Urban Spatial Form Optimization Strategies Based on the Principle of Climate Adaptability of Regional Architecture: A Case Study of Traditional Cave Dwelling Villages in Northern Shaanxi Province

A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.

Analysis of Meteorological Conditions of Freeze Damage to Citrus in Southern Shaanxi in the Winter of 2010 and Defensive Countermeasures

In order to take advantage of the climate resources more effectively ac- cording to the local circumstances and to plan and develop the citrus industry in Southern Shaanxi more reasonably. On the basis of the investigation of freeze dam- age to citrus occurring in Southern Shaanxi in the winter of 2010, the climatic back- ground for the formation of this freeze damage was analyzed. In combination with the freeze damage indicators during the overwintering period and the harmful accu- mulated cold during the cold wave, indexes for grading the freeze damage in southern Shaanxi were analyzed and verified, and the perspective of grading the freeze damage using the harmful accumulated cold during the cold wave was also presented. Through analyzing the extremely lowest temperature and the harmful ac- cumulated cold in the winter of 2010 and in history at 12 citrus growing counties （districts） in Ankang area and Hanzhong area, the reasons why the freeze damage to citrus during the overwintering period was severer in the west than in the east of Southern Shaanxi were discussed, and the results obtained were basically consistent with the actual situation observed from investigation. Finally, defensive countermea- sures against the freeze damage to citrus during the overwintering period were put forward from several aspects.

Construction of Monastery Garden Landscapes in Northern Shaanxi Province of China

In view of the present construction of monastery garden landscapes in northern Shaanxi,landscape features were pointed out as:harsh natural environment of monastery garden,dual functions of religion and tourism,large spatial capacity of architectural complex,long history and profound cultures,and also working as botanic gardens.Problems in these monastery gardens were proposed as:poor overall landscaping design,insufficient plants of religious cultures,lacking in artistic plant furnishings showing ornamental effects and seasonal aspects of plants,plant furnishings failed to show cultural characteristics of northern Shaanxi,poor diversity and improper ratio of plant furnishings,attaching insufficient importance to vertical greening,similar plant communities.On the basis of investigating characteristics and problems of monastery garden landscapes in northern Shaanxi,layouts and plant furnishings of incense roads,religious sectors and living sectors in those gardens were analyzed,suitable plant species were given as references,so as to explore new landscape modes of "human-nature oneness" and provide useful experience for the landscape construction of monastery gardens in Shaanxi.

Study on Development Countermeasures of Cave Dwellings in Northern Area of Shaanxi Province in China

In view of traditional house in northern area of Shaanxi Province which was cave dwelling,based on cave dwelling and its development environment,the paper had analyzed architectural characteristics and use value of cave dwelling and its development in northern Shaanxi,and then pointed out that cave dwelling development had been reduced into an awkward situation.By using SWOT analysis method,the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats of cave dwellings had been summarized.In terms of strengths,cave dwelling had ecological advantage as native architecture,was constructed based on local conditions,could solve land,energy and environment problems on Loess Plateau,and abounded in aesthetic value of native feature.In terms of weaknesses,village layout lacked of integrity,transportation was not convenient,indoor ventilation and lighting were insufficient,and pattern and space were simplified and stereotyped.In terms of opportunities,it stressed architectural ecology having received more and more attention in the world,and exploration and application of underground civil architecture.In terms of threats,it lied in construction technology of cave dwelling,contradiction between cave dwelling and urbanization and between cave dwelling and modern life,and management mode of restricted type.On this basis,it suggested that cave dwelling development in northern Shaanxi should transform people's traditio-nal concept through correct guidance of public voice;strive to eliminate weakness of cave dwelling;improve cave environment by enhancing infrastructure construction;develop characteristic cave dwelling cultural tourism in northern Shaanxi,and construct new socialist countryside of northern Shaanxi character.

Quantitative analysis of the dynamic change and spatial differences of the ecological security: a case study of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province

Using the theory and method of the ecological footprint, and combining the changes of regional land use, resource environment, population, society and economy, this paper calculated the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus/loss in 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province. What is more, this paper has put forward the concept of ecological pressure index, set up ecological pressure index models, and ecological security grading systems, and the prediction models of different ecological footprints, ecological carrying capacity, ecological surplus and ecological safety change, and also has assessed the ecological footprint demands of 10,000 yuan GDE The results of this study are as follows： （1） the ecological carrying capacity in northern Shaanxi shows a decreasing trend, the difference of reducing range is the fastest; （2） the ecological footprint appears an increasing trend; （3） ecological pressure index rose to 0.91 from 0.44 during 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi with an increase of 47%; and （4） the ecological security in the study area is in a critical state, and the ecological oressure index has been increasing rapidlv.

Oil／Gas Accumulation Characteristics and Exploration Methods of the Deltaic Lithologic Reservoirs in Northern Shaanxi Area

There are large deltaic systems in the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi area of the Ordos Basin, and developed two sets of good source-reservoir-caprock assemblages and many sets of oil-bearing beds. Exploration experience demonstrates that the formation and distribution of the reservoir were controlled by the generative depression of the Yanchang Formation, and deltaic reservoir sand body is the material basis for large-scale oilfields. In addition, secondary laumontite in a low permeable area was dissolved and then a high permeable area was formed. The updip lithologic variety of reservoir sand bodies is favorable to the formation of subtle lithologic traps, and the deltaic reservoirs are characterized by large multi-beds of oil-generation and abundant hydrocarbon resources. In this paper, the petroleum geologic settings of the studied area are analyzed, and the accumulation characteristics and exploration methods of lithologic reservoirs are summarized. It is of theoretical significance for the study of the exploration theories of lithologic reservoirs, and also expedites the exploration steps of deltaic reservoirs in the northern Shaanxi area.

Division of diagenesis reservoir facies and its control——Case study of Chang-3 reservoir in Yangchang formation of Fuxian exploration area in northern Shaanxi

By dividing the diagenetic reservoir facies and studying its distribution,we can effectively evaluate reservoirs.Using an analytical method for mutual relationships among diagenesis of reservoirs,structural characteristics and the origin of types of sand,we classified the diagenetic reservoir of the Yanchang formation Chang-3 oil layer into different types and analyzed the factors controlling this high quality reservoir.The results show that:1) the catagenesis of the Chang-3 oil layer in the Fuxian region is complex and variable;2) mechanical compaction,pressure solutions and cementation of all kinds of authogenous minerals decreases porosity by 28.13% and 3) corrosion increases porosity by 3.39%.Cementation and corrosion of laumontite is a kind of catagenesis which makes this region different from other exploratory regions.The original amount and rate of corrosion of laumontite are the main factors for the increase in laumontite porosity.The Chang-3 oil layer developed four kinds of diagenetic reservoir facies,of which the weak compaction facies,i.e.,laumontite corrosion and overgrowth,of the original pore reservoir facies has the most promising diagenesis.Its distribution is controlled by a sedimentary facies zone and is widely developed in the original truncated tributary channel facies belt of the delta plain.The development of this high quality reservoir is controlled by the distribution of sedimentary sand bodies and secondarily-eroded porosity of laumontite in the Chang-3 oil layer of the Fuxian exploratory region.

An Outline of Mesozoic to Paleogene SequenceStratigraphy and Sea－Level Changes in Northern Himalayas，Southern Xizang

In the Northern Himalayan region of Southern Xizang (Tibet),from the Lower Triassic to Upper Eocene 73 Sequences have been identified, with an average duration of 2.9 Ma;these can in turn be grouped into 24 super-Sequences and 6 super-sequence sets. During Mesozoic and Paleogene, several large sea - level falls occurred in the Eastern Neo-Tethys. Among the recognized sea- level falls, the important ones include those at the ages of 255 Ma, 215 Ma,177 Ma, 138 Ma, 103 Ma and 68 Ma .Those at 239 Ma, 215 Ma, 157 Ma,80 Ma, 50Ma and 36 Ma are also significant. The third-order Sequences and sea-level cycles Probably reflect mainly global sea - level fluctuations, while the higher rank cycles seem more closely related to the basin evolution of the Neo-Tethys. Based on the study, six major periods have been suggested for ths tectonic evolution of the Eastern Neo-Tethys and the plates, i. e. the Pangea Period (Pre-Triassic), continental rifting Period (Triassic to Early Jurassic ), inter-continental sea Period (Middle Jurassic ), continental divergence period (late Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ), continental convergence period (Late Cretaceous ) and the continental collision Period (Paleogene ). These major Periods can be further subdivided into eight stages according to the basin evolution. In each of the periods and Stages, Sequences and their boundaries show clear characters related to the tectonic background. The study indicater that the initial breakup of the Pangea along the Indus- Yarlung may have taken Place around 239 Ma. The Late Bathonian to Early Callovian seems to have been a critical time in the evolution of the Neo-Tethys, with the turning Point around 158 Ma. The blocks split from the northern margin of the Gondwana continual did not obviously drift away from the Indian Plate until Callovian .The oceanic crust subduction in the Neo- Tethys may have Started at 113Ma, while the contraction of the ocean probably began at 107- 103 Ma. The initial contact of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian plate may have taken Place around 80 Ma, with strong uplifting and thrushng in Late Paleocene.

Potash–Forming Regularity of the Ordovician Marine Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin: Insight from Review and Prospect of the Deep Geology of the Ordos Basin

The Ordovician Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin （ONSSB）, located in the east-central Ordos Basin, western North China Craton （NCC）, is one of the largest marine salt basins yet discovered in China. A huge amount of halite deposited in the Mid-Ordovician Majiagou Formation, and potash- containing indication and local thin layer of potash seam were discovered in O2m^65 （6th submember, 5th member of the Majiagou Formation）. This makes ONSSB a rare Ordovician potash-containing basin in the world, and brings new hope for prospecting marine solid potash in this basin. However, several primary scientific problems, such as the coupling relationship between ONSSB and the continent nucleus, how the high-precision basement fold controls the ONSSB, and how the basement faults and relief control ONSSB, are still unclear due to the limitations of the knowledge about the basement of the Ordos Basin. This has become a barrier for understanding the potash-forming regularity in the continental nucleus （CN） area in marine salt basin in China. Up to now, the material accumulation has provided ripe conditions for the answers to these questions. Latest zircon U-Pb ages for the basement samples beneath the Ordos Basin reveal that there exists a continental nucleus （Yi-Meng CN） beneath the northern Ordos Basin. And this brings light into the fact that the ONSSB lies not overlying on the Yi- Meng CN but to south Yi-Meng CN. Both do not have superimposed relationship in space. And borehole penetrating into the basement reached Palaeoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks, which suggests the ONSSB is situated in the accretion belt of Yi-Meng CN during geological history. Basement relief beneath the ONSSB area revealed by seismic tomography and aeromagnetic anomaly confirms the existence of basement uplift and faults, which provides tectonic setting for sedimentary center migration of the ONSSB. Comparative research with various data sources indicates that the expanding strata in the ONSSB adopted the shape of the basement folds. We found that the orientations of the potash sags showed high correlation with those of several basement and sedimentary cover faults in the ONSSB. The secondary depressions are also controlled by the faults. Comparative research between all the global salt basins and continental nuclei distribution suggests that distribution of the former is controlled by the latter, and almost all the salt basins developed in or at the margin of the continental nucleus area. The nature of the tectonie basement exerts a key controlling effect on potash basin formation. And on this basis we analyzed in detail the geological conditions of salt-forming and potash-forming in the ONSSB.

The Development of Mountainous Rural Landscapes in Southern Shaanxi from the Perspective of Ecotourism

This study introduced the connotation of rural ecotourism,and analyzed the advantages of tourism resources development of mountainous rural landscapes in southern Shaanxi.On this basis,it expounded the existing problems of mountainous rural landscape development in southern Shaanxi,and concluded that its rural landscape resource tourism development was not enough,ecological awareness needed to be strengthened,and the characteristics of rural landscapes were not fully explored.Furthermore,the suggestions and measures for the protection and sustainable development of the ecological environment pattern and the inheritance and excavation of the characteristic culture of the rural landscape were proposed,with a view to providing a reference for the development and construction of rural landscape tourism in China.

The Extension Methods and Fecision-making Analysis on the Planting Dtructure of Dlope Garmland in Northern Shaanxi

Based on the resent research about the planting structure of slope farmland in northern Shaanxi,in order to increase the native's income,we use the theory of the extension methods to analyze the planting structure of slope farmland,so that we can get the extensive strategy,and put them into use for planting of slope farmland to make the native's income higher.

Influence of climatic warming in the Southern and Northern Hemi-sphere on the tropical cyclone over the western North Pacific Ocean

Based on analyzing the surface air temperature series in the Southern and Northern Hemisphere and the tropical cyclone (TC) over the western North Pacific Ocean, the relationships between climatic warming and the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclone are investigated. The results showed that with the climatic warming in both hemispheres, the frequency of the tropical cyclone over the western North Pacific Ocean reduces and its intensity weakens simultaneously. A possible explanation might be that the cold air invasion from the Southern Hemisphere weakens due to global warming.

Change Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Summer Precipitation Anomaly in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province

[ Objective] The research aimed to study change characteristics and formation cause of summer precipitation abnormality in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province. [ Method] Based on summer precipitation data at 15 observation stations in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province and NCEP/NCAR dataset from 1961 to 2008, change characteristics of summer precipitation in the region were investigated by using linear trend estimation and composite analysis. [Result] Summer rainfall had decrease trend in most parts of northem Shaanxi Province, but had increase trend in western and southern regions. The interannual and interdecadal variations were obvious. It had a large amount of precipitation from the mid- 1970s to the mid-1990s, while summer rainfall had decrease trend after the mid-1990s and increase trend in recent years. In wet years, it was a large positive anomaly zone from western Ural Mountains to northem Lake Baikal at middle and high latitudes, indicating that there was a blocking high over the Ural Mountains, while it was negative anomaly zone from northern Okhotsk Sea to Lake Baikal. From Northwest Pacific Ocean to Bo- hal Sea Bay and North China, it was a wide range of significant positive anomaly zone, which was favorable for Westem Pacific subtropical high ex- tending westward and northward. The analysis in dry years showed opposite circulation configuration. It was ＂ -, ＋, -＂ wave train distribution in middle and high latitudes and positive anomaly zone along the Sea of Okhotsk. Western Pacific subtropical high was also by south and east. Major water vapor was from southeast direction in wet years, and abundant water vapor caused more summer rainfall in northern Shaanxi. In dry years, water vapor was from westerly tuming southerly flow. It was weaker and by east. [ Conclusion] The research provided reference for reasonable utilization of summer precipitation in the zone.

Discovery of Marine-terrestrial Transitional Facies Shale Gas in Taiyuan Formation of Zhenjia 1 Well,Northern Shaanxi,Ordos basin

Objective At present, there is controversy regarding the existence of marine-terrestrial transitional facies that can act as a source of shale gas. This detailed study of Carboniferous-Permian age geological data from the northern Shaanxi area （China） provides new insight for this type of shale gas. In addition, a new deposition and accumulation pattern for this type of shale gas is established.

Characteristics and evolution of lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member of Yanchang Formation in northern Shaanxi

Lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member in the studied area consists of sihstone and fine sandstone with respect to grain size, which is feldspathic lithie sandstone, syrosem arkose and arkose with respect to mineral constitution affected by provenance. There are such apparent signatures as lithology, sedimentary structure, sedimentary sequence and well logs, to recognize turbidite. During the paleogeographic evolution of Chang-7 Member, lake basin and deep lake are both at their maximum extent during Chang-73 stage, resulting in the deposition of Zhangjiatan shale with widespread extent and of turbidite with fragmental-like. Deep lake line is gradually moving toward lake center and turbidite sand bodies are gradually turning better with better lateral continuity, connectivity and more thickness, from stages of Chang-73, Chang-72 and Chang-7t, which can be favorable reservoir in deep-water.

Comparisons of surface Chl a and primary productivity along three transects of the southern South China Sea, northern Java Sea and eastern Indian Ocean in April 2011

Results are presented about the changes in chlorophyll a density, carbon fixation and nutrient levels in the surfacewaters of three transects of the southern South China Sea （SCS）, northern Java Sea （JS） and eastern Indian Ocean （IO） duringApril 5-16 of 2011. The in situ Chl a concentration and carbon fixation showed decreasing trends from high to low latitudealong the three transects, while the photosynthetic rate of phytoplankton estimated from 14C incorporation displayed no simplevariation with latitude. Chl a concentration and carbon fixation in the IO water was lower than that in the JS water. Highersalinity and lower contents of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） and silicate （SiO3^2-） characterized the IO water as comparedto the SCS or JS water, and the PO4^3- content was lower in the IO water than in the SCS or JS water in most cases. Our resultsalso indicate the importance of DIN and SiO3^2- concentrations for the geographical changes in phytoplankton biomass andprimary productivity among the three regions.

