Solid-phase sintering process and forced convective heat transfer performance of porous-structured micro-channels

A solid-phase sintering process for the low-cost fabrication of composite micro-channels was developed. Three kinds of composite micro-channels with metallic porous structures were designed. The sintering process was studied and optimized to obtain porous-structured micro-channels with high porosity. The flow resistance and heat transfer performance in the composite micro-channels were investigated. The composite micro-channels show acceptable flow resistance, significant enhancement of heat transfer and dramatic improvement of flow boiling stability, which indicates a promising prospect for the application in forced convective heat transfer.

ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR HIGH-SPEED FLOW-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

An adaptive finite element method for high-speed flow-structure interaction is pre- sented.The cell-centered finite element method is combined with an adaptive meshing technique to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for high-speed compressible flow behavior.The energy equation and the quasi-static structural equations for aerodynamically heated structures are solved by applying the Galerkin finite element method.The finite element formulation and computational procedure are de- scribed.Interactions between the high-speed flow,structural heat transfer,and deformation are studied by two applications of Mach 10 flow over an inclined plate,and Mach 4 flow in a channel.

Tectonic Framework and Deep Structure of South China and Their Constraint to Oil-Gas Field Distribution

South China could be divided into one stable craton, the Yangtze Craton （YzC）, and several orogenic belts in the surrounding region, that is the Triassic Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt （QDOB） in the north, the Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt （SGOB） in the northwest, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Threeriver Orogenic Belt （TOB） in the west, the Youjiang Orogenic Belt （YOB） in the southwest, the Middle Paleozoic Huanan Orogenic Belt （HOB） in the southeast, and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Maritime Orogenic Belt （MOB） along the coast. Seismic tomographic images reveal that the Moho depth is deeper than 40 km and the lithosphere is about 210 km thick beneath the YzC. The SGOB is characterized by thick crust （〉40 km） and thin lithosphere （〈150 km）. The HOB, YOB and MOB have a thin crust （〈40 km） and thin lithosphere （〈150 km）. Terrestrial heat flow survey revealed a distribution pattern with a low heat flow region in the eastern YzC and western HOB and two high heat flow regions in the TOB and MOB respectively. Such a ＂high-low-high＂ heat flow distribution pattern could have resulted from Cenozoic asthenosphere upwelling. All oil-gas fields are concentrated in the central part of the YzC. Remnant oil pools have been discovered along the southern margin of the YzC and its adjacent orogenic belts. From a viewpoint of geological and geophysical structure, regions in South China with thick lithosphere and low heat flow value, as well as weak deformation, might be the ideal region for further petroleum exploration.

A research on the geothermal structure in Yanqing-Huailai Basin and its neighbouring region

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NATURE OF THE SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER FLUCTUATION IN A HYPERSONIC SEPARATED TURBULENT FLOW

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the unsteady nature of a hypersonic sepa- rated turbulent flow.The nominal test conditions were a freestream Mach number of 7.8 and a unit Reynolds number of 3.5x10^7/m.The separated flow was generated using finite span forward facing steps.An array of flush mounted high spatial resolution and fast response platinum film resistance thermometers was used to make mul- ti-channel measurements of the fluctuating surface heat trtansfer within the separated flow.Conditional sampling ana- lysis of the signals shows that the root of separation shock wave consists of a series of compression wave extending over a streamwise length about one half of the incoming boundary layer thickness.The compression waves con- verge into a single leading shock beyond the boundary layer.The shock structure is unsteady and undergoes large-scale motion in the streamwise direction.The length scale of the motion is about 22 percent of the upstream influence length of the separation shock wave.There exists a wide band of frequency of oscillations of the shock system.Most of the frequencies are in the range of 1-3 kHz.The heat transfer fluctuates intermittently between the undisturbed level and the disturbed level within the range of motion of the separation shock wave.This inter mittent phenomenon is considered as the consequence of the large-scale shock system oscillations.Downstream of the range of shock wave motion there is a separated region where the flow experiences continuous compression and no intermittency phenomenon is observed.

Lithospheric Geothermal Structure in Yunnan, China

In this paper,the characteristics of the lateral variations of the deep heat flow and Hthospheric geotemperature distribution in Yunnan have been studied,and the lithospheric geothermal structure has been divided into three types,i.e.the geothermal structure in the typical modern tectonically active region,transitional geological region and stable geological region.Finally,the relationship between the geotherm and seismicitv has been discussed.

Heat Aggregation Mechanisms of Hot Dry Rocks Resources in the Gonghe Basin, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Hot dry rock(HDR) is an important geothermal resource and clean energy source that may play an increasingly important role in future energy management. High-temperature HDR resources were recently detected in deep regions of the Gonghe Basin on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which led to a significant breakthrough in HDR resource exploration in China. This research analyzes the deep temperature distribution, radiogenic heat production, heat flow, and crustal thermal structure in the Qiaboqia Valley, Guide Plain, and Zhacanggou area of the Gonghe Basin based on geothermal exploration borehole logging data, rock thermophysical properties, and regional geophysical exploration data. The results are applied to discuss the heat accumulation mechanism of the HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin. The findings suggest that a low-velocity layer in the thickened crust of the Tibetan Plateau provides the most important source of constant intracrustal heat for the formation of HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin, whereas crustal thickening redistributes the concentrated layer of radioactive elements, which compensates for the relatively low heat production of the basal granite and serves as an important supplement to the heat of the HDR resources. The negative effect is that the downward curvature of the lithospheric upper mantle caused by crustal thickening leads to a small mantle heat flow component. As a result, the heat flows in the Qiaboqia Valley and Guide Plain of the Gonghe Basin are 106.2 and 77.6 m W/m2, respectively, in which the crust-mantle heat flow ratio of the former is 3.12:1, indicating a notably anomalous intracrustal thermal structure. In contrast, the crust-mantle heat flow ratio in the Guide Plain is 1.84:1, which reflects a typical hot crust-cold mantle thermal structure. The Guide Plain and Zhacanggou area show the same increasing temperature trend with depth, which reflects that their geothermal backgrounds and deep high-temperature environments are similar. These results provide important insight on the heat source mechanism of HDR resource formation in the Tibetan Plateau and useful guidance for future HDR resource exploration projects and target sites selection in similar areas.

Numerical investigation on convective heat transfer over two heated wall-mounted cubes in tandem and staggered arrangement

In this study, laminar convective heat transfer over two heated wall-mounted cubes is investigated.Two cubes, which are under constant heat flux, are placed in different tandem and staggeredarrangements on a base plate. This problem is studied for different streamwise and spanwisedistances between two cubes in different Renolds number （Re）, by using finite-volume method.Effects of these parameters are considered on flow and heat transfer characteristics. The resultsshow that the temperature distribution is strongly dependent on flow structure and varies with anychange of flow pattern in different arrangements of cubes. In addition, it is observed that the dragcoefficient, which is influenced more by pressure forces, in staggered arrangement, is greater thantandem arrangement. Results show that by increasing the spanwise distance the amount of meanNusselt number （Nu） of Cube 2 becomes the same as Cube 1.

Air flow patterns and noise analysis inside high speed angular contact ball bearings

The vortex formed around the rolling ball and the high pressure region formed around the ball-raceway contact zone are the principle factors that barricades the lubricant entering the bearing cavity, and further causes improper lubrication. The investigation of the air phase flow inside the bearing cavity is essential for the optimization of the oil-air two-phase lubrication method. With the revolutionary reference frame describing the bearing motion, a highly precise air phase flow model inside the angular contact ball bearing cavity was build up. Comprehensive factors such as bearing revolution, ball rotation, and cage structure were considered to investigate the influences on the air phase flow and heat transfer efficiency. The aerodynamic noise was also analyzed. The result shows that the ball spinning leads to the pressure rise and uneven pressure distribution. The air phase velocity, pressure and cage heat transfer efficiency increase as the revolving speed increases. The operating noise is largely due to the impact of the high speed external flow on the bearing. When the center of the oil-air outlet fixes near the inner ring, the aerodynamic noise is reduced. The position near the inner ring on the bigger axial side is the ideal position to fix the lubricating device for the angular contact ball bearing.

Golmud-Ejin heat flow profile and straightforward calculation of crust-mantle temperature

The Golmud-Ejin heat flow profile consists of 18 observed heat flow values. They arelimited in data number, distributed unevenly and vary from 55 mW·m-2 to 79 mW·m-2

Role of trapped liquid in flow boiling inside micro-porous structures:pore-scale visualization and heat transfer enhancement

Flow boiling is an important heat dissipation method for cooling high heat flux surfaces in many industrial applications.The heat transfer can be further enhanced by using porous media surfaces due to their high specific surface areas.However,although flow boiling in channels is well understood,the phasechange behavior with the additional capillary effect induced by the porous structures is not well understood,and the design of the porous structures is difficult to avoid dryout and over-temperature accidents.A pore-scale lab-on-a-chip method was used here to investigate the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics inside micro-porous structures.The flow patterns,captured in the two-phase region with a uniform pore-throat size of 30 lm,showed that liquid was trapped in the pore-throat structures as both dispersed liquid bridges and liquid films.Moreover,the liquid film was shown to be moving on the wet solid surface by laser-induced fluorescence and particle tracking.A theoretical analysis showed that the capillary pressure difference between adjacent liquid bridges could drive the liquid film flows,which helped maintain the coolant supply in the two-phase region.The pore-throat parameters could be designed to enhance the capillary pressure difference with multiple throat sizes of 10–90 lm which would enhance the heat transfer 5%–10%with a 5%–23%pressure drop reduction.This research provides another method for improving the flow boiling heat transfer through the porous structure design besides changing the surface wettability.

