Contribution of Geographic Information Systems for the Management of Water Resources： Case of Groundwater Resources of the Plain of Mascara （Algeria）

The plain of Mascara includes groundwater resources, heavily exploited for the needs of the population, industry and agriculture. However, this resource is under threat from the point of view of quality and quantity. The degradation of water quality comes from water discharges untreated （domestic and/or industrial） and from the irrational use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. The decrease in reserves is due to the effects of intensive exploitation. Several studies on the water resources of the plain generated a mass of very important data. In most cases, these data are disparate at different institutions managers （water resources, environment, etc.）, and are found recorded in paper documents, difficult to exploit. For this reason, it would be essential to use reliable new techniques, namely the GIS （geographic information systems）. The implementation of the GIS of the plain of Mascara （with extension to all the sub-basin of Wadi Fekan） must permit to organize the data and transform it into information. Integration, crossing and superposition of the data with other variables may contribute to spatial analysis and generate very important thematic maps. The GIS constitutes a very effective decision aid tool for the management, exploitation, preservation and protection of water resources. The exploitation possibilities of GIS are multiple, direct or indirect. We give an example as the coupling with a groundwater flow model that may be the subject of additional work.

A Numerical Solution for the Integrated Analysis of Water Resources Management: Application to the Mero River Watershed, La Coruña, Spain

This research is concerned with new developments and practical applications of a physically-based numerical model that incorporates new approaches for a finite elements solution to the steady/transient problems of the joint ground/surface water flows. Python scripts are implemented in Geographic Information System (GIS) to store, represent and take decisions on the simulated conditions related to the water resources management at the scale of the watershed. The proposed surface-subsurface model considers surface and groundwater interactions to be 2-D horizontally distributed and depth-averaged through a diffusive wave approach for surface flood routing. Infiltration rates, overland flows and evapotranspiration processes are considered by a diffuse discharge from surface water, non-saturated subsoil and groundwater table. Recent developments also allow for the management of surface water flow control through the capacity of diversion on river beds, spillways and outflow operations of floodgates in weirs and dams of reservoirs. Practical application regards the actual hydrology of the Mero River watershed, with two important water bodies mainly concerned with the water resources management at the Cecebre Reservoir and the present flooding of a deep coal mining excavation. The MELEF model (Modèle d’éLéments Fluides, in French) was adapted and calibrated during a period of five years (2008/ 2012) with the help of hydrological parameters, registered flow rates, water levels and registered precipitation, water uses and water management operations in surface and groundwater bodies. The results predict the likely evolution of the Cecebre Reservoir, the flow rates in rivers, the flooding of the Meirama open pit and the local water balances for different hydrological components.

A system dynamics approach for water resources policy analysis in arid land:a model for Manas River Basin

The Manas River Basin in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, similar to other arid regions, is facing water constraints which challenge decision-makers as to how to rationally allocate the available water resources to meet the demands from industries and natural ecosystems. Policies which integrate the supply and demand are needed to address the water stress issues. An object-oriented system dynamics model was developed to capture the interrelationships between water availability and increasing water demands from the growth of industries, agri- cultural production and the population through modeling the decision-making process of the water exploration ex- plicitly, in which water stress is used as a major indicator. The model is composed of four sectors： 1 ） natural surface and groundwater resources; 2） water demand; 3） the water exploitation process, including the decision to build reservoirs, canals and pumps; 4） water stress to which political and social systems respond through increasing the supply, limiting the growth or improving the water use efficiency. The model was calibrated using data from 1949 to 2009 for population growth, irrigated land area, industry output, perceived water stress, groundwater resources availability and the drying-out process of Manas River; and simulations were carried out from 2010 to 2050 on an annual time step. The comparison of results from calibration and observation showed that the model corresponds to observed behavior, and the simulated values fit the observed data and trends accurately. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model is robust to changes in model parameters related to population growth, land reclamation, pumping capacity and capital contribution to industry development capacity. Six scenarios were designed to inves- tigate the effectiveness of policy options in the area of reservoir relocation, urban water recycling, water demand control and groundwater pumping control. The simulation runs demonstrated that the technical solutions for im- proving water availability and water use efficiency are not sustainable. Acknowledging the carrying capacity of water resources and eliminating a growth-orientated value system are crucial for the sustainability of the Manas River Basin.

