A systematic review of climate change impacts,adaptation strategies,and policy development in West Africa

Climate change studies are diverse with no single study giving a comprehensive review of climate change impacts,adaptation strategies,and policy development in West Africa.The unavailability of an all-inclusive study to serve as a guide for practitioners affects the effectiveness of climate change adaptation strategies proposed and adopted in the West African sub-region.The purpose of this study was to review the impacts of climate change risks on the crop,fishery,and livestock sectors,as well as the climate change adaptation strategies and climate-related policies aimed at helping to build resilient agricultural production systems in West Africa.The review process followed a series of rigorous stages until the final selection of 56 articles published from 2009 to 2023.Generally,the results highlighted the adverse effects of climate change risks on food security.We found a continuous decline in food crop production.Additionally,the livestock sector experienced morbidity and mortality,as well as reduction in meat and milk production.The fishery sector recorded loss of fingerlings,reduction in fish stocks,and destruction of mariculture and aquaculture.In West Africa,climate-smart agriculture technologies,physical protection of fishing,and inclusion of gender perspectives in programs appear to be the major adaptation strategies.The study therefore recommends the inclusion of ecosystem and biodiversity restoration,weather insurance,replacement of unsafe vessels,and strengthening gender equality in all climate change mitigation programs,as these will help to secure enough food for present and future generations.

Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate Impact of Climate Change on Food Crops Farming in Oyo State,Nigeria

The research investigated the adaptation strategies to mitigate consequence of climate change on food crops farming in Oyo State.120 respondents were selected for this study using multi-stage sampling procedures.Primary data was collected through interview schedule and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.Available results indicated that 84.2% of the respondents were male,93.3% of them were married and maize(45.8%),cassava(37.5%)are the mainly crops cultivated.Results also revealed that 70.0% of the respondents have knowledge of climate change with majority(84.17%)of them regularly accessed information on climate change through radio and 88.3%of them claimed to adopt planting crops favorable for the present weather condition as an adaptation techniques to mitigate the consequences of climate change more frequently.Chi-square and Correlation results revealed a significant relationship existed between farmers educational levels(X2=4.861;p=0.003);household size(r=-0.089;p=0.002);knowledge(r=-0.157;p=0.002),and adaptation strategies to reduce the consequences of climate change on the food crops farming.It was recommended that food crop farmers should be provided with better education and sensitized in order for them to be acquainted with adaptation techniques and coping mechanisms that are currently been offered by research.

Climate Change, Adaptive Strategies and Rural Livelihoods in Semiarid Tanzania

Climate change is a global challenge to both sustainable livelihoods and economic development. In Tanzania as in most African countries, farming depends almost entirely on rainfall, a situation that makes agriculture and thus rural livelihoods especially in semiarid environments particularly vulnerable to climate change. This study analyses the impacts of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods with particular focus on agricultural production, food security and adaptive capacities in semiarid areas of Tanzania. The methods used in this study included focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household surveys and field observations. Results from the study indicate that communities understood climate change in terms of variability in rainfall patterns and amount, temperature patterns, wind, water availability, increased incidences of drought and decreased agricultural productivity. Communities in the study area acknowledged that while rainfall amounts have decreased over the last thirty years, temperatures have increased;an experience is also supported by meteorological data. Such changes were claimed to have reduced agricultural productivity particularly due to prolonged drought, inadequate and uneven distribution of rainfall as well as unpredictable onset and ending of rains. Stressors such as crop diseases and pests, low soil fertility and inadequate extension services were also reported to contribute to the decline in agricultural productivity and re-occurrence of food insecurity. In response, communities have developed multiple adaptation strategies, including growing of drought tolerant and early maturing crop varieties, increasing wetlands cultivation, water harvesting for small-scale irrigation and livestock keeping. However, households with limited livelihood assets are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and food insecurity. The study argues that diversification of adaptive strategies, such as water harvesting for small-scale irrigation, integration of livestock and crop production are crucial to ensuring sustainable livelihood in a changing climate.

