A Probe into the Issue of Socialist Rule of Law and the Reform of Legal System

The CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as the general secretary puts forward the new concept of socialist rule of law, which is the great ideological and theoretical achievement of China’s reform and opening up and socialist construction. From the concrete connotation, this article analyzes the formation of the socialist rule of law. The unique social and historical conditions, the progress of social civilization, the increasing public awareness of the rule of law, the pursuit and sublimation of the rule of law experience of the ruling party contributed to the establishment and development of the socialist concept of rule of law. At the same time, it is suggested that the rule of law should be popularized in the whole society, and the socialist rule of law can be transformed into the conscious action of the ruling party, state organs, social organizations and all citizens, so that the concept of socialist rule of law will truly attract and benefit the masses. The great practice of the people.

General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

Creating a New Form of Rule of Law Civilization:A Historical Narrative of the Communist Party of China

The modernization path of the Chinese rule of law reflects the glorious process of the Communist Party of China(CPC)’s continuous exploration of the rule of law development.It has created a new form of rule of law civilization for humanity,one that has not only profoundly changed China but is also deeply influencing the world historical process.Under the leadership of the CPC,the Chinese people have achieved the innovation of legal mechanisms,text,and discourse in their century-long endeavor for the rule of law.This highlights the distinctive features of the Chinese rule of law civilization.The innovation of legal mechanisms is the foundation of the modernization of the Chinese rule of law,indicating that through the Party’s century-long endeavor for the rule of law,a legal leadership mechanism has been formed,in which the Party exercises overall leadership and coordinates the efforts of all sides;the innovation of legal text is the manifestation of modernization of the Chinese rule of law,indicating that through the Party’s century-long endeavor for the rule of law,the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics is gradually moving toward a new stage of codification in which the promulgation and implementation of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is a milestone;and the innovation of legal discourse is the core of modernization of the Chinese rule of law,indicating that through the Party’s century-long endeavor for the rule of law,the continuous refinement of the Chinese legal discourse system is playing a key role in providing theoretical support and legal reasoning.

From the General Provisions of Civil Law to the General Rules of Civil Law:A Historic Leap

The General Provisions of Civil Law(民法通则),formulated in the early days of reform and opening up,was a special law that set out the basic principles or rules of civil law,defining civil subjects,civil legal acts and the agency system,declaring the civil rights enjoyed by civil subjects,establishing a relatively complete system of civil liability system,and so on.It kindled awareness of civil rights among the mass of the population,ensured China’s rapid economic and social development,and laid down a basic framework and content for the civil code,so holds an important position in contemporary Chinese history.But with the development of the economy and society,civil law has had to change with the times.Civil law jurisprudence injects theoretical support into contemporary civil law legislation,and the blueprint for law based governance provides a powerful impetus to the historic leap forward of contemporary Chinese civil law,providing the necessary conditions for the codification of civil law.The completion of the General Rules of Civil Law(民法总则)answers the requirements of the economic,humanist and legal character of the times,demonstrates the humanist stance and spirit of the civil code,rises to the challenge of modern scientific and technological development,and ensures people’s enjoyment and control of their new-style rights and their objective forms.This signifies that the GPCL has accomplished its historical task and civil law in contemporary China has realized a historic leap forward,laying a foundation for the compilation of the Chinese civil code,including the specific provisions of the framework and the contents of its individual parts.

Roadmap for the Construction of an Ecological Rule of Law in China

The Report of the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 emphasizes building a socialist country based on the rule of law as China＇s overall governance strategy. At the same time, it has expanded the ＂four in one＂ to ＂five in one＂; i.e. the construction of an ecological civilization has been added to the other major tasks in socialist construction with Chinese characteristics---economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, and social construction, thus setting out the roadmap for China＇s construction of an environmental system based on the rule of law. The aim of this construction is to establish an environmental legal system that corresponds to China＇s ecological civilization, and its main task is to integrate environmental rationality into the operation of the rule of law by improving environmental legal mechanisms and institutions.