Heat transfer and flow structure of two-dimensional thermal convection over ratchet surfaces

This paper presents a numerical study of the Rayleigh-Benard convection(RBC)in two-dimensional cells with asymmetric(ratchet)roughness distributed on the top and bottom surfaces.We consider two aspect ratios of roughness y=1,2 and the range of the Rayleigh number 1.0 xlO6<Ra<2.0x1010 with the Prandtl number Pr=4.The influences of the roughness on the heat transfer and the flow structure are found to be strongly dependent on both Ra and the roughness geometry.We find that the roughness can have a significant influence on the organization of the secondary comer rolls,and the comer rolls are evidently suppressed by the roughness for intermediate values of Ra.In the presence of the roughness,a sharp jump of the Nu values is identified as the Ra value is slightly increased,accompanied with the dramatic changes of the large-scale flow structure and the plume dynamics.The influences of the ratchet orientation on the heat transfer and the flow structure are discussed and analyzed.

Modeling of Heat Transfer and Steam Condensation Inside a Horizontal Flattened Tube

This work investigates the steam condensation phenomena in an air-cooled condenser.The considered horizontal flattened tube has a 30 mm hydraulic diameter,and its length is a function of the steam quality with a limit value between 0.95 and 0.05.The mass flow rate ranges from 4 to 40 kg/m^(2).s with a saturated temperature spanning an interval from 40°C to 80°C.A special approach has been implemented using the Engineering Equation Solver(EES)to solve a series of equations for the two-phase flow pattern and the related heat transfer coefficients.A wavy-stratified structure of the two-phase flow has been found when the mass rate was between 4 and 24 kg/m^(2).s.In contrast,an initially annular flow is gradually converted into a wavy stratified flow(due to the condensation process taking place inside the flattened tube)when the considered range ranges from 32 to 40 kg/m^(2).s.

基于双螺旋式加热器的柔性MEMS流量传感器

针对传统流量传感器的量程限制,提出了一种基于双螺旋结构加热器的柔性基底微机电系统(MEMS)热式流量传感器。在基底上打出均匀通孔阵列以降低热传导损耗,两对测温电阻对称分布在加热器两侧,以获得较宽量程,在微小流量与大流量下均表现出较高灵敏度。采用基于惠斯通电桥的检测电路实现输出电压的测量,同时保持加热器与环境温度恒定温差200 K,对电阻自热进行补偿。传感器工作温度-100~400℃,量程为0~60 m/s;低流速下灵敏度约为12.75 V/(m·s^(-1)),分辨率可达0.001 mm/s,高流速下灵敏度约为1.4 mV/(m·s^(-1)),功耗低至1.3 mW。

倾斜椭球凹陷阵列湍流强化传热实验与数值分析

为了提高涡轮叶片内部通道对流传热性能,本文基于瞬态液晶热像技术分别针对矩形通道表面排布的球形凹陷和斜椭球凹陷阵列的传热和压力损失特性进行了实验研究。在雷诺数为1×10^(4)~6×10^(4)内,与基准球形凹陷相比,平行排布和V形排布的斜椭球凹陷总体传热分别增强了23.8%~33.8%和104%~121%,V形排布的斜椭球凹陷综合传热性能显著提高了25%~68.3%。通过数值模拟发现,平行排布的斜椭球凹陷虽然可以诱发更强烈的二次流,但是平行的排布方式使下游凹陷受到来自上游凹陷升温后的流体冲刷,因此限制了传热的进一步增强。V形排布的斜椭球凹陷通过诱发大尺度的纵向涡对将来自主流的冷流体输运至壁面,冷流体直接冲击壁面并与近壁流体剪切,极大地增强了对流传热。