A PRINCIPAL MODE OF CIRCULATION COVARIATION BETWEEN THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ENSO DURING BOREAL WINTER

By employing the singular value decomposition(SVD) analysis, we have investigated in the present paper the covariations between circulation changes in the Northern(NH) and Southern Hemispheres(SH) and their associations with ENSO by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, the reconstructed monthly NOAA SST, and CMAP precipitation along with NOAA Climate Prediction Center(CPC) ENSO indices. A bi-hemispheric covariation mode(hereafter BHCM) is explored, which is well represented by the first mode of the SVD analysis of sea surface pressure anomaly(SLPA-SVD1). This SVD mode can explain 57.36% of the total covariance of SLPA. BHCM varies in time with a long-term trend and periodicities of 3—5 years. The long term trend revealed by SVD1 shows that the SLP increases in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific but decreases in the western Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean, which facilitates easterlies in the lower troposphere to be intensified and El Ni觡o events to occur with lower frequency. The spatial pattern of the BHCM looks roughly symmetric about the equator in the tropics, whereas it is characterized by zonal disturbances in the mid-latitude of NH and is highly associated with AAO in the mid-latitude of SH. On inter-annual time scales, the BHCM is highly correlated with ENSO. The atmosphere in both the NH and SH responds to sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial region, while the contemporaneous circulation changes in the NH and SH in turn affect the occurrence of El Ni觡o/La Ni觡a. In boreal winter, significant temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with the BHCM are found worldwide. Specifically, in the positive phase of the BHCM,temperature and precipitation are anomalously low in eastern China and some other regions of East Asia. These results are helpful for us to better understand interactions between circulations in the NH and SH and the dynamical mechanisms behind these interactions.

Suitability and Construction of Self-Insulation Walls in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of Southern Shaanxi

In this paper, the suitability and construction technology of self-insulation walls were studied under the specific climatic conditions and regional resources of Hanzhong and Ankang in the hot summer and cold winter zone of Southern Shaanxi. Through the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and thermal inertia index, combined with the specifications of the shale hollow brick and aerated concrete block of Hanzhong and Ankang in southern Shaanxi, the thermal performance and suitable thickness of the external wall using self-insulation materials that meet the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings(DBJ61-65-2011) in Shaanxi Province were obtained. The results showed that the self-insulation wall had technical suitability in the hot summer and cold winter zone. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for the external wall insulation design of urban residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone of southern Shaanxi, but also a reference for designers to carry out energy-saving design of external walls of residential buildings in other similar climate zones.

Evaluation of groundwater geochemical characteristics and quality in the central and Northern Shaanxi Province,China

Groundwater is of vital importance to many aspects of ecosystem services,especially in the central and northern Shaanxi Provence,China,-an area covered by loess deposits and short of water resources.We studied the solute geochemistry and water quality of groundwater in this area to improve the understanding of hydrogeochemical processes in loess deposits area.The results showed that the average pH of groundwaters was 8.03±0.36(1 SD)with large ranges(324-83,379 mg/L)of the total dissolved solids(TDS).The cations and anions followed the order of Na^+>Ca^2+>Mg^2+>K^+>SiO2 and HCO3>Cl^->SO4^2->F^->NO3^-.Most groundwater samples show the HCO3^--Na^+-Ca^2+water type and a small number of samples the Na^+-Cl^-type.Irrigation water quality assessments showed that 40%of the groundwater has good water quality,42%moderate water quality,and 18%(the upper reaches of Wuding River and Wei River)poor water quality with very high salinity.About 40%of groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking due to the high TDS,fluoride,sulfide,and chloride.Gibbs plot and stoichiometry analysis showed that carbonate weathering is the main source of groundwater chemistry in central Shaanxi Province while evaporite dissolution dominates in northern Shaanxi Provence.The loess weathering significantly influences the dissolved solutes of groundwater in the Loess Plateau.The ion-exchange between Mg^2+and Ca^2+in groundwater and Na^+in clay minerals and the deposition of carbonate minerals increased Na^+but decreased the Ca^2+in groundwater.Our research results improve our understanding of hydrogeochemical processes that affect the solutes chemistry of groundwater in the loess area and provide essential data to the global groundwater database.

The Research on the Psychological Tactic of the Northern and Southern Dynasties

Psychology’s military use was discovered by ancient Chinese strategists in a very early time.In the Spring and Autumn period(770 B.C.-476 B.C.),psychological tactics were put into practice.After coming to the Northern and Southern Dynasties(420-589),psychological tactics had become the required course of strategists.Therefore,many generals of this period could use it adroitly.There were many classic examples which could help us analyze the psychological tactics of this era.The purpose of this paper is to introduce a few classic examples and summarize their characteristics.Then,we can better understand the psychological tactics of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.