Influence of social capital on the livelihood strategies of farmers under China's rural revitalization strategy in poor mountain areas: A case study of the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture

Social capital in the form of social resources or social networks is one of the most important livelihood capital of farmers, which can increase the labor productivity of poor households and increase income. It is important to explore the reasons underlying the livelihood strategy choices of farmers from the perspective of social capital under China’s rural revitalization strategy. In this study, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, a povertystricken mountainous area in southwestern China, was selected as the case study area, and multivariable linear regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of social capital on livelihood strategies.The results are as follows:(1) Individual social capital had a positive effect on non-agricultural livelihood strategies. On average, with a one-unit increase in individual social capital, the ratio of farmers’ nonagricultural income to total productive income(Income_Rto) increased by 0.002% and 0.062%,respectively. Collective social capital, with the Peasant Economic Cooperation Organization(PECO) as the carrier, had a negative effect on the non-agricultural livelihood strategies of farmers;on average, with a oneunit increase in PECO, Income_Rto decreased by approximately 0.053%. However, this effect was only significant in the river valley area.(2) The income differences among the different livelihood strategy types were explained by the livelihood strategy choices of farmers. As non-agricultural work can bring more benefits, the labor force exhibited one-way migration from villages to cities, resulting in a lack of the subject of rural revitalization. It is necessary to implement effective measures to highlight the role of PECO in increasing agricultural income for farmers. Finally,based on the above conclusions,policy recommendations with respect to livelihood transformation of farmers and rural sustainable development are discussed.

Research on The Social Assistance of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under The Policy of Precise Poverty Alleviation

With the development of economy, a large number of surplus labor force in rural areas has been transferred to cities, resulting in the increasing number of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children are in a critical period of ideological enlightenment, accepting obligation education, outlook on life and world outlook, and the absence of parental care and education has a negative impact on their growth. It is an important problem to solve this problem in every aspect of society.

Laboratory Life:Twenty Years of Experimental Research with Locals and New Comers in Remote Rural Areas

Through the Latour concept of philosophy of science of laboratory life,the life course of a(geo)ethnographer researcher is analyzed,in order to establish the emotional or more personal dimensions that do not usually appear in research papers,but that have notable relevance in qualitative research.The text is structured in three large parts:A conceptual vision of the new experimental geography;the experimental geo-ethnography in old social,new social and place scenarios;and finally,the most personal and emotional dimension of the research.The first part establishes the geo-ethnographic experimental context and the assumptions in fieldwork,in addition to the geo-ethnographic reconciliation process.In the second part,the main qualitative research problems related to mobility,resistance and dynamics in place are established.Finally,in the third part the research perceptions,the personal experiences,and the emotional dimension of the research in remote rural areas are established.The laboratory life of a researcher,allows one to establish scalar conclusions and rigor in qualitative research.

Factors that Affect Social Stability of Rural Areas in Ganzi District

Through the sample investigation of Kangding County, Daofu County, Luhuo County and Xiangcheng County in Sichuan Province in 2010 and by combining the quantitative and qualitative methods, various kinds of indexes from the aspects of society, politics, economy and values in Ganzi District are analyzed, as well as the factors that affect the rural social stability of current Ganzi District area. The results show that rural areas of Ganzi District are stable on the whole, but the economic development level is backward; the social security measures are imperfect; disputes among rural residents still exist and most of them are economic disputes; the disputes among ethnics are mainly caused by religious belief; the autonomous situation of partial rural residents are bad and rural residents' evaluation on social justice is low. Therefore, it should establish and perfect relevant prevention and control mechanism.

The Constitution of Authority:the Past and Present of the Governance Order in Rural Areas

How should the rural governance order be reconstructed centered on the new authority elements after the collapse of traditional rural governance order with the core of family authority, gentry authority and regime? This is a major problem in the construction of new rural areas of contemporary China. This paper attempts to present a historical picture of the inversely proportional relationship between elements like regime, family authority, gentry authority, financial power, political power, civil rights, and so on, based on review of the change path of rural area governance order tracing back to traditional period, the period of the Republic of China, years before the founding of new China as well as period after reform and opening up. It is believed that"innovations"and"heritages"of traditions must be investigated in the transformation process for the rebuilding of a set of stable and reasonable governance order for rural areas, instead of cutting facts by a certain theory or design. In addition, the actual weight of every authority element in social structure and order in people’s mind should be faced up with, which should be integrated with"regulation"and"virtue".

