Complete moment convergence for ND random variables under the sub-linear expectations

In this article,we establish a general result on complete moment convergence for arrays of rowwise negatively dependent(ND)random variables under the sub-linear expectations.As applications,we can obtain a series of results on complete moment convergence for ND random variables under the sub-linear expectations.

Strong Limit Theorems for Weighted Sums under the Sub-linear Expectations

In this article,we study strong limit theorems for weighted sums of extended negatively dependent random variables under the sub-linear expectations.We establish general strong law and complete convergence theorems for weighted sums of extended negatively dependent random variables under the sub-linear expectations.Our results of strong limit theorems are more general than some related results previously obtained by Thrum(1987),Li et al.(1995)and Wu(2010)in classical probability space.

Parental Educational Expectations,Academic Pressure,and Adolescent Mental Health:An Empirical Study Based on CEPS Survey Data

Background:This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental educational expectations and adolescent mental health problems,with academic pressure as a moderating variable.Methods:This study was based on the baseline data of the China Education Panel Survey,which was collected within one school year during 2013–2014.It included 19,958 samples from seventh and ninth graders,who ranged from 11 to 18 years old.After removing missing values and conducting relevant data processing,the effective sample size for analysis was 16344.The OLS(Ordinary Least Squares)multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between parental educational expectations,academic pressure,and adolescents’mental health problems.In addition,we established an interaction term between parents’educational expectations and academic pressure to investigate the moderating effect of academic stress.Results:The study found that adolescents whose parents had high educational expectations reported less mental health problems.(β=−0.195;p<0.001).Additionally,adolescents who had high academic pressure reported more mental health problems.(β=0.649;p<0.001).Furthermore,the study found that academic pressure had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between parental educational expectations and adolescents’mental health problems(β=0.082;p<0.001).Conclusion:Parental educational expectations had a close relationship with adolescents’mental health problems,and academic pressure moderated this relationship.For those adolescents with high levels of academic pressure,the association between high parental educational expectations and mental health problems became stronger.On the contrary,for those adolescents with low levels of academic pressure,the association between high parental educational expectations and mental health problems became weaker.These findings shed new light on how parental educational expectations affected adolescent mental health problems and had significant implications for their healthy development.

Exact controllability of rational expectations model with multiplicative noise and input delay

This paper considers the rational expectations model with multiplicative noise and input delay,where the system dynamics rely on the conditional expectations of future states.The main contribution is to obtain a sufficient condition for the exact controllability of the rational expectations model.In particular,we derive a sufficient Gramian matrix condition and a rank condition for the delay-free case.The key is the solvability of the backward stochastic difference equations with input delay which is derived from the forward and backward stochastic system.

Keeping Commitments,Meeting Expectations

How well is FOCAC meeting Africa’s aspirations for development?The idea of establishing the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)in 2000 initially came from African countries,eager to coordinate and manage their relationship with China.

Exceeding Expectations

The Chinese economy continued to rebound and made solid progress in 2023,despite the complex international situation and numerous risks and challenges.The accelerated economic structural transformation and upgrade,coupled with increasing economic resilience,has resulted in various highlights.

The Convergence of the Sums of Independent Random Variables Under the Sub-linear Expectations

Let {Xn;n≥1} be a sequence of independent random variables on a probability space(Ω,F,P) and Sn=∑k=1n Xk.It is well-known that the almost sure convergence,the convergence in probability and the convergence in distribution of Sn are equivalent.In this paper,we prove similar results for the independent random variables under the sub-linear expectations,and give a group of sufficient and necessary conditions for these convergence.For proving the results,the Levy and Kolmogorov maximal inequalities for independent random variables under the sub-linear expectation are established.As an application of the maximal inequalities,the sufficient and necessary conditions for the central limit theorem of independent and identically distributed random variables are also obtained.

STRONG LIMIT THEOREMS FOR EXTENDED INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES AND EXTENDED NEGATIVELY DEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES UNDER SUB-LINEAR EXPECTATIONS

Limit theorems for non-additive probabilities or non-linear expectations are challenging issues which have attracted a lot of interest recently.The purpose of this paper is to study the strong law of large numbers and the law of the iterated logarithm for a sequence of random variables in a sub-linear expectation space under a concept of extended independence which is much weaker and easier to verify than the independence proposed by Peng[20].We introduce a concept of extended negative dependence which is an extension of the kind of weak independence and the extended negative independence relative to classical probability that has appeared in the recent literature.Powerful tools such as moment inequality and Kolmogorov’s exponential inequality are established for these kinds of extended negatively independent random variables,and these tools improve a lot upon those of Chen,Chen and Ng[1].The strong law of large numbers and the law of iterated logarithm are also obtained by applying these inequalities.

Self-Frustration of Expectations in Major Depressive Disorder: The Syncytiopathy Hypothesis of Depression Revisited

This paper is a further elaboration of my model of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder focusing on imbalances of glial-neuronal interactions in tripartite synapses and the glial network (syncytium). Basically, it is proposed that the connexin proteins building gap junctions in the glial syncytium are underexpressed or dysfunctional in major depression, called syncytiopathy. As a compensatory effect the astrocytic receptors in tripartite synapses are overexpressed. This leads to protracted synaptic information processing because of a relative lack of neurotransmitter substances for the occupancy of astrocytic receptors. Based on a new biophysical formal description of astrocytic receptors as expectation variables it can be shown that the protracted processing of sensory information frustrate the full comprehension of the expected event, since it cannot be grasped in time. Moreover, expectation frustration may stress the glial syncytium aggravating memory impairment. This cyclic process of dysbalanced synaptic information processing is characterized as self-frustration of expectations explanatory for the main cognitive dysfunctions in major depression as slowing down processing speed, deficits in attention and working memory. The main result of the study is that patients with major depression cannot fully acknowledge the existence of an intended event.

The Effects of Job Insecurity, Emotional Exhaustion, and Met Expectations on Hotel Employees’ Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Test of a Serial Mediation Model

There are a plethora of empirical pieces about employees’pro-environmental behaviors.However,the extant literature has either ignored or not fully examined various factors(e.g.,negative or positive non-green workplace factors)that might affect employees’pro-environmental behaviors.Realizing these voids,the present paper proposes and tests a serial mediation model that examines the interrelationships of job insecurity,emotional exhaustion,met expectations,and proactive pro-environmental behavior.We used data gathered from hotel customer-contact employees with a time lag of one week and their direct supervisors in China.After presenting support for the psychometric properties of the measures via confirmatory analysis in LISREL 8.30,the abovementioned linkages were gauged using the PROCESS plug-in for statistical package for social sciences.The findings delineated support for the hypothesized associations.Specifically,emotional exhaustion and met expectations partly mediated the effect of job insecurity on proactive pro-environmental behavior.More importantly,emotional exhaustion and met expectations serially mediated the influence of job insecurity on proactive pro-environmental behavior.These findings have important theoretical implications as well as significant implications for diminishing job insecurity,managing emotional exhaