The emergence of the COVID-19 crisis,similar to the financial crisis of the 1980s and 1990s,has once more threatened the international economic systems.The rapid transmission of the Coronavirus has created travel bans...The emergence of the COVID-19 crisis,similar to the financial crisis of the 1980s and 1990s,has once more threatened the international economic systems.The rapid transmission of the Coronavirus has created travel bans and commuting restrictions on national and international scales,causing a severe recession in the world economy.This is more conspicuous in oil-exporting countries as petroleum products and prices have plummeted down.A good example of the countries that depend on oil and gas exports is Azerbaijan,a country whose domestic economy has not been unaffected by the COVID-19 crisis.This study explores how the COVID-19 crisis has affected Azerbaijan’s economic security.The hypothesis is that due to this pandemic and the reduction of petroleum prices on an international scale,the Azerbaijan’s economy now has declined and the government faces the reduction of oil production,and the devaluation of Azerbaijan’s currency,manat.Moreover,travel bans due to the Coronavirus have dramatically affected Azerbaijan’s other economic sectors and industries such as tourism.All these issues have seriously threatened Azerbaijan’s economic security and the economy will not grow significantly in the near future.展开更多
Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protec...Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state＇s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize ＂governance through inaction,＂ and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the ＂separation of two rights＂ （to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter）, and the ＂separation of three rights,＂ （to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management）. These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.展开更多
文摘The emergence of the COVID-19 crisis,similar to the financial crisis of the 1980s and 1990s,has once more threatened the international economic systems.The rapid transmission of the Coronavirus has created travel bans and commuting restrictions on national and international scales,causing a severe recession in the world economy.This is more conspicuous in oil-exporting countries as petroleum products and prices have plummeted down.A good example of the countries that depend on oil and gas exports is Azerbaijan,a country whose domestic economy has not been unaffected by the COVID-19 crisis.This study explores how the COVID-19 crisis has affected Azerbaijan’s economic security.The hypothesis is that due to this pandemic and the reduction of petroleum prices on an international scale,the Azerbaijan’s economy now has declined and the government faces the reduction of oil production,and the devaluation of Azerbaijan’s currency,manat.Moreover,travel bans due to the Coronavirus have dramatically affected Azerbaijan’s other economic sectors and industries such as tourism.All these issues have seriously threatened Azerbaijan’s economic security and the economy will not grow significantly in the near future.
基金a phased result of the Major Program of the National Social Science Fund of China,"Research on Ways and Conditions for Effective Achievement of Self-government at Community Level"(16AZZ012)a Major Project in the Key Research Base for the Humanities and Social Sciences Fund,Ministry of Education,"Research on the Innovation of Villager Self-Government From the Perspective of‘Conditions-Forms’"(15JJDZONGHE001)
文摘Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state＇s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize ＂governance through inaction,＂ and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the ＂separation of two rights＂ （to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter）, and the ＂separation of three rights,＂ （to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management）. These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.