A Survey on English Reading Status of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of Northern China

Taking Suining County in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu province as the survey subject,this paper is to study the current English reading situation of the left-behind children based on a questionnaire survey of 472 respondents from 4 primary and middle schools in rural areas.The result indicated that there are serious problems in the current situation of English reading among left-behind children in rural areas,which are as follows:insufficient reading time and books,few access to having books,increased digital reading,many reading disabilities,poor reading environment,etc.This paper analyzes the reasons and gives corresponding countermeasures for society,school and family,to improve the English reading condition of rural left-behind children and to better promote their reading ability and habits.It also provides the reference for narrowing the disparity gap of reading resources services between urban and rural China.

Christian Faith Rush in Rural Areas and Social Work Intervention

To make the public have rational knowledge of the Christian faith rush in rural areas and guide coordinated development of Christianity with the socialist society, we analyzed reasons and complex influence on rural social development from aspects of society and individual and attraction of Christianity by the Literature Analysis Method. In view of its negative effect, we put forward several countermeasures from the perspective of social work intervention, such as improving farmers' overall qualities, promoting effective implementation of social security system, and correcting believers' understanding of Christianity. Finally, we introduced situation of Christian faith in other countries and reference and directive significance to China.

Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

Relationships and Evolving Networks of Rural Manufacturing Clusters: A Case Study in Yucheng County, Henan Province of China

The evolution of networks in rural industrial clusters,in particular in the context of China has been paid more attention to in the world.Applying the theory and techniques of social network analysis (SNA),this study is with particular regard to the business network relationships and their evolutionary dynamics of steel measuring tape manufacturing clustered in Nanzhuang Village,Yucheng County of Henan Province,China,which is important for better understanding the industrial and regional development in less developed rural areas.From data collected by comprehensive questionnaire survey in 2002 and mass interviews with 60 enterprises and assembling families and several government authorities in 2002,2003,2004,2005 and 2008,four types of networks are identified: spin-off,consulting,communication and cooperative.The characteristic of these networks is outlined in detail.Compared with the high-tech clusters of typical developed areas,the networks that have evolved in traditional manufacturing clusters are more affected by emotive linkages.The cluster networks are shown to exhibit a polycentric hierarchical structure.The family relationships are the dominate spin-off channels of enterprises,while the supply and demand relationships and the mobility of the skilled workers are also important paths of network learning,and the cooperation relationships are comparatively stable.Besides the root enterprises,the middle-sized enterprises are comparatively more active than small-sized enterprises,and the intermediary agencies and the service institutions act as bridges of the inter-enterprises cooperation.By analysis of the structure of networks and the interactions between the networks,the four stages of network evolution are also identified.The four stages are dominated by the family networks,the internal division production networks,the local innovation networks and the global supply networks respectively,and they play different roles in cluster development.

A Quantitative Approach to Analyse Rural Population and Development in Some African and Southern-Central American Countries over 10 Years

In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment protection with the consequence to worsen the marginalization of these territories. In the world, more than 50% of poverty is located in rural areas and the most incidence of it is in Sub-Saharan African countries; in Latin American nations, instead, the most percentage of poverty is located in urban areas. The aim of this research was to estimate, by a multiple regression model, in 46 countries of Africa and in 23 nations of Souther-Central America, which socio-economic variables were able to play a fundamental role on the rural population and on the development of rural areas in 2000 and 2010 using some statistical data published in the FAO Statistic book. In analysed African countries there has been an increase of people living in the rural space and a growth by 21% of agricultural Gross Domestic Product （GDP）. In Southern and Central American nations, there has been a meaningful emigration from rural territories due to an expansion of commercial flows and per capita income in rich areas, thus people have decided to move from the rural territories to the urban territories, worsening the poverty and living conditions in the countryside.

乡村旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力演化差异及影响机理——基于长三角核心-边缘区比较实证

基于适应性循环理论和核心-边缘理论,利用集对分析法、向量自回归、系统动力学仿真等多元集成方法,对比分析核心-边缘区乡村旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力演化机理和路径差异。研究发现:①旅游业能够推动核心-边缘区乡村旅游地恢复力一体化均衡发展,恢复力差距呈逐渐缩小趋势。②核心-边缘区乡村旅游地恢复力系统内部复杂交互、协同有序发展。社会、经济和生态子系统互为非线性动态因果关系,在此非线性复杂自组织力作用下子系统之间的耦合协调度呈良好发展趋势。③通过复杂系统多情景模拟,核心区乡村旅游地发展路径以协调发展型或生态保护型为主,边缘区以旅游优先型为主。④驱动核心-边缘区乡村旅游地恢复力演化的要素系统具有差异性。在系统层面,生态系统对核心区影响程度最高,社会系统对边缘区的影响程度最高;在因素层面,生态因素是影响核心-边缘区乡村旅游地的共同要素,核心区能够通过生态修复提升生态韧性,边缘区能够利用生态优势转化为发展优势,进而均能显著提升乡村旅游地恢复力。

外源内生型社会组织参与农村社会治理何以可能?