吸气预冷发动机预冷换热芯体仿生结构设计发展趋势与展望

现有超高声速飞行器预冷组合循环发动机空气预冷器内部一般由多组微细管束组成,工作过程中存在流致振动大、加工要求高等问题,因此,有必要对预冷器换热芯体进行改型设计,并对其开展进一步的流动换热研究。本文首先分析了基于仿生分形的预冷器换热芯体改型需求;然后梳理了仿蜂巢分形、树状分形与生物表面混合结构在新型预冷芯体强化换热上的应用,以及仿生物体凹凸表面结构、疏水结构在降低预冷芯体内通道表面流阻、抑制结霜上的应用,给出了3种可适用于空天领域的“筒状”仿生预冷换热芯体设计案例;最后总结并展望了仿生微通道换热结构与预冷器换热芯体设计结合的发展前景。

低阻叉流板式换热器传热性能与热阻靶向调控研究

用于烟气余热回收的板式换热器存在温度分布不均的问题。为改善烟气温度分布均匀性,有效遏制换热器腐蚀,本文通过实验测试对比碳钢与铸铁材质低阻叉流板式换热器性能差异,运用数值仿真预测局部流动传热特性并开展热阻分析,采用局部热阻调控方法设计了非均匀翅片结构。实验结果表明,在450℃高温时碳钢与铸铁材质的叉流板式换热器总传热系数分别达到32.5 W/(m^(2)·K)与25.1 W/(m^(2)·K)。通过数值仿真研究发现,叉流传热方式导致烟气侧沿程截面温度分布极不均匀,在热侧出口与冷侧入口交叉区、热侧出口与冷侧出口交叉区的热阻大,极易导致局部烟气温度低于露点温度。基于热阻分析法开发非均匀翅片结构,实施局部热阻靶向调控,最终实现维持阻力几乎不变情况下,使出口截面平均温度方差由6.9℃降至1.1℃,换热器内流体温度分布均匀性得到显著提升。

空气预热器的设计计算和数值分析

对完成设计的工艺目标,将室温空气加热到一定温度时,空气预热器需要的电加热功率进行计算,并对相关设备结构进行设计。利用Workbench有限元分析软件建立空气预热器流场的数值分析模型,分析设备内流场情况,从理论上了解具体的混合和传热状态,考察工艺计算和设计的正确性。此外,还研究了相关工艺参数和结构设计对设备性能的影响,认为提高空气处理量,会快速降低出口温度,并显著提高设备阻力,但空气受热更加均匀;增加加热功率,出口温度和设备阻力逐渐升高,但空气受热均匀程度有所降低。此外,设备内布置折流板,能够有效促进流场湍流程度,提升设备出口温度,增加混合传热效果,但会带来较大的设备阻力。

逆流相分离结构微细通道流动沸腾传热与均温性

为探究不同相分离结构参数对强化微细通道流动沸腾传热性能和均温性的影响,加工制作了带有不同相分离结构的平行逆流微细通道试验段,分别为相分离结构(PSS)位置不同的PSS-1(上下游均匀分布)、PSS-2(上下游靠近中部)和PSS-3(上下游靠近两端),其中PSS-1分为A、B、C三种,分别对应4孔、6孔、10孔。以乙醇为试验工质,在有效热通量为17.12~87.25 kW/m^(2)、入口温度为70℃、质量流速为86.11 kg(/m^(2)·s)的工况下,对截面为2 mm×2 mm的矩形微细通道开展流动沸腾试验,并利用高速摄影仪对通道进行可视化研究,通过引入传热强化因子和壁面温度标准差研究了不同相分离结构对强化微细通道传热性能和均温性的影响以及相分离结构在高压通道和低压通道内的强化机制。研究表明,传热强化效果随相分离排气孔数增加而提升,相分离结构位置对传热特性的影响在高压通道和低压通道内有所不同。PSS-1-C微细通道的温度均匀性最好,在热通量为83.11 kW/m^(2)时微细通道平均壁面温度较无相分离相同通道降低了1.9℃,温度标准差降低了14.2%。可视化图像表明,相分离结构在压差作用下能实现气相转移,进而强化传热。

切向进气结构对径向流甲醇合成反应器传热特性影响研究

为探究切向进气结构对径向流甲醇合成反应器内催化床层传热特性的影响,通过改变径向流甲醇合成反应器内外分布筒体开孔角度,将混合气入口处普通进气方式改为切向进气,建立了θ=0°、15°、30°、45°的切向进气径向流甲醇合成反应器结构,并采用CFD软件对各角度下反应器温度场进行模拟计算。研究表明,合理的切向角度下的切向进气结构可以提高反应器内流体的混合程度,增加反应物的接触面积,增强传热,不仅能提高反应器温度分布的均匀性,还提高了反应效率和产物收率。研究发现,当θ=30°时反应器内温度场分布最为均匀。