China’s Imports Technology Structure and Its Relationship with Trade Partners:1995-2011

This paper uses the latest data to analyze the historical patterns and the current situation of the technology structure of China＇ commodities imports, the structure of China＇s commodities imports from 19 countries and regions, and China＇s interdependent relationship with its trade partners on the basis of studying 230 kinds of manufactured products categorized by their technological intensity. The results show that during the period of 1995-2011, the share of low technology （low-tech） products and medium technology （medium-tech） products declined,＂ the share of primary products, resource- based products, and high technology （high-tech） products increased; high-tech products had taken the largest share, bypassing low-tech and medium-tech products, as early as 2000; different types of countries exported different kinds of commodities to China and had different positions in China＇s imports; China had relatively high interdependent relations with Japan, South Korea and China＇s Taiwan; China had relatively low interdependent relations with the United States, Germany, France and the Netherlands; China＇s import dependence on major developing countries and emerging developing countries was less than these countries＇ export dependence on China; China was the leading export destination for major developing countries and emerging developing countries. Generally speaking, the development of China＇s import trade is inclusive, and China shares its growth with other countries. It not only promotes developing countries＇exports but also enhances developed countries＇ exports.

ADJUSTMENT IN CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS FOREIGN TRADE

Of its total export volume,the proportion of China’s new andhigh technology products and highvalue-added products is extremelylow. Its pure technological exportrate is only 2 percent of the total.Therefore,along with thetransformation of the mode ofgrowth of China’s nationaleconomy, a corresponding growthmode transformation should takeplace in its foreign trade sector,and it is necessary to achieve asignificant change in its importand export product mix.

China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

Expand Trade to Adapt to Market Competition——China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation

Founded in 1950, the China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation (CMC) is a large national foreign trade enterprise directly under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, specializing in the import and export of electromechanical products. It is one of our country’s first and largest foreign trade corporations. Since its founding 45 years ago, the corporation has been consistently endeavoring to develop and expand foreign trade in electromechanical products, and

China's Mechano-electronic Import & Export

China’s electronics and machinery exports have witnessed rapid development since China expanded its electronics and machinery exports as a strategic policy in its foreign trade development in 1985. Similarly, electronics and machinery imports also maintained their growth pace in line with China’s national economic development. China’s electronics and machinery trade with foreign countries stood at US$19.97 billion in 1985, with exports taking US$1.68 billion and imports US$18.29 billion. By the year 1994, China’s electronics and machinery

China's Imports and Exports Have Maintained Rapid Growth

Imports and exports In the period of January-October,Chinese imports and exports have maintained rapid growth,the structure has continued to be optimized,the transformation of growth drivers has been accelerated,the quality and efficiency have improved,and momentum of steady growth has been further consolidated.

Remarkable Growth of China's Food Import and Export

Along with the rapid development of its foreign trade, China’s food imports and exports have also increased by a large margin in recent years. In 1994, the total value of imports and exports of food in the country reached US$12.

China's Import Growth Rate Exceeds Export Growth in 1998

Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓＩｍｐｏｒｔＧｒｏｗｔｈＲａｔｅＥｘｃｅｄｓＥｘｐｏｒｔＧｒｏｗｔｈｉｎ１９９８１Ｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｆｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｔｒａｄｅｉｎ１９９７Ｉｎ１９９７，Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｔｒａｄｅｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄａｒａｐｉｄｇｒｏｗｔｈｒａｔｅｏ...

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ENTERPRISE IDENTIFICATION DIGITS

The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy Co-operation (hereinafter called the MOFFEC)willintroduce throughout the country "the Importand Export Enterprise Identification Digits of thePeople’s Republic of China" (hereinafter called"IEEID") for the purpose of pushing forward the de-velopment of foreign economy and trade, strength-ening macro-administration by the governments andimproving working efficiency and service. ThisRegulation has been enacted to ensure

China's import and export of silk goods

（Jan.-Nov.,2017）Import and export of silk goods in November According to statistics of China Customs,the import and export volume of silk goods amounted to235 million USD in November,an increase of 29.