Theoretical Framework of Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

The integrationof Chinese modernization and rule of law has given rise to the Chinese modernization of the rule of law.In terms of the concept building,Chinese modernization of the rule of law is a synthesis of rule of law in China,modern rule of law,and Chinese style.In terms of the target model,Chinese modernization of the rule of law maximizes efficiency through the building of unique rule of law system and the integration of the rule of law country.In terms of the core principles,Chinese modernization of the rule of law could be interpreted and explained from five aspects:subject scale,value positioning,civilization form,spatial dimension,and global perspective.Essentially,the Chinese modernization of the rule of law comprehensively highlights the nine intrinsic requirements of Chinese modernization,thussproviding strong guarantee for its accomplishment.With regard to the form of civilization,Chinese modernization of the rule oflaw has created a new form of human rule of law civilization,in terms of subject,object,content,and path,and can be considered to be a developmentbased new form of rule of law advancement.

Comments on the Chinese Law of Conflict of Laws Applicable to Trusts： In Comparison with the U.S. Law and the Hague Convention

China has entered a new era represented by the newly established China （Shanghai） Pilot Free Trade Zone, in which further reform and development of its financial system and capital market are highly prioritized. The trust as an important vehicle in development of the financial market in China as well as in the world will play an important role, and there will be more foreign elements involved in Chinese trusts. The Law of the People＇s Republic of China on Application of Laws in Civil Relations with Foreign Elements provides rules, in its article 17, on the application of laws to trusts, which symbolizes the formal creation of rules of conflict of laws in China in this area. However, it seems to cause more problems than it may resolve. For example, it may not always be possible for the parties to determine the appli- cable law through consultation and agreement, and the parties＇ right to choice of law should not be without limitation either. By allowing judges to choose from ＂the law of the situs where the trust property is situated＂ and ＂the law of the situs where the trust relationship occurred＂ in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties may lead to a situation contrary to existing laws and may create uncertainty for the parties as well. This paper analyzes this article 17 by comparing it with the conflict law rules adopted in the United States and by the Hague Convention, identifies problems, and seeks to find solutions in order to promote the healthy development of the trust system in China.

数字政府视阈下的算法行政:兴起、风险与法治纠偏

随着数字政府建设目标的确立,算法技术嵌入行政成为一种必然趋势,但是算法在促进行政的同时,也带来了法治价值失序的隐忧。算法基于海量数据运算配置社会资源,辅助甚至独立作出行政行为,或许将会成为行政权行使的中枢性力量。但是,过度依赖算法可能导致强调技术理性而忽视价值理性。算法技术本身所带的内生性风险与算法应用中潜在的风险,暗含着行政权力的“技术延伸”和公民权利被侵蚀的隐患,算法行政遭受合法性和合理性的诘难,数字政府建设与法治政府建设面临耦合困境。为防范算法行政异化风险,政府的数字化必须与法治化同步建设,警惕技术理性凌驾于价值理性之上的观念,并从算法的创制、适用以及事后追责的各阶段构建起算法行政的合法性约束机制,避免“权力—权利”格局的失衡,从而促进政府数字化建设和法治化建设的深度融合。

数字时代图书馆法治建设高质量发展的五维审思

图书馆是文化资源的储存库和提取库,担负着凝聚民族亲和力与团结力的历史使命。数字时代《公共图书馆法》及其相关法律为数字化法治化图书馆的设立、运行及服务等提供了规范依据,呈现出布局时空、内驱外引、业态迭新、为民服务的发展优势。2023年2月中共中央、国务院相继印发《质量强国建设纲要》,指出要大力推动图书馆、博物馆等公共文化场馆数字化发展,加快线上线下服务融合。图书馆所蕴含的文化、教育、开放、共享等价值理念成为人民实现和平与发展的精神品格,有助于保障人民公共利益权利,有助于满足人民群众对文化资源获取的美好期待,有助于团结全体人民智慧共建人类文明共同体。

法理学视阈下的生态文明法治

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记对生态文明建设作出一系列重要论述,提出“人与自然生命共同体”理念,强调人与自然关系在新高度上的辩证统一关系,让人类对人与自然之间关系的认识达到了一个全新的高度。“生态文明”成为我国的治国方略写进了宪法,标志着“生态法治”成为我国法治一项新的重要内容。“生态法治”已经成为我国法治的一个重要价值理念,成为我国社会主义法治所要追求的目标之一,是我国社会主义法治思想的升级进步。它把此前“保护环境”的制度规范上升到“法理价值”的哲学层面,从而将对我国整个法律体系带来根本性的影响。从法理学的角度阐释“生态法治”,可以丰富我国法学理论的内容,还能为“生态法治”建设提供理论指导。