Impact of Climatic Change on Agricultural Production and Response Strategies in China

A number of studies indicate that global climate warming has been increasing, especially in recent decades. Climate warming greatly affects global agro-production and food security-- becoming a hotspot of global environmental change. This paper proposes a structural and orientational framework for scientifically addressing climatic change impact on agroroduction. Through literature reviews and comparative studies, the paper systematically summarizes influencing mechanisms and impact of climate warming on such agro-production factors as light, temperature, soil quality and water environment. The impact of climate warm- ing on cultivation regions, cropping systems, crop pests, agro- production capacity, agro-economy and farm management is analyzed. Then, suitable climate-adapting agro-development strategies are put forward for different regions in China. The strategies are carefully selected from a repository of international tested climatic change countermeasures in agriculture at national or district level.

How Himalayan communities are changing cultivation practices in the context of climate change

Climate change can have significant impacts on crop yields and food security.This study assessed the linkages between climate change and crop yields to obtain a better understanding on the drivers of food security.The study was conducted in Pasagaun village of Lamjung District in Nepal,where household surveys and focus group discussions(FGDs)were used to collect data including crop cultivation,irrigation facilities,and adaptation strategies.Moreover,climate data(temperature and precipitation)from 1992 to 2020 were collected from the Khudi Bazar meteorological station and crop yield data were obtained from the Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division.Trend analysis of temperature and precipitation was conducted using MannKendall trend test and Sen’s slope method,and the results showed an increase in the average temperature of approximately 0.02℃/a and a decrease in the annual precipitation of 9.84 mm/a.The cultivation of traditional varieties of rice and foxtail millet(Kaguno)has vanished.Although,there was no significant impact of the maximum temperature on the yield of rice and maize,the regression analysis revealed that there are negative relationships between rice yield and annual minimum temperature(r=-0.44),between millet yield and annual precipitation(r=-0.30),and between maize yield and annual minimum temperature(r=-0.31),as well as positive relationship between rice yield and annual precipitation(r=0.16).Moreover,average rice yield and millet yield have decreased by 27.0% and 57.0% in 2000-2020,respectively.Despite other reasons for the decrease in crop yield such as the lack of irrigation facilities,out-migration of farmer,and increased pest infestation,respondents have adopted adaptation strategies(for example,shifts in cultivation time and changes in crop types)to minimize the impacts of climate change.More investigation and community-based farming education are needed to understand and alleviate the harmful impacts of climate change on crop yield,as effective adaptation coping strategies are still insufficient.This study provides insights into the adaptation strategies that are necessary to keep food security in the face of climate change.

Factors Influencing the Adaptation Decisions to Impacts of Climate Change among the Maasai Pastoral Community in Narok County, Kenya

Climate change has adverse effects on household food security and on poverty alleviation among pastoralists. This study used unique household-level data from 415 pastoral households from three sub-counties—of Narok County in Kenya to identify the major determinants of their decision to select different community-based adaptation strategies to impacts of climate change. The results from a logit model indicated that the household head characteristics (gender, education (secondary and university level), marital status, and the main occupation), socio-economic and institutional factors (access to credit, access to water, and access to climate related information) were important in enhancing the adoption of the adaptation strategies to impacts of climate change. Therefore, to enhance the resilience of pastoral communities to impacts of climate change, policies that incorporate indigenous knowledge, promote community-led adaptation, enhance effective and appropriate dissemination of climate-related information at the local level and those that provide access to relevant institutions should be formulated. In addition, livestock off-take schemes, and framework needs to be set through the establishment of effective and efficient livestock markets specifically in the pastoral areas in order to cushion pastoralist from deepening into food insecurity and poverty during the occurrences of extreme climate events.

Impacts of species depletion on the food web structure of a marine ecosystem based on topological network analysis

