simultaneously increases both productivity in terms of recombined hydrogen and the concentration threshold of flameless operation(the‘ignition’limit).Thus,it is possible to reliably ensure the hydrogen explosion safety of NPPs under all conditions,including beyond-design accidents.An experimental setup was assembled to test a laboratory sample of a membrane electrode assembly(MEA)at various hydrogen concentrations near the catalytic surfaces of the electrodes,and the corresponding current–voltage characteristics were recorded.The simplest MEA based on the Advent P1100W PBI membrane demonstrated stable performance(delivery of electrical power)over a wide range of hydrogen concentrations. 展开更多
关键词 Recombiner Catalytic ignition Hydrogen explosion safety Hydrogen fuel cell Membrane electrode assembly
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Detonation safety of blasting caps
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作者 谢兴华 彭小圣 《Journal of Coal Science & Engineering(China)》 2002年第2期98-102,共5页
By means of researching into sympathetic detonation of blasting detonators in air, the regular patterns are concluded from blasting detonators interaction with the shock loading. The aerial distribution of initiating ... By means of researching into sympathetic detonation of blasting detonators in air, the regular patterns are concluded from blasting detonators interaction with the shock loading. The aerial distribution of initiating ability of detonators looks like a butterfly. The initiating ability mainly consists of shock wave, explosive gases and fliers. But fundamental questions remain. When does shock wave take the leading role? When and how does the explosive gases or the fliers take function? For those questions, there is less quantitative research. Through the theoretic deduction of the overpressure, the energy calculation of fliers and the experiment of sympathetic detonation of detonators, we can learn the sympathetic detonation distances of several kinds of detonators and make an inquiry into the lateral initiating regulations of detonators. So, we can provide the base data for the research into no sympathetic detonation of herd blasting detonators and then control the detonation between them. Then we can make full use of detonators and reduce the frequency of accidents caused by detonators. 展开更多
关键词 detonation safety sympathetic detonation shock initiation explosive gases fliers
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