社会组织参与农村社会治理有助于提升社会治理效能,契合了国家推动社会组织积极参与乡村振兴的要求。与外源型和内生型社会组织不同,外源内生型社会组织主要由村庄外部主体动员成立,由村内精英运行,具有参与农村社会治理的优势,但因缺乏外部资源的持续性输入,导致很多外源内生型社会组织运行困难。本文以运行较好的一个外源内生型社会组织陕西省T村老年协会为个案,探讨外源内生型社会组织参与农村社会治理的机理。研究发现,通过一定的组织行为,外源内生型社会组织可以形成参与农村社会治理的各项机制,如与其他治理组织互相嵌入的组织机制,政府资助、社会捐赠与用者付费相结合的多元化筹资机制,定期活动串联重塑村庄节奏的链接机制,规范活动程序与采取预防措施的风险防范机制,以声誉、信任和互惠为关键因素巩固集体行动领导力的领导机制,从而保障外源内生型社会组织有效参与农村社会治理,助力乡村振兴。

冀南解放区农村社会教育研究——以《冀南日报》为中心

解放战争时期,中国共产党在冀南解放区进行的农村社会教育活动,以《冀南日报》为教育宣传媒介,通过冬学、民校、识字班、广播台与黑板报等组织形式开展教育工作,旨在对民众的政治觉悟、生产技能与文化生活等方面发挥其作用。冀南农村的社会教育实践,不仅提高了民众的思想文化水平,而且开创了新的社会风气,推动了解放区各项事业的进程。因此,以冀南农村社会教育为研究个案,可揭示出中国共产党在解放区基层乡村文化教育方面的理论优势,并为当代农村教育事业提供历史借鉴。

“双一流”畜牧学科大学生新时代“三下乡”社会实践教学改革

大学生“三下乡”以青春之力助力乡村实践是中国当代农业高校大学生专业素质培养和育人教育与时俱进的重要载体。在乡村振兴大背景下,农业高校在校大学生是乡村发展过程中重要的劳动参与者与知识传递者。本文以东北农业大学“双一流”建设畜牧学科大学生“三下乡”助农实践小队实践过程为例,对实践过程中出现的问题进行总结和剖析、寻找解决方案。以“实践内容创新、实践总结全面、实践分析透彻、实践意义重大”为实践理念,充分发挥社会实践的作用。通过以小见大,以点引面,总结当前“三下乡”活动中的创新和不足,提高“三下乡”社会实践的可行性与创新性,为今后的大学生乡村振兴“三下乡”社会实践提供经验,更好地服务乡村发展,培养肩负重任的社会人才。

新时代农村重大社会风险治理的动员机制与生成逻辑

社会动员能够在短期内最大程度上整合治理资源,成为中国应对复杂问题的重要方式。农村重大社会风险治理关键在于形成强有力的社会动员机制。新时代农村重大社会风险治理实践中,动员网络、动员方式、主体互动机制都呈现诸多新变化,既发挥党组织的组织优势,又发挥政府的专业化优势,同时根据治理情境变化,能动性调整动员策略,最大程度激活体制内外各种力量参与,是党政统合的社会整合动员机制。党政统合的社会整合动员机制有其内生逻辑,它是执政党基因、公共权力基因、公益基因、社会责任基因等多元基因融合的结果,是新时代中国特色社会主义社会动员机制的新呈现。

粮食主产区农业社会化服务发展水平的时空演变与影响因素

确保粮食等重要农产品的有效供给是乡村振兴的首要任务,而农业社会化服务作为对接传统小农户和现代农业的关键抓手,对保障粮食供给安全、推进乡村振兴具有重要意义。为了更好地促进农业社会化服务发展,在系统分析农业社会化服务发展逻辑的基础上,基于2008—2021年中国省级面板数据,运用熵值法、空间自相关和地理探测器等方法,测度粮食主产区农业社会化服务发展水平,探究其时空演变特征,并对其影响因素进行识别。结果表明:1)研究期间,粮食主产区农业社会化服务整体水平呈持续增长态势,形成了以技术信息服务和公共设施服务为核心支撑的发展结构;2)三大主产区农业社会化服务水平均有提高,发展水平按从高到低排列,依次为黄淮海主产区、长江流域主产区、东北主产区,但由于各维度发展水平参差不齐,各主产区分别形成了不同的结构特征;3)粮食主产区农业社会化服务水平在空间上呈现南高北低的分布特征,各省发展差距较大但协调发展态势良好,且空间正向集聚效应增强;4)多方因素均对农业社会化服务发展造成影响且程度大小不一,从位居前两位的影响因子看,经济社会发展层面为经济发展水平和农业发展规模,农村生产生活层面为土地规模经营水平和农村居民收入水平。据此,提出如下建议:兼顾总体建设和结构优化,在扬长补短中加快发展;充分发挥自身禀赋优势并把握外界机遇,针对性解决突出问题和促进发展;加快资源跨区共享联动,促进区域协调发展;推进经济社会有序运行和农村生产生活环境持续改善,为农业社会化服务发展创造更多有利条件。