Single-species management ignores the interactions between species,and ecosystem-based fisheries management(EBFM)has become a main method to fisheries management.Understanding food web structures and species interactions is essential for the implementation of EBFM and maintenance of ecosystem functions.Overfishing is one of the main reasons behind the depletion,which could even lead to the depletion of some target species in local areas.So understanding the impacts of species depletion on food web structures is important for the implementation of EBFM.The impacts of species depletion can be transmitted through the food web and cause the local extinction of both target and non-target species.In this study,topological network analysis was applied to examine the impacts of species depletion on the food web structure of Haizhou Bay.Results showed that fine crayfish Leptochela gracilis,squid Loligo sp.,and Japanese snapping shrimp Alpheus japonicus have the highest numbers of outgoing links(48,32 and 31 respectively);thus,these species may be considered key prey species.Whitespotted conger Conger myriaster,fat greenling Hexagrammos otakii,and bluefin gurnard Chelidonichthys kumu were key predators with the highest number of incoming links(37,36 and 35 respectively).The competition graphs derived from the Haizhou Bay food web were highly connected(more than 40%predators sharing over 10 common prey species),and showed close trophic interaction between high trophic level fishes.Simulation analysis showed that the food web structure has small changes to the depletion of species in a highly complex food web.The most-connected target species did not necessarily indicate high structural importance;however,some species with low connectivity may demonstrate stronger trophic interactions and play important ecological roles in the food web.But most species were more sensitive to the depletion of the most-connected target species than other target species(for instance,for zooplankton,closeness centrality 13.876 in D6,but closeness centrality 82.143 in original food web).Therefore,EBFM should focus on the most-connected target species,but also on those species with few but strong links and feeding relationships in the food web.

我国大豆种业科技创新发展现状及对策建议

我国是大豆消费和进口大国,推动大豆产业振兴、强化大豆种业科技创新对于保障我国粮饲安全意义重大。结合2016年以来我国大豆种植面积、产量、进口量等数据及相关研究进展,深入分析我国大豆产业所面临的刚性需求量大且长期依靠进口、平均单产水平低且种植面积受限、大豆进口面临潜在风险且不易疏解等形势挑战,简述了“十三五”期间我国大豆种业科技创新发展成效,系统分析了我国大豆种业科技创新面临的种质资源研究水平不高、原始科技创新能力不足、商业化育种体系不完善、知识产权保护体系滞后等问题,并据此提出我国大豆种业科技创新发展的对策建议,以期为推动我国大豆种业科技自立自强提供重要参考。

全球气候变化对粮食安全的影响及适应策略研究

全球气候变化日益加剧,对粮食安全构成严重威胁。综合分析气候变化对农业生产、粮食供给、粮食获取和粮食利用的多重影响,探讨了气候变化背景下保障粮食安全面临的挑战,在此基础上从农业生产、技术创新、政策制定和国际合作等方面提出了适应性策略,希望缓解气候变化对粮食安全的不利影响,增强粮食系统的韧性。研究表明,多层次、多维度的适应性措施对于应对气候变化引发的粮食安全风险具有重要意义。

大食物观视角下我国饲料粮进口依存度的统计分析及应对策略

畜牧养殖业的高速发展使饲料粮需求呈持续增长态势。然而,我国人口众多,耕地有限,饲料粮的生产供给与实际需求存在一定缺口,所以存在玉米、大豆等主要饲料粮进口依存度高的问题,进而对我国粮食安全构成潜在威胁。尤其在大食物观视角下,饲料粮既可以作为人的口粮,又能生产加工成饲料,在终端市场中提供动物源性食品。鉴于粮食安全的重要性,本文从我国饲料粮的资源状况出发,结合饲料粮进口依存度的统计分析,提出我国饲料粮安全面临的挑战,并从大食物观视角提出应对策略,力求降低饲料粮对外部市场的依赖,增强饲料粮供应的安全性和可持续性,切实保障我国粮食安全。

东北平原适应全球气候变化的若干粮食生产对策的模拟研究

采用 GISS Transient B模型和黑河、哈尔滨、长春、沈阳、延吉等 5个样点近 4 0年的逐日气候资料 ,在计算机上生成了我国东北平原未来 10年、 30年和 5 0年的气候渐变情景 ;将 CERES系列模型 (包括大豆、玉米、水稻 3种作物 )在上述各样点不同年份的气候渐变情景下运行 ,并将模拟结果与当前气候条件下的模拟值相比较 ,评价了气候变化及大气 CO2 浓度增长对研究区域作物布局和品种布局的阶段性影响 ;还利用若干农业气候指标 ,结合各样点的气候渐变情景 ,分析了我国冬小麦安全种植北界在研究地区可能出现的地理位移。在此基础上 ,就东北平原未来的作物与品种布局 ,以及能否安全种植冬小麦等提出具体意见 ,供有关部门在制定农业中。