生态环境分区管控的基本逻辑、运行样态与法治进路

生态环境分区管控作为中国生态文明建设领域的特色制度创新,不仅是优化国土空间保护利用新格局的战略部署,也是习近平生态文明思想引领下的实践范例。对生态环境分区管控的逻辑论证和运行观察,发现:作为生态环境源头预防的基本性制度,生态环境分区管控根植于空间转向理论,蕴含着深厚的空间治理逻辑;生态环境分区管控以实现空间正义为价值目标,法治化是其制度发展的应然理路;法制供给滞后、法律内容残缺、配套机制缺失是掣肘生态环境分区管控战略实施和制度转型的主要动因。因此,提出要在明确立法策略的基础之上,按照内外在机理构筑生态环境分区管控的法治体系。

中华法治文明的突出特性及其内在逻辑:以制度演进与法典沿革为中心

中华法治文明的突出特性是中华民族五千多年探索自我治理的经验与智慧的理性沉淀。中国古代制度演进与法典沿革的轨迹表征着中华法治文明的连续性,中华法治文明连续演进的历程展现了法制发展在因袭传统基础上兴革损益的进取精神,展现了各民族法律制度、法典体系与法治观念不断融合的大一统传统,展现了法制发展过程中开放包容接纳域外法治文化、兼收并蓄吸收多元宗教文化、开放平等对待各民族文化的价值取向,展现了法制发展过程中贯穿始终的天与人和谐、人与人和睦、国与国和平的秩序理念,从而进一步表征了中华法治文明的创新性、统一性、包容性、和平性。中华法治文明突出的连续性从根本上决定了中华民族现代法治文明与之具有一致的理论逻辑、历史逻辑与实践逻辑。坚持中国共产党的全面领导,传承中华优秀传统法律文化,中华民族现代法治文明必将站在世界法治发展的舞台中央,持续创造人类法治文明新形态。

国际法适用中的双重标准问题研究

双重标准和例外论是国际法中的重要议题。尽管国际法的普遍适用得到广泛认同,但某些西方国家在国际事务中以自身利益为中心,将自己的标准和意志强加于他国,对自身和盟友采取宽松的政策,而对其他国家则采取严格的标准。这种做法破坏了国际法的公平性和一致性,对国际法治产生负面影响。国际法中的双重标准与选择性适用问题涉及国家利益、意识形态偏见、政治动机和地缘政治考虑等多个因素。关于双重标准的讨论往往涉及对虚伪以及国际法秩序的公平性的争论。本文旨在对国际法中的双重标准实践进行实证研究,并揭示其背后的潜在问题。历史上,国际法在很多时候是为西方国家利益服务的。当前,西方国家在国际法中频繁采取双重标准的做法,不仅损害国际法治,也扰乱国际秩序。这表明正确认识与及时解决国际法中双重标准问题的重要性。

构建现代中华法治文明新形态的契机与路径

中华法治文明是中华文明的重要组成部分,中华文明既是世界文明的源头之一,又是世界上唯一实现5000年连续发展未曾中断过的文明体。中华法系是世界公认的五大法系之一,是法治文明具有标识意义的重要概念。中华法系彰显了中华民族伟大的创造力和法制文明的深厚底蕴,要素化复兴是新时代中华法系复兴嬗变的方向,中华法系孕育了良法善治的多维图景。中国特色社会主义法治道路肇始于中华法系,中国特色社会主义法治体系是新时代的新中华法系。中国式现代化是植根于中华优秀传统文化的现代化,中华优秀传统文化对现代化具有强大韧性和适应性。改革开放要有新突破就必须进一步解放思想,“又一次思想解放”的关键是破除对西方式现代化的迷信,既不能用西方现代化的模式来套解中国式现代化,也不能用中国过去的经验来束缚今天的现代化实践,要努力去推动马克思主义中国化、时代化达到一个更新的境界。构建现代中华法治文明新形态的路径是:强化当代人复兴中华法系的文化使命与担当,建构新时代中国独立自主的法学知识体系,大力推进中国特色社会主义法治实践进程,为人类文明新形态建设提供有力的理论支撑。