Exploring the complex structural evolution of global primary product trade network

The production and trade of primary products had a growing impact on the economic security of all countries and regions,and the strategic position of these products in the global trade network was becoming increasingly prominent.Based on complex network theory,this paper explored the spatial pattern and complex structural evolution of the global primary product trade network(GPPTN)during 1985-2015 by using index methods,such as centrality,Sankey diagram,and structure entropy,focusing on the diversified spatial structure of China’s import and export markets for primary products(with exceptions of Taiwan of China,Hong Kong of China,and Macao of China due to a lack of data)and their geographical implications for China’s energy security.The research offered the following key findings.The GPPTN showed an obvious spatial heterogeneity pattern,and the area of import consumption was more concentrated;however,the overall trend was decentralized.The trade center of gravity shifted eastwards and reflected the rise of emerging markets.The overall flow of the GPPTN was from west to east and from south to north.In terms of the community detection of the GPPTN,North America,Europe,and Asia increasingly presented an unbalanced“tripartite confrontation”.China’s exports of primary products were mainly concentrated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and other peripheral regions of Asia,and its imports undergone a major transformation,gradually expanding from the peripheral regions of Asia to Africa,the Middle East,Latin America,and other parts of the world.Energy fuels also became the largest imported primary products.Based on the changing trend of structural entropy and main market share,the analysis showed that the stable supply of China’s energy diversification was gradually realized.In particular,the cooperation dividend proposed by the Belt and Road initiative became an important turning point and a strong support for the expansion of China’s energy market diversification pattern and guarantee of energy security.

Study on the Potential of China’s Fruit and Vegetable Products Export to the RCEP Partners

China is one of the world’s major exporters of fruit and vegetable products,and the expansion of fruit and vegetable exports is important for increasing agricultural income.Based on time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model and trade inefficiency model,this paper empirically analyzes the influencing factors and trade efficiency of China’s fruit and vegetable products export to RCEP partners from 2001 to 2019.The results show that China’s GDP per capita,the population of importing countries,and common language conditions have positive effects on China’s fruit and vegetable products export to RCEP partners.GDP per capita of importing countries,the population of China,and geographical distance between trading parties hinder trade in fruit and vegetable products.The presence of trade inefficiencies constrains China’s fruit and vegetable products export to RCEP partners,with liner shipping connectivity and trade freedom having a positive relationship with export efficiency of fruit and vegetable products.Variable trade costs and fixed trade costs have a negative relationship with export efficiency of fruit and vegetable products,which hinder trade in fruit and vegetable products,while financial freedom and free trade agreements have no significant impact on export efficiency of fruit and vegetable products.

Prospect Analysis of the United States' Crude Oil Exports to the Asia-Pacific Region

At the end of 2015, the United States lifted a 40-year ban on crude oil exports, which has far-reaching implications for the global crude oil market and crude oil trade patterns. Since the release of crude oil exports, with the recovery of crude oil production and improved export infrastructure in the United States, U.S. crude oil exports have been growing rapidly, with an average of about one million barrels/day in 2017, making the U.S one of the major global crude oil exporters. Currently, the AsiaPacific region has replaced North America as the first major destination for U.S. crude oil exports. In light of future trends in the oil refining industry of the Asia-Pacific region, it will usher in a new wave of refinery operations around 2020 and crude oil imports will continue to grow rapidly. The American region, represented by the United States, will replace West Africa as the second largest source of crude oil imports to the Asia-Pacific region, and that energy trade cooperation between the Asia-Pacific region and the United States will continue to grow. In particular, for China, the United States will become an important source of crude oil imports for our country in the future, and the two countries will shift from the past of energy competition to energy cooperation. Sino-US energy trade will play a more active role in economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

基于ESDA的中国−东盟区域贸易空间溢出效应研究

为明晰中国−东盟区域贸易空间溢出问题,本文基于省际视角剖析中国−东盟区域贸易空间溢出内涵,运用探索性空间数据分析方法(ESDA),研究中国31省份2019年和2020年面向东盟的进出口贸易额空间溢出效应。研究表明:①中国−东盟区域进出口贸易的分位数、百分点、标准离差等空间统计特征明显,存在“边缘→中心”空间相依性;②在一阶邻接空间权重作用下,中国−东盟区域进出口贸易的全局Moran's I指数通过显著性检验,表明中国−东盟区域进出口贸易存在空间自相关性;③中国−东盟区域进出口贸易具有较高的变异系数,表明中国−东盟区域贸易存在空间变异性;④中国−东盟区域贸易存在空间相依性、自相关性和变异性,进一步表明中国−东盟区域贸易存在空间溢出;⑤LISA检验发现福建对周围邻域空间产生显著溢出影响,西南地区的贵州、云南、四川省和东南地区的福建、湖南、江西和广东省形成了出口高增长集聚区,为中国−东盟区域贸易空间发展提供决策支持。