小熊猫对食物的选择和觅食对策的初步研究

作者在四川马边大风顶自然保护区对小熊猫的食物选择和觅食对策进行了研究，结果表明小熊猫喜欢选择在坡度较大，林木郁闭度适中，竹子生长良好，竹子密度适中，离水源较近的杜鹃－大叶筇竹林中活动觅食，喜食大叶筇竹竹叶和竹笋，偶食白背玉山竹竹叶和竹笋，不食刺竹。并且对大叶筇竹竹龄和竹叶也有明显的选择，喜食１、２年生竹龄或刚萌生的幼嫩竹叶。环境中每１ｍ￣２的大叶筇竹竹叶能提供２８５０．０９ｋＪ的能量，若按１％的利用率计算，能提供２８．５ｋＪ的能量，而小熊猫每天能量需求为３６２６．４４３７ｋＪ，全年共需１．３２３７×１０￣６ｋＪ，即环境中每０．０４６５ｋｍ￣２的大叶筇竹竹叶生物量能满足１只小熊猫全年能量的需求。

气候变化对中国农业生产的影响及应对策略

全球气候呈现变暖的趋势,对农业生产和粮食安全产生重大影响,并成为当今全球环境变化关注的热点问题之一。本文采用文献综述与比较研究的方法,系统分析了气候变化对光资源、温度、土壤质量和水环境等农业生产要素的影响机理,探讨了气候变化对我国作物种植区域和种植制度、农作物病虫害、农业生产能力以及农业经济与管理等方面的实际影响,通过梳理国外应对气候变化的主要农业战略,提出新时期我国应对气候变化的农业可持续发展策略。

昆明滇蛙的取食策略

目前国内研究两栖类食性选择或偏好多未考虑蛙胃内不同食物的丰盈程度与栖境不同食物资源是否存在相关性。在分析了采自昆明白龙寺和昆明石林西街口的494只滇蛙(Rana pleuraden)的食性的同时,分析了采自对应栖境中的食物资源组成。结果表明,滇蛙的食物成份与食物资源相具有稳定性,主要类群均为直翅目、同翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目和蛛形纲等8类。但又存在变异性,不同产地、不同年份和不同月份之间的蛙标本胃内的食物成分各类群的比例均不相同。主要食物成份与食物资源相的差异显著性分析、相关性分析和选择性分析等方面的结果均支持或证明:滇蛙对食物具有选择性或取食偏好。栖境的食物资源相与蛙胃内的食物成分不存在相关性(白龙寺:r=0.077,P=0.575;西街口:r=-0.086,P=0.500)。直翅目(Ei<-0.35)和同翅目(Ei<-0.37)昆虫是滇蛙取食时回避的食物,而对鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目和蛛形纲等4个类群(Ei>0.45)具有明显偏好。

中国应抓住气候变化的战略机遇期

气候变化是世界关注的热点问题,中国是世界人口和农业大国,如何科学应对气候变化,趋利避害,把握重要机遇期,是关系中国复兴的重大课题。本文从地质时期气候变化、历史时期气候变化和近代气候变化3个方面,分析说明了气候变化取决于自然和人类活动状况,气候变化有冷暖交替周期,目前处于第四纪冰期的小暖期,进一步提出了要从太阳系、大气圈、岩石圈、水圈和生物圈不同层次的相互影响,来研究气候变化的思路。根据中国经济社会和农业发展与气候变化历史过程对比分析,中国粮食连续九连增,特别是东北粮食基地生产能力的快速提高,明显受益于气候变暖。提出了中国应抓住气候变化中的战略机遇期。目前我国粮食供需总体上仍处于紧平衡状态,"靠天吃饭"还没有根本改变,我国粮食呈北粮南运,北方又是干旱缺水和受气候变化影响敏感的地区,建议国家有关部门立项开展我国北方气候变化与水资源安全和粮食安全研究,以为保障我国粮食安全提供理论依据和技术支撑。