Comparison and Assessment of Success of Models in Watershed Simulation and Management

In Jordan, Zarqa River Basin (ZRB) has been taken as a case study for applying water management models because of its limited water resources and due to the fact that the basin is dwelling with about 52% of Jordan’s population. The surface water resources are mainly used for agriculture because they are mixed with treated water and cannot be used for domestic purposes. This paper aims to demonstrate the contributions of Models in watershed management that provide indirect ways of assessing and confirming the success of models in water flow simulation. The method includes transferring the computed hydrologic parameters for Zarqa basin’s sub-catchments within Watershed Modeling System (WMS) into Water Resources Model (WRM) and HEC-1 models. Then the results of the HEC-1 and WRM models are compared according to their basin’s simulation with the real basin. The study includes description of the HEC-1, WRM models philosophy, the models representation, and simulation results and analysis of the Zarqa River Basin. Comparing the results of WRM and HEC-1 models proved their simulation efficiency in predicting the flow of Zarqa River Basin. Nevertheless, the philosophy of HEC-1 is a single storm event and is based on values of curve number, while WRM philosophy describes the water flow and availability, and demand and supply balance on a daily basis across the basin. The models’ predictions for the real flow definitely establish the modeling certainty and help the water resources’ developers to incorporate different basin features for watershed representation, simulation, and management. Hence, the certainty of the results in modeling provides indirect ways of assessing the success of models’ simulations.

Management Implications of Aquifer Fractures on Ecosystem and Habitat Suitability for Panthers in Southern Florida

Our case study analyzed the proximity of previously mapped fractures in the aquifer matrix to 93 Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) dens mapped from 2007-2016 in south Florida. Dens occurred in five counties (Collier = 77, Dade = 1, Hendry = 9, Lee = 5, and Monroe = 1) and three sub-basins of the Greater Everglades Basin (Big Cypress Swamp = 83, Caloosahatchee = 3, and Everglades = 7). Fractured aquifers occur worldwide, but are not the focus of habitat suitability studies, despite evidence that fractures influence plant species composition and density. Habitat alterations can occur many kilometers from the surface footprint of groundwater alterations in the regional Floridan aquifer system via preferential flow through fractures. Increased natural discharge from and recharge to the aquifer occur at fracture intersections. Greater induced recharge and habitat changes also may occur at fracture intersections. All dens were within 5 km of a previously mapped fracture;36% and 74% were within 1 km and 2 km, respectively, of those fractures;and 47%, 74%, and 90% of dens were within 2 km, 3.25 km and 5 km, respectively, from the nearest fracture intersection. Results suggest fractures influence the suitability and/or availability of habitat for panther dens, selection of den sites, and availability as well as abundance of high quality prey items essential for the nutritional demands of successfully rearing panther kittens in the wild. We recommend more detailed investigations of: a) vegetation characteristics near dens, b) groundwater alterations and cumulative impacts of those alterations associated with fractures in panther habitat (e.g., altered plant species composition and density), and c) influence of aquifer fractures in all habitats underlain by fractures.

Customized Standalone GIS-Based Tool for Ground Water Quality Assessment: Gaza Strip as a Case Study

Employing the full versions of GIS software with its numerous functions to manage case-specific applications is becoming inconvenient for many reasons. A convenient solution that is spreading worldwide to solve this problem is to develop customized tools that use the same GIS concept to meet specific applications. The water resource department in Gaza strip has been facing technical and financial difficulties in using the full GIS versions in managing groundwater resources. Thus, the objective of this paper was to develop a customized standalone GIS-Based ground water quality assessment tool (GWQAT) to be used by the water resources management department in Gaza strip. GWQAT was developed using Microsoft visual basic programming language, a regression mathematical model, map objects, and map files generated from ESRI ARC Info. GWQAT was designed to achieve many functions such as mapping, map overlaying, buffering, charting, soil hydro-geological profiling, and predicting future groundwater quality parameters variations. The simplicity and validity of GWQAT was demonstrated by its application on the groundwater quality parameters in Gaza strip wells with emphasis on chloride concentration.

“四水四定”最严格水资源管理管控指标研究

“四水四定”最严格水资源管理管控指标是水资源刚性约束制度的重要组成部分,是贯彻落实《节约用水条例》的重要抓手,“四水四定”的研究有助于推动用水方式由粗放向集约节约转变。通过分析“四水四定”的水是什么水、四定是什么的内涵,提出水资源的管控指标、经济社会发展保障及涉水均衡协调指标等;按照“城、地、人、产”用户维度和发展—水流—生态维度,构建了“四水四定”管控指标体系。文章以江苏沛县为例,从管控指标库的构建,以及考虑代表性、独立性、可比性和实用性四个方面的特征,建立了沛县的“四水四定”水资源刚性约束指标及目标,为各地正在开展的建立刚性约束制度和“四水四定”建设方案提供参考。