论长寿内卷化

进入长寿时代后,农村老年人在其高龄阶段的生命历程中,会遭遇各种负性生活事件。伴随其机体衰退,他们会不可避免地坠入巨大的生活风险之中。结合中国传统的老龄观,通过对“内卷化”这一概念的辨析和创造性转化,可以构建“长寿内卷化”的概念,以理解当前农村高龄老年人的生活风险状态。当高龄老年人的生命历程步入内卷点之后,其寿命虽然仍然在延长,但由于各种负性生命事件的发生和影响,生命质量却开始下滑,与理想状态相反的是,这段生命历程将持续进入病寿、苦寿、辱寿等单一存在或同时并存的生活风险状态;当这一曲线下滑至接近生命质量轴的交叉点时,它意味着高龄老年人生命主动或被动的终结。支撑从长寿内卷化到生活风险发生的机制是,城镇化进程带来的社会压力通过环状结构的新家庭结构形式向高龄老年人转移。秉持积极老龄观,加强政策干预,实现长寿去内卷化,是长寿时代所必需面对的重要议题。作为一个分析性概念的“长寿内卷化”,不仅对理解当前农村高龄老年人的生活风险具有理论意义和政策意义,将来也同样适用于分析城市高龄老年人的生活风险状况。

乡村民间公益图书馆建设的政府介入路径——由棉花沙图书屋谈起

梳理棉花沙图书屋的本土化发展和运营管理经验,从乡村民间公益图书馆的现实需要出发,研究政府的介入路径,在投资基金会化、修订相关法规、营造公益环境三个方面如何细化体制机制展开讨论。

乡村振兴背景下社会工作参与农村社区治理的路径探究

乡村振兴的实现是中国现代化进程中的关键环节。农村社区的治理不只是社会治理结构中最基础的部分,同时也是构成国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的关键支柱。党的十八大以来,党中央对我国农村社区治理问题高度重视,提出许多新观点和新思路。社会工作在推动农村社区治理、促进乡村振兴的过程中起着不可替代的作用。该文探讨在乡村振兴的背景下,社会工作参与农村社区治理的可行性、困境、提升策略等问题,期望进一步增强农村社区的治理能力,确保农村社区治理的高效性,并最终达到农村社区的良好治理目标。

乡村空心化的社会网络演变特征及规划响应——以四川省A村为例

近40年城镇化进程中,我国大量乡村地区的空间生产逻辑因人口流动发生变化,乡村的社会关系被赋予了新的形式与内涵,也蕴含了由于社会关系变迁而导致国土空间规划衔接乡村振兴的现实困境。本文以四川省典型空心村为例,展开社会关系网络变迁机制及乡村规划探讨。过程如下:收集村落40年间的人口、社会关系、就业等基础数据,借助社会网络分析方法构建1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年的血缘、地缘关系网络结构模型,通过网络密度、k-核、中心度的指标计算,对比分析空心化前、后的社会网络结构整体紧密度、局部稳定性、个体集中趋势特征变化。结果显示:血缘关系整体紧密度先升高后降低、局部稳定性增强后减弱、个体集中趋势持续减弱;地缘关系整体紧密度持续降低、地缘关系局部稳定性及个体集中趋势呈现波动。进一步研究发现:(1)人口流动、聚居方式、就业分异是社会关系网络变迁的显性影响因素;(2)社会交往体系分化、家庭结构核心化、个体需求多元化是社会关系网络变迁的背后机制;(3)乡村的社会关系网络变迁与村落空间、邻里空间、家庭空间的变化紧密关联,并影响着乡村规划与治理。因此,依据“人口—社会关系—社会运行—乡村规划”的逻辑关联,尝试提出“土地流转、关系构建、空间重塑”的乡村规划治理策略,为我国西部地区的乡村振兴提供参考。