群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征

稳定碳、氮同位素比值分析技术是研究生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的有效技术。δ13C可以用来判断食物网中不同生物的能量来源;δ15N主要用于确定生物在食物网中所处的营养位置。通常用δ13C—δ15N图来表征某一特定时间或空间的食物网结构,但是这种方法在比较不同时间和空间食物网结构中功效较差。同时这种定性描述食物网结构也无法满足食物网复杂变化下的假说验证。应用环形统计方法,以太湖梅梁湾鱼类群落为例,定量评价了群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征。结果表明太湖梅梁湾鱼类营养生态位移动的季节特征明显。进一步物种水平分析结果表明,各种鱼类角度和幅度随季节均有变化。Rayleigh检验结果表明,群落中不同种类在秋冬、冬春和夏秋均有显著的一致的方向变化;而春夏期间不显著。Watson-William检验结果表明,群落水平的鱼类营养生态位移动在秋冬和冬春季节转换中有显著差异。引起鱼类群落水平营养生态位在食物网空间中季节性移动的主要因素为可利用资源稳定同位素的季节变化和不同鱼类种群自身的食性季节性转变。同时,由于梅梁湾食物网鱼类群落杂食性水平高,季节性浮游初级生产力成为食物网能量流动的重要驱动作用。因此,在富营养化生态系统中,食物网群落水平营养生态位季节波动也暗示了系统稳定性的下降。定量评价食物网变化有助于认识和理解食物网结构与功能在生态学和生态系统管理等方面的重要。

“粮改饲”背景下农牧业资源有效配置文献研究

近年来,国家提出农业供给侧结构性改革的总体构想,开展了"粮改饲"和"种养结合"模式试点。"粮改饲"的策略作为农业供给侧改革措施之一,旨在将稀缺资源进行有效配置,促进粮食作物、经济作物、饲料作物三元种植结构协调发展。本文从农业供给侧、农牧业结构调整、农牧业经营模式与影响因素、基于种植业与养殖业视角"粮改饲"的相关文献进行梳理,通过梳理已有主要文献目的是总结农牧业"粮经饲"结构调整的经济规律,既具有相关问题研究的学术参考价值,又可以指导"粮改饲"的农业供给侧改革实践。

基于饮食结构变迁趋势下的饲料粮预测

我国居民饮食结构的变迁——植物性食物消费逐渐下降与动物性食物消费逐渐增加,引发了畜牧业对饲料粮需求的增加。饲料粮也成为仅次于口粮消费的第二大粮食消费途径,而且未来可能超过口粮成为第一大粮食消费途径。基于我国居民饮食结构变迁的视角,利用时间趋势外推法预测未来我国居民的人均食物消费量,结合料肉比和粮肉比推算我国饲料粮的未来需求量,并提出了相关政策建议。

虚拟水贸易影响水安全及粮食安全研究综述

全球气候变化加剧,国内粮食主产区水安全趋于严峻进而影响国家粮食安全。从气候变化影响水安全、粮食安全的研究文献出发,梳理了虚拟水贸易对农业水资源优化的战略意义,总结当前依据虚拟水贸易战略实现气候变化条件下区域水量平衡的社会水循环研究思潮。认为应明确将"虚拟水要素"纳入水平衡概念模型,进一步挖掘虚拟水贸易战略对冲气候变化风险的潜力,构建虚拟水贸易的实施政策,拓展保障地区水安全、粮食安全的非工程途径。

额尔齐斯河东方欧鳊食性研究

通过分析额尔齐斯河东方欧鳊(Abramis brama)的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食策略,探究其在摄食形态学上的适应性,进一步补充和完善东方欧鳊生物学基础资料,为其人工增养殖提供技术支持。2014年5月至2015年6月,采用三层流刺网、定置刺网和围网,在额尔齐斯河中国段下游分季节连续采集东方欧鳊样本152尾。通过对鱼类样本进行测定、分析和处理,分别对东方欧鳊的摄食强度以及食物组成和摄食策略进行了研究。结果表明,152尾东方欧鳊样品的空肠率为30.92%。根据数量百分比分析,藻类在东方欧鳊食物组成中占绝对优势(99.82%),其中硅藻门的比例最高(73.09%);通过重量百分比、相对重要性指数百分比以及优势度指数指标分析,在每年的5-6月,额尔齐斯河东方欧鳊主要摄食水生昆虫幼体,以摇蚊幼虫为主,藻类在食物组成中的比重极小;Amundsen图示法表明,此时东方欧鳊为偏动物食性的广食性鱼类,且不同个体间食物组成存在一定差异。东方欧鳊的摄食消化器官形态与其食性相适应。