长江水资源调配推演器构建与推演分析

长江水资源调配推演器(CJGWAS)由中国长江三峡集团有限公司、中国水利水电科学研究院联合研发,实现长江流域水库工程“点”、河流及调水工程“线”、地市单元“面”、流域综合“体”的“点—线—面—体”一体化水资源科学模拟与开发利用分析。推演器融合水文模型、配置模型、水库调配模型、需水预测等算法,可对长江流域历史、现状进行复盘,并对未来状况进行推演。研究成果可为长江流域水网规划、重大引调水工程评估、断面生态流量及发电冲击预判等提供支撑。

大型直流冷却火电厂用水特征分析

直流冷却火电厂是我国工业用水大户,随着水资源短缺问题日益严重、节水要求日益提高,开展直流冷却火电厂用水特征分析研究,为节水改造提供技术支撑,愈发紧迫。文章以中山嘉明电厂为例,对其开展水平衡测试工作,确定电厂用水结构,推演用水参数及各系统用水指标,进行节水潜力分析并提出节水措施。分析结果显示,直流冷却是该类电厂主要的用水、退水环节,电厂用水指标满足相关定额要求,但在除盐水回用等方面仍有一定的节水潜力。测试及分析的开展为大型直流冷却火电行业节水改造、节水企业创建提供了一定的参考和借鉴。

不同尺度下水-能-碳系统空间关联关系分析

为应对气候变化和资源短缺压力的影响,研究水资源、能源和碳排放之间的关联关系,对促进“资源-环境-社会”的协调发展和推进绿色可持续发展进程具有重要意义。本文采用多区域投入产出模型,从三个尺度分析中国水-能-碳系统的变化情况和关联关系,结果表明:中国水资源、能源和碳排放空间转移的重心均位于东部地区,省际间水足迹、能源足迹和碳足迹贸易在产业关联路径的流量不断缩减,国际贸易水足迹的增加不利于改善中国水资源空间分布不均衡的情况;中国的30个省份水生产部门每万元产值的完全能源消耗量保持在较为稳定的低水平,完全用能效率高于直接用能效率,每万元产出的完全碳排放量高于直接碳排放量的情况居多,绝大多数省份直接和完全碳排放效率较高;五个能源生产部门每万元产出直接用水量、完全用水量和碳排放量均呈下降趋势,电力、热力的生产和供应业始终是直接和完全用水量与碳排放量最高的部门,且直接用水与碳排放量高于完全用水和碳排放量。

煤矿取用水智慧水务管理系统建设实践

为提高煤矿的取用水效率,建立了煤矿取用水智慧水务管理系统,该系统采用MLP神经网络模型,通过深度学习不同煤矿各用水环节的用水指标,并与相关用水定额进行综合对比,确定适合于系统应用煤矿各环节的合理用水区间,通过实时计算分析用水数据,及时预报预警不合理的用水环节,并将该系统应用于内蒙古鄂尔多斯市某煤矿中。结果表明,系统应用后该煤矿年取水量由117.75×10~4m~3降至86.87×10~4m~3,节水率达到26.23%,节水效果明显。可为后续煤矿类智慧水务管理系统的建设提供参考。

深圳市某城市更新单元规划水资源论证实践分析

文章以深圳市某城市更新单元为例,在客观评价水资源条件的基础上,分析规划对水资源需求的合理性、规划实施所需水资源保障的可靠性,避免规划落实引起的水资源开发方面的重大失误,以实现对水资源开发利用的有效管理。

江西省吉泰盆地水资源优化配置探析

吉泰盆地存在农业旱灾问题突出、水资源配置体系不健全、灌溉体系布局不完善等问题。分析了该区水资源状况及开发利用现状,提出了实现水资源优化配置的建议,即建设一个基本覆盖全域、功能健全、互联互通、丰枯互济、调控自如、保障有力的新灌区,推进灌区信息化建设,加强灌区管理。

无实测资料河流逐月水量估算方法适用性研究

无实测资料河流逐月水量估算是最严格水资源管理制度考核的重要支撑。基于流域水文相似性原理和水量平衡原理,选用径流模数法、径流系数法、区域水量平衡法,研究提出其逐月水量估算适用范围和估算成果合理性分析标准。以现有水文站为假设断面,采用参证水文站资料进行假设断面水量估算,对三种方法的适用范围和估算成果合理性分析标准进行验证。结果表明,径流模数法适用于集水面积相差不超过20%情形和考虑区间蓄泄水变量情况的集水面积相差在20%至1倍之间情形;径流系数法适用于集水面积相差在20%至1.5倍之间且估算时段有洪水过程情形;区间水量平衡法适用于上下游参证水文站面积比在3倍以内情形;“两种方法相对偏差小于18%”的估算成果合理性分析标准可行。

