The chloride ion contained in reinforced concrete seriously corrodes the steel surface and damages concrete, resulting in inferior reinforced concrete that strength seriously compromises the entire structure’s safety...The chloride ion contained in reinforced concrete seriously corrodes the steel surface and damages concrete, resulting in inferior reinforced concrete that strength seriously compromises the entire structure’s safety. Consequently, the examination of chloride ions contained in reinforced concrete becomes an important part of a complete quality control procedure. To effectively check the concentration of chloride ions in concrete, the evaluation process should be accurate and precise. Laboratory data ob- tained using existing evaluation methods for the examination of chloride ion are not sufficiently objective to yield reliable results with accuracy and consistency for each sample. An evaluation algorithm with capability to define indices of precision degree (Ep) and accuracy degree (Ea) is presented in this paper. The authors established a statistically reliable index of unbiased estimators and equations to critically examine the laboratory methods’ precision, accuracy degrees and application value for measuring chlorine ion concentration in reinforced concrete.展开更多
With the aim of deepening the college entrance examination reform,this paper analyzes the orientation and role of examination evaluation in the reform of college entrance examination.Firstly,the paper expounds the imp...With the aim of deepening the college entrance examination reform,this paper analyzes the orientation and role of examination evaluation in the reform of college entrance examination.Firstly,the paper expounds the implementation of the college entrance examination reform and affirms the necessity of several related educational reforms.Secondly,it expoxmds the orientation of examination evaluation.Finally,it summarizes the function of examination evaluation from four aspects:guiding the development of students*comprehensive quality,supervising teaching work,promoting the progress of teaching work,and guiding examination propositions.The advantages of examination evaluation are emphasized to promote the reform of college entrance examination and further drive the progress of the education reform in China.展开更多
In current study toxicological profile of a commonly used herbal formulation was evaluated that is used extensively for gynecological disorders like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, pr...In current study toxicological profile of a commonly used herbal formulation was evaluated that is used extensively for gynecological disorders like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, pre-menstrual syndrome and post-menopausal bleeding. It was also claimed to strengthen endometrium and ovaries. Since this herbal formulation was been used by a large number of population hence there was a need to assess acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Acute oral toxicity (LD50) was observed in albino mice using standard protocols whereas sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological studies were assessed on 24 albino rabbits after giving herbal formulation for 60 days in two doses (20 and 60 mg/kg) against control groups. The outcomes of present study showed that the drug is safe up to 5000 mg/kg following acute oral toxicity test and no mortality was observed during sub chronic toxicity studies. Results of sub-chronic toxicity did not show any significant changes in biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters. However, some indicators such as urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, and RBC count were altered, but these changes do not correlate with the histopathological results and may be associated to intra individual variations. Despite the safety of the drug in few animals, clinical trials and more investigations on a large number of animals are essentially needed to establish safety and efficacy of the herbal formulation.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of faculty and graduates of college of nursing towards Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as a valid and reliable method of clinical competency assessm...The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of faculty and graduates of college of nursing towards Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as a valid and reliable method of clinical competency assessment in nursing ten years after its inception. Core nursing courses are based on instructional teaching methods and “hands-on” approach to impact cognitive, psychomotor skills and clinical judgments. Different clinical competency assessment methods are used globally;however, most of them are subjective. A descriptive survey using 16-item five-point likert scale questionnaire was conducted. The study sample consisted of 140 participants: 20 faculty members, 27 graduates of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) Degree and 93 graduates of the Associate Degree of Nursing (ADN) programs with OSCE experience during their training. Data collection was carried out between October and November 2015. Eighty percent of faculty members, 74% of BSN and 62.3% of ADN graduates agreed that OSCE represented an objective evaluation method for psychomotor skills. Majority of the graduates perceived their OSCE experience positively although stressful. However, they have suggested the introduction of trial/mock OSCE prior to each exam to minimize the stress associated with it. In conclusion, there appears to be no single “gold-standard” assessment tool for clinical competency. OSCE assesses student nurses’ psychomotor skills in a non-clinical environment, therefore without risks to real patients. In combination with other assessment methods in the clinical settings, OSCE will provide a more comprehensive student psychomotor skill evaluation. OSCE experiences gave new nursing graduates confidence to work as registered nurses in health care settings.展开更多
基金Project (No. NSC-93-2211-E-167-002) supported by the NationalScience Council of Taiwan China
文摘The chloride ion contained in reinforced concrete seriously corrodes the steel surface and damages concrete, resulting in inferior reinforced concrete that strength seriously compromises the entire structure’s safety. Consequently, the examination of chloride ions contained in reinforced concrete becomes an important part of a complete quality control procedure. To effectively check the concentration of chloride ions in concrete, the evaluation process should be accurate and precise. Laboratory data ob- tained using existing evaluation methods for the examination of chloride ion are not sufficiently objective to yield reliable results with accuracy and consistency for each sample. An evaluation algorithm with capability to define indices of precision degree (Ep) and accuracy degree (Ea) is presented in this paper. The authors established a statistically reliable index of unbiased estimators and equations to critically examine the laboratory methods’ precision, accuracy degrees and application value for measuring chlorine ion concentration in reinforced concrete.