双循环格局下贸易便利化对进出口贸易的影响--以中日贸易为例

贸易便利化作为一种综合性制度安排,能有效提升我国对外贸易的质量,在国内因素和国际因素发生显著性变化的当下,是挖掘新贸易增长动力的重要手段。本研究对进出口贸易和贸易便利化相关文献进行了回顾,分析了中日贸易便利化的现状,并通过基础设施、商业环境、制度环境和金融环境四个层面分析贸易便利化对中日贸易的影响。研究结果表明,中日贸易便利化对中日贸易发展存在显著的正向促进作用,同时贸易便利化对中日贸易的影响作用受行业、地域等不同因素的影响。为了进一步推动中日贸易提质增效,中国要在推进基础设施建设的基础上,加快制度环境的构建,利用好RCEP这一中日间首个自贸协定的签订契机来提升中日贸易便利化水平,维护中日之间的供应链体系,提升区域经济合作水平。

2023年中国咖啡进出口贸易形势分析

据分析,2017—2023年中国咖啡及制品年均出口数量为6.47万t,年均增长率-10.87%;年均出口金额为2.52亿美元,年均增长率-8.11%。其中2023年中国咖啡出口数量为2.80万t,较上年增长-49.98%;出口金额为1.43亿美元,较上年增长-51.67%,中国咖啡出口量总体呈下降趋势。2017—2023年中国咖啡及制品年均进口数量为13.62万t,年均增长率为13.23%;年均进口金额为7.10亿美元,年均增长率为17.94%。其中2023年中国咖啡及制品进口数量为19.67万t,较上年增长12.21%;进口金额为11.06亿美元,较上年增长0.54%,中国咖啡进口量总体呈快速增长态势。2017—2023年中国咖啡及制品进出口贸易年均逆差4.58亿美元,其中2023年逆差9.63亿美元,随着国内消费量增长,中国咖啡国际贸易逆差将呈常态化。

中欧班列开通对中国城市出口结构升级的影响研究

利用双重差分模型,实证检验了中欧班列开通对中国城市出口结构升级的影响,并探讨背后的相关机制。研究表明,中欧班列开通能够显著促进中国城市出口结构的升级,多种稳健性检验方法下研究结论依然成立。机制检验表明,城市资源配置效率提高和城市创新水平提升是城市开通中欧班列促进出口结构升级的有效途径。进一步分析表明,中欧班列开通的影响效应存在非均衡性特征,西部城市、非资源型城市和中心节点城市更易享有政策红利。

加入世贸组织以来中国丝绸出口的变动特征分析

利用贸易增长的三元分析方法,基于2001—2020年中国对主要丝绸出口国的面板数据,对加入世贸组织(WTO)后中国丝绸出口的变动特征,从总体、双边和出口品类3个维度进行实证分析。结果表明,中国对主要丝绸出口市场的出口份额受集约边际的影响大于拓展边际,数量效应大于价格效应,丝绸出口存在数量优势大、出口品类完整但价格优势小的特点,中国对主要出口市场的丝绸出口仍“以量取胜”,亟待提高产品定价话语权。就出口品类而言,中国对主要出口市场丝类商品出口贸易的边际结构比较稳定,中国丝类商品在主要出口市场渗透率的影响,市场拓展效应大于出口数量效应大于出口价格效应。

中国—东盟进出口贸易的出口影响因素研究——基于固定市场份额模型(CMS)的分析

自2010年1月中国—东盟自由贸易区的建成,东盟已经成为继欧盟和美国之后中国的第三大贸易伙伴。中国与东盟具有地理位置相近、自然资源禀赋互补、出口产品结构相似、进出口贸易互补等许多优点,这为其进一步发展提供了许多便利。但是,中国—东盟也呈现着出口商品趋同、主要出口对象相似等问题,其一定程度上制约彼此贸易往来。一方面,中国应利用好中东贸易区建设的有利契机,配合区内其他国家,制定好互利共赢的政策;另一方面,要警惕中国对外出口贸易中出现的高技术制造业出口国的"假象",在继续重视市场规模效应的同时,更加注重商品结构效应。