水利专家系统研究进展及发展趋势

水利专家系统作为一种基于人工智能技术的决策支持系统,在提高水利工程决策的准确性和时效性方面发挥着重要作用。通过归纳水利专家系统关键技术,梳理水利专家系统研究成果,旨在分析水利专家系统存在的问题,指出解决问题的方法,分析水利专家系统的发展趋势,深化人们对水利专家系统的全面认识,推动水利专家系统理论研究,促进人工智能技术在水利领域中的应用推广。

宁夏“四水四定”试点实践经验与对策建议

为破解水资源与经济社会高质量发展关系协调难题,宁夏回族自治区作为全国唯一试点省份率先启动“四水四定”试点工作,探索构建水资源承载能力与区域经济社会发展相协调、相适应的新模式。宁夏水资源总量匮乏、水资源时空分布明显不均、水质保障任务艰巨、水资源利用效率亟待提升,分析其水资源开发利用中存在的问题,有助于深刻认识宁夏“四水四定”工作开展所面临的短板弱项,为细化“四水四定”举措提供依据。通过加强顶层设计、完善政策制度体系、完善制定标准规范、选择试点开展探索、开启用水权改革、强化科技创新支撑,宁夏“四水四定”工作取得阶段性成效。在总结经验启示的基础上,提出构建以“四水四定”为牵引的七大治水体系,包括现代水网体系、节水控水体系、保护治理体系、防洪减灾体系、智慧水利体系、法治政策体系、改革创新体系。

我国水库承包制度现状及建议

水库承包是将水库经营权从政府转让给私人或组织,由该私人或组织负责经营和维护水库。自水库承包制度推广以来,发挥了巨大效益,不仅提高了水库管理水平还提升了水资源利用效益,但同时也带来一些问题,例如承包方技术水平参差不齐,承包费用没有统一规定。在分析我国水库承包制度优缺点的基础上,总结政府对水库承包制度制定的措施,并对该项制度提出建议,加强水库承包方的选择和管理,逐渐完善水库承包制度,明确承包费用标准,强化承包者社会责任及利益相关者沟通协调,明确评估水库承包考核的标准和方法,为未来水库承包工作提供参考依据。

中国干旱区水资源管理制度的结构优化与体系完善——基于结构功能分析方法

中国水资源总量丰富,但目前仍存在人均水资源占有量较低、水资源时空分布不均等问题,这些问题在干旱区更为明显。中国目前正实行最严格水资源管理制度,尽管该制度发挥了一定成效,但仍无法有效解决干旱区面临的水资源难题。从制度层面出发,运用结构-功能分析方法,归纳总结并分析中国干旱区涉及的水资源管理政策法律文件。分析结果表明:①中国干旱区水资源管理制度存在规范水资源利用行为、提高水资源利用效率的正功能和推动节水技术创新、促进可持续发展的潜正功能,以及水资源分配可能导致权力固化和供需不平衡,管理制度会增加企业和个人成本负担的潜负功能。②中国干旱区水资源管理制度存在纵向的立法规范结构约束、横向的水资源管理制度结构约束以及横纵结合的职权分配结构约束。进一步分析表明,产生上述结构约束的原因在于水资源管理立法纵向残缺、水资源管理制度横向配置局限以及水资源管理制度运行中的责任分配不明,由此导致节水领域制度落实困难、水资源分配不合理以及再生水利用效率偏低、水资源管理主体职责交叉重叠的问题,制约水资源管理制度体系的运行。因此,针对上述问题,应当制定专门性节水立法、完善干旱区水资源管理制度和明确水资源管理的责权分配,以期达到优化中国干旱区水资源管理制度的结构障碍及制度缺陷,消除其潜负功能的效果。

智慧水务信息化系统应用与分析研究

旨在全面探讨智慧水务信息化系统的应用与分析研究。首先,概述了智慧水务的定义、特点,以及信息化系统的构成与功能,详细阐述了系统的工作原理。其次,分析了智慧水务信息化系统在水资源规划、供水服务、污水处理、防洪减灾以及其他领域的应用实践,展示了其在提高水资源利用效率、优化供水服务体验、加强污水处理监管的积极作用。再次,智慧水务信息化系统在应用过程中也面临着技术、安全等多方面的挑战,为此,提出了相应的对策和建议,包括加强技术创新与应用、完善管理制度与流程、提升系统安全性能及加强人才培养与团队建设等。最后,总结了智慧水务信息化系统应用与分析研究的主要成果,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。