The Impacts of Permafrost Change on NPP and Implications:A Case of the Source Regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

This paper studies the relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and annual average air temperature (GT) at 0cm above ground in permafrost regions by using revised Chikugo NPP model,cubic spline interpolating functions,and non-linear regression methods.The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers were selected as the research areas.Results illustrate that:(1) There is significant non-linear relationship between NPP and GT in various typical years;(2) The maximum value of NPP is 6.17,5.87,7.73,and 5.41 DM·t·hm-2 ·a-1 respectively,and the corresponding GT is 7.1,10.0,21.2,and 8.9 o C respectively in 1980,1990,2000 and 2007;(3) In 1980,the sensitivity of NPP to GT is higher than in 1990,2000 and 2007.This tendency shows that the NPP presents change from fluctuation to an adaptation process over time;(4) During 1980～2007,the accumulated NPP was reduced to 8.05,and the corresponding carrying capacity of theoretical livestock reduced by 11%;(5) The shape of the demonstration region of ecological compensation system,livelihood support system,and science appraisal system in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are an important research for increasing the adaptation capacity and balancing protection and development.

Influencing factors of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River

Taking the source region of the Yellow River as a study area and based on the data from Madoi Meteorological Station and Huangheyan Hydrological Station covering the period 1955-2005, this paper analyses the changing trends of surface water resources, climate and frozen ground and reveals their causes. Results show that there exist frequent fluctuations from high to low water flow in the 51-year period. In general, the discharge has shown a de- clining trend in the 51 years especially since the 1990s. The annual distribution shows one peak which, year on year is getting smaller. （1） Precipitation has a significant and sustained influence on discharge. （2） A sharp rise of temperature resulted in the increase of evaporation and the decrease of discharge, which has a greater effect than on ice-snow melting. （3） Frozen ground tends to be degraded markedly. There is a significant positive correlation be- tween the permafrost thickness and the discharge. （4） Evaporation rates are significantly increasing, leading to the decrease of discharge. 70% of the discharge reduction resulted from climate change, and the remaining 30% may have been caused by human activities.

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×10 4 km 2 . Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×10 4 km 2 . Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.

Kuroshio warm filament and the source of the warm water of the Tsushima Current

Characteristics and evolution of the Kuroshio frontal eddies and warm filaments are analyzed according to two series of satellite images (March 5 to 7, 1986 and April 14 to 16, 1988). The results show that the frontal eddies in the East China Sea are generated at the shelf break and move along the continental slope at a speed of 15 cm/s with the Kuroshio. The frontal eddies occur about every 10 d and evolve to be warm filaments a few hundred km in length and 30-40 km in width in the area west of the Yaku-shima. Meanwhile, the existence of the warm filament was also found in the area by analysing the hydrographic data in the area west of Kyushu during May 24-June 5, 1988.The Kuroshio warm filaments move westward opposite to the Kuroshio and then turn northward at the shelf break and become the main source of the warm water of the Tsushima Warm Current. A simple dynamic explanation for the process is presented in this paper.

Ice-wedge Pseudomorphs Showing Climatic Change Since the Late Pleistocene in the Source Area of the Yellow River, Northeast Tibet

The source area of the Yellow River is located in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and is a high-elevation region with the annual mean temperature of -3.9℃. The ice-wedge pseudomorphs discovered in this region are recognized as two types. One was found in sandy gravel beds of the second terrace of the Yellow River. This ice-wedge pseudomorph is characterized by higher ratio of breadth/depth, and are 1-1.4 m wide and about 1 m deep. The bottom border of the ice-wedge pseudomorph is round arc in section. Another discovered in the pedestal of the second terrace has lower ratio of width/depth, and is o.3-1.0 m wide and 1-2 m deep. Its bottom border is sharp. Based on the TL dating, the former was formed at the middleHolocene （5.69±0.43 ka BP and 5.43±0.41 ka BP）, that is, the Megathermal, and the latter was formed at the late Last Glacial Maximum （13.49±1.43 ka BP）. Additionally, the thawing-freezing folders discovered in the late Late Pleistocene proluvium are 39.83±3.84 ka BP in age. The study on the ice-wedge pseudomorphs showed that the air temperature was lowered by up to 6-7℃ in the source area of the Yellow River when the ice-wedge pseudomorphs and thawing-freezing folds developed.