文摘With the aim of deepening the college entrance examination reform,this paper analyzes the orientation and role of examination evaluation in the reform of college entrance examination.Firstly,the paper expounds the implementation of the college entrance examination reform and affirms the necessity of several related educational reforms.Secondly,it expoxmds the orientation of examination evaluation.Finally,it summarizes the function of examination evaluation from four aspects:guiding the development of students*comprehensive quality,supervising teaching work,promoting the progress of teaching work,and guiding examination propositions.The advantages of examination evaluation are emphasized to promote the reform of college entrance examination and further drive the progress of the education reform in China.
文摘In current study toxicological profile of a commonly used herbal formulation was evaluated that is used extensively for gynecological disorders like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, pre-menstrual syndrome and post-menopausal bleeding. It was also claimed to strengthen endometrium and ovaries. Since this herbal formulation was been used by a large number of population hence there was a need to assess acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Acute oral toxicity (LD50) was observed in albino mice using standard protocols whereas sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological studies were assessed on 24 albino rabbits after giving herbal formulation for 60 days in two doses (20 and 60 mg/kg) against control groups. The outcomes of present study showed that the drug is safe up to 5000 mg/kg following acute oral toxicity test and no mortality was observed during sub chronic toxicity studies. Results of sub-chronic toxicity did not show any significant changes in biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters. However, some indicators such as urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, and RBC count were altered, but these changes do not correlate with the histopathological results and may be associated to intra individual variations. Despite the safety of the drug in few animals, clinical trials and more investigations on a large number of animals are essentially needed to establish safety and efficacy of the herbal formulation.
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of faculty and graduates of college of nursing towards Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as a valid and reliable method of clinical competency assessment in nursing ten years after its inception. Core nursing courses are based on instructional teaching methods and “hands-on” approach to impact cognitive, psychomotor skills and clinical judgments. Different clinical competency assessment methods are used globally;however, most of them are subjective. A descriptive survey using 16-item five-point likert scale questionnaire was conducted. The study sample consisted of 140 participants: 20 faculty members, 27 graduates of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) Degree and 93 graduates of the Associate Degree of Nursing (ADN) programs with OSCE experience during their training. Data collection was carried out between October and November 2015. Eighty percent of faculty members, 74% of BSN and 62.3% of ADN graduates agreed that OSCE represented an objective evaluation method for psychomotor skills. Majority of the graduates perceived their OSCE experience positively although stressful. However, they have suggested the introduction of trial/mock OSCE prior to each exam to minimize the stress associated with it. In conclusion, there appears to be no single “gold-standard” assessment tool for clinical competency. OSCE assesses student nurses’ psychomotor skills in a non-clinical environment, therefore without risks to real patients. In combination with other assessment methods in the clinical settings, OSCE will provide a more comprehensive student psychomotor skill evaluation. OSCE experiences gave new nursing graduates confidence to work as registered nurses in health care settings.