罗马法复兴与近代欧洲法治文明

罗马法复兴运动是欧洲法律史上的重大历史事件,它反映了欧洲法治文明近代化的过程。这一运动起于中世纪意大利的各自治城市,前后有帕维亚、拉文纳、博洛尼亚等地的法学家的持续推动和助力。而罗马法研究之所以能在欧洲蔚然成风,是因为罗马法是当时的政教斗争中的有力武器,亦是文艺复兴之人文主义传播的重要手段之一。作为欧洲共同法的罗马法,一举奠定了中世纪欧洲多元一体的科学法律秩序,其后期兴起的法律民族主义思想也促进了欧洲民族法的编撰和研究,此外,罗马法中蕴含的自然法观、权利观、正义观、理性观等经进一步发展,成为了近代欧洲法治的核心内容。

论横琴粤澳深度合作区规则衔接的示范法路径:以合同法为例

从粤港澳大湾区到横琴粤澳深度合作区,在“一国两制”原则下构建统一营商环境的过程中,民商事法律制度及规则的衔接已经成为区域经济一体化发展的现实需求和必然趋势。在践行法律衔接的过程中,除了灵活使用冲突法规则、加强跨境司法合作等方式外,通过起草示范法来推进不同法域间民商事规则的趋同对国家区域法治的发展具有长远的意义。本文以合同法领域为例,通过梳理、比较及归纳内地与澳门特别行政区法律制度中的“同类项”,探索通过示范法路径实现琴澳民商事规则衔接的可能性。

人类法治文明新形态的内在意蕴及其构建逻辑

多样性是文明的基本特征,法治文明作为人类文明的重要内容同样具有多样性的基本特征,人类法治文明新形态的创造亦体现着这一特征。在中国场域下创造的人类法治文明新形态具有重要的当代价值,其构建了原创性的法治话语体系,彰显了中国共产党的领导能力,推动了中华法制文明的现代化转型,打破了法治文明形态的西方固有印象,让人们从固化的西方法治想象中脱离出来,从而聚焦于自主性的法治发展道路。这突出体现了中华民族现代法治文明区别于其他法治文明的特性,丰富了人类法治文明的多样性。人类法治文明新形态的创造、中华民族现代法治文明的发展不是完成时,而是进行时,凝练创造人类法治文明新形态、发展中华民族现代法治文明的阶段性经验有其理论意义与时代价值。

我国农村生态文明法治建设面临的挑战与应对

农村生态文明法治建设的当代价值体现在有利于习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的贯彻落实,有利于乡村振兴战略的全面推进,有利于共同富裕目标的扎实推进。在实践中,农村生态文明法治建设面临立法不健全、执法不严格、主体法治意识不足和监督体系不完善等现实挑战。我国应该通过健全农村生态文明法治立法、强化农村生态文明法治建设中的执法力度、增强农村生态文明法治建设相关主体的法治意识和完善农村生态文明法律监督体系等措施来推进农村生态文明法治建设。

新时代我国生态文明制度体系建设面临的突出问题、主要原因与破解维度

党的十八大以来,我国的生态文明制度体系建设取得一系列成就,实现了历史性变革,但是也存在几个突出问题:深层次的体制障碍有待改革、法治体系的全面建构有待进一步完善、制度的系统完整性还不够严密、环境管理的人治痕迹仍然比较明显等。这些问题的形成原因有很多,主要有不平衡不充分发展的矛盾性、社会主义初级阶段的不发达性、国内资源环境条件的有限性、“三期叠加”阶段的复杂性、国际环境治理的逼迫性等。要解决这些问题,需要牢牢抓住始终保持制度体系建设的战略主动性、大力推进完善的生态法治体系、全面深化生态文明体制机制改革等基本维度。

民事裁判文书援引社会主义核心价值观的司法适用——基于天津法院2759份民事裁判文书的实证分析

将社会主义核心价值观融入裁判文书说理,是司法裁判引领公序良俗价值的应有之义。通过实证分析发现,社会主义核心价值观在裁判说理中呈现政策导向性强、重点适用案由突出、援引方式多样化、功能定位差异化的特点。社会主义核心价值观引入裁判文书,能起到践行法治精神、强化释法说理、增强社会认同、补强规则缺位的作用。但规范的缺失导致出现融入表面化、功能定位不清、取代法律论证、削弱释法说理的问题。为此,要厘清社会主义核心价值观的法源地位,以是否入法区分社会主义核心价值观的裁判依据与裁判理由;明确社会主义核心价值观二阶理由的地位,减少价值权衡。增强法律适用和自由裁量部分的说理,采取多元论证方式进行充分说理。把握适用的次序性和适用范围,明确适用案件的特点。