Variation of stress field in the source region around a strong shock：an example

An earthquake with magnitude 6.6 occurred on November 16,1983 in the Kaoiki,Hawii.The hierarchical clustering analyses were made by stages for the focal mechanism solutions of 74 earthquakes with M≥3.0 in this area from 1977 to 1985,it was found that each type of focal mechanism is roughly with invariable percentage,and that the strike-slip events including the mainshock,which did not appear in other stages,occurred in the stage around M=6.6 mainshock.The dominant types in the other stages were depressed in the period around the mainshock. This is a believable precursor phenomena.orientation of the principal axes of stress field was inversed by fitting slip vector based on the focal mechanisms in the different periods.The results show that the stress field around the main shock with M=6.6 was more stable,its maximum and minimum principal axes is nearly horizontal in EW and NS direction respectively,the middle one is nearly vertical.The middle principal axis of stress field in the other periods appeared to be horizontal and the corresponding seismic rupture horizontally slip with a small dip.The significant difference between the stress field of source region in the period around the strong shock and that in the other periods shows that the seismogeny and occurrence of the strong shock were controlled by the variation of stress field.The characteristic environment factors of Kaoiki region and its effects were discussed.

Dataset of Comparative Observations for Land Surface Processes over the Semi-Arid Alpine Grassland against Alpine Lakes in the Source Region of the Yellow River

Thousands of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) play a critical role in the regional water cycle, weather, and climate. In recent years, the areas of TP lakes underwent drastic changes and have become a research hotspot. However, the characteristics of the lake-atmosphere interaction over the high-altitude lakes are still unclear, which inhibits model development and the accurate simulation of lake climate effects. The source region of the Yellow River(SRYR) has the largest outflow lake and freshwater lake on the TP and is one of the most densely distributed lakes on the TP. Since 2011,three observation sites have been set up in the Ngoring Lake basin in the SRYR to monitor the lake-atmosphere interaction and the differences among water-heat exchanges over the land and lake surfaces. This study presents an eight-year(2012–19), half-hourly, observation-based dataset related to lake–atmosphere interactions composed of three sites. The three sites represent the lake surface, the lakeside, and the land. The observations contain the basic meteorological elements,surface radiation, eddy covariance system, soil temperature, and moisture(for land). Information related to the sites and instruments, the continuity and completeness of data, and the differences among the observational results at different sites are described in this study. These data have been used in the previous study to reveal a few energy and water exchange characteristics of TP lakes and to validate and improve the lake and land surface model. The dataset is available at National Cryosphere Desert Data Center and Science Data Bank.

Changes in stress within grassland ecosystems in the three counties of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

Based on a database of more than 40 years of second production process and energy flow records for Maduo,Qumalai and Yushu counties,a dynamic model of the stress within grassland ecosys-tems was established using a nonlinear regression method for this source regions of the Yangtze and Yel-low Rivers.The results show that dynamic curves of stress within grassland ecosystems in the three coun-ties were in the shape of an inverted 'U' during the period 1965-2007.It also revealed that the variation in actual amount of livestock inventories reflected the general trends of the stress within the grassland eco-systems in the source regions,although there were many other factors for the increase or reduction in grassland ecosystem stress.

The Source of Groundwater Recharge Based on Entropy Theory in the Arid Areas of North China

Objective Any natural system is constantly exchanging material, energy and information with the environment, and all tkese processes follow the basic law of thermodynamics, with no exception of groundwater recharge and discharge process. On the basis of the principle of the first law of thermodynamics, the reverse geochemical simulation method is widely used in the study of groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage process. However, some studies only consider the material conservation in theprocess, but ignore the probability of the transformation.

A study on the source of the Tsushima Warm Current water

On the basis of the hydrographic data in the area west of Kyushu from four cruises of R/V Xiangyanghong No. 9 from 1987 to 1988 , the circulation features in the investigation area are described and the source of the Tsushima Warm Current water (TWCW) is explored by using the observed and geostrophic current results and tracking the Kuroshio Subsurface High Salinity Core (KSHSC).

The source of heavy metals and its indication to the sediment transfer in the Hangzhou Bay

-Suspended matters are important carriers of heavy metals in the hydrocycle.In this paper, the field investigation , lab. experiment and 'corresponding analysis' were made to study sources of the heavy metals and the transfer of suspended matters from the Hangzhou Bay.This conclusion shows that the contents of heavy metals in this area are the natural background values ; the distributions of heavy metals are controlled by the plume front.

The K Method for Estimating Earthquake Activity Parameters and Effect of the Boundary Uncertainty of the Source Region:Discussion on the Seismic Zoning Method

Two aspects of a new method,which can be used for seismic zoning,are introduced in this paper.On the one hand,the approach to estimate b value and annual activity rate proposed by Kijko and Sellevoll needs to use the earthquake catalogue.The existing earthquake catalogue contains both historical and recent instrumental data sets and it is inadequate to use only one part.Combining the large number of historical events with recent complete records and taking the magnitude uncertainty into account,Kijko’s method gives the maximum likelihood estimation of b value and annual activity rate,which might be more realistic.On the other hand,this method considers the source zone boundary uncertainty in seismic hazard analysis,which means the earthquake activity rate across a boundary of a source zone changes smoothly instead of abruptly and avoids too large a gradient in the calculated results.

University Profile Translation Based on Skopos Theory

University profile translation belongs to publicity translation and is different from other translations in style.Its main functions are informative and vocative.Skopos theory is one of most important theories in German functionalist approaches.According to the theory,translation is an action with a certain Skopos.The purpose decides the translating process.Therefore,this paper is aimed to explore the translation of Chinese university profiles from the Skopos theory from the angle of translational skopos and source text analyzing.By exemplification and comparison between the source texts and translated texts,it is concluded in the paper that adaption is available in translation strategy-selecting in order to achieve its informative and vocative function.

The Skills of Practical Writing for TourGuide(Ⅱ) ——Points for Attention

This thesis is about the skills of practical writing for Tour Guide.This article dissertates several points--the interpretation of the source language,structure of the target language and choice of the right word,that should be given more attention in translation.As a Tour Guide,one needs to have these skills and the ability of describing sceneries beautifully and accurately by writing.

Regional climate response to global warming in the source region of the Yellow River and its impact on runoff

The source region of the Yellow River has experienced obvious climate and discharge changes in recent decades due to global warming, which largely affects the water resources and ecological and environmental security in the Yellow River basin. This study analyzed the changes in runoff and several climate factors in the source region of the Yellow River based on the observed discharges at the Tangnag hydrological station, routine meteorological data from China Meteorological Administration(CMA) stations within and near this source region, and several evaporation datasets. The results indicate that the runoff in the source region was relatively abundant from 1960 to 1989 and then declined sharply afterward. It recovered slightly after 2005 but was still below normal—10% less than that during 1960–1989. Similarly, the precipitation amounts in the source region were relatively low in the 1990s, but they increased significantly after 2003, with an average increase of 31.4 mm or 6% more when compared to that in 1960–1989. In addition, the temperatures in the source region continued to rise from 1960 to 2017, and the evaporation levels also showed an upward trend after 1990. The influences of the spatial and temporal variations in climatic factors on runoff in the source region were then further analyzed. The results indicate that the decreases in precipitation and the number of days of heavy rainfall in the source region from 1990 to 2002 were important reasons for the lower runoff during this period. After 2003, the precipitation in the southeastern part of the source region, which is a key area for runoff generation,increased only to a limited extent, but the evaporation in the entire source region generally increased with increasing temperature,which might have led to the low capacity for actual runoff production in each subbasin and persistent low runoff in the source region. Therefore, such a climate response to global warming in the source region might be unfavorable for increased runoff in the future. The above analysis provides a valuable reference for the future planning and management of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River and the entire Yellow River Basin in the context of warming.

Response of vegetation phenology to climate factors in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

Exploring the impact of climate factors on vegetation phenology is crucial to understanding climate–vegetation interactions as well as carbon and water cycles in ecosystems in the context of climate change.In this article,we extracted the vegetation phenology data from 2002 to 2021 based on the dynamic threshold method in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.Trend and correlation analyses were used to investigate the relationship between vegetation phenology and temperature,precipitation and their spatial evolution characteristics.The results showed that:(i)From 2002 to 2021,the multi-year average start of growing season(SOS),end of growing season(EOS)and length of growing season(LOS)for plants were concentrated in May,October and 4–6 months,with a trend of 4.9 days(earlier),1.5 days(later),6.3 days/10 a(longer),respectively.(ii)For every 100 m increase in elevation,SOS,EOS and LOS were correspondingly delayed by 1.8 days,advanced by 0.8 days and shortened by 2.6 days,respectively.(iii)The impacts of temperature and precipitation on vegetation phenology varied at different stages of vegetation growth.Influencing factors of spring phenology experienced a shift from temperature to precipitation,while autumn phenology experienced precipitation followed by temperature.(iv)The climate factors in the previous period significantly affected the vegetation phenology in the study area and the spatial variability was obvious.Specifically,the temperature in April significantly affected the spring phenology and precipitation in August widely affected the autumn phenology.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SUMMER CIRCULATION IN THE EAST CHINA SEA AND ITS APPLICATION IN ESTIMATING THE SOURCES OF RED TIDES IN THE YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY AND ADJACENT SEA AREAS

Based on the COHERENS （a Coupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for Regional Shelf seas）, a three-dimensional baroclinic model for the summer of East China Sea （ECS） was established with the sigma-coordinate in the vertical direction and spherical coordinate in the horizontal direction. The circulation patterns of the Kuroshio Current, the Taiwan Warm Current （TWC）, the Tsushima Current and the Yangtze Diluted Water （YDW） were successfully simulated with this model. The calculated results are fairly consistent with previous observations and studies. Based on this baroclinic current field, the Lagranian particles tracking was simulated to estimate the possible origins of the red tides frequently occurring in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea areas. If there are ＂seeds＂ （cysts） of the red tide algae at the seabed of the Taiwan Strait, the offshore of Fujian and Zhejiang Provinces and the northeast Taiwan Island, those are extremely possible sources of the red tides in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea areas. Field data are needed to confirm it. Numerical simulation to estimate the source of the red tides is a new application of the Lagrangian transport in the marine ecology.

Acupuncture Principle of Tonifying Qi and Regulating Blood,Supporting the Root and Fostering the Source on Aging and Senile Diseases

Along with the increasing life span, aging and related diseases have become a serious medical and social problem that has roused global attention. In this paper, under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, the author raises a theory of ＂dysfunction of Sanjiao qi activity＂ based on the studies and discussions of classical literatures on Sanjiao theory by combining knowledge in modern integrative traditional Chinese and Western medicine for aging from his more than 30 years of experiences of clinical and experimental practices. The author also tries to explain the mechanisms for aging from the whole aspect of Sanjiao qi activity.

ON THE 3-D PULSATING SOURCE OF MICHELL TYPE WITH FORWARD SPEED

An expression of the 3-D pulsating source of Michell type with forward speed for infinite water depth is derived in the present paper based on the Fourier transformation and contour integration technique. Emphases are laid on the discussion of the mechanical feature of the source and the radiation behavior far from the source. The relative importance of each components of the pulsating source is discussed in detail. Compared with the commonly used pulsating source of Haskind type, the present expression has the merits of simplicity for numerical treatment and being more meaningful in its physical explanation. The Michell type expression of the 3-D pulsating source with forward speed can be widely used for the estimation of motions and wave forces for ships and offshore structures in waves with forward speed. The radiative behavior of the source in the far field may also give a reasonabel description of the radiation condition or the open boundary condition for other numerical methods, such as the Rankine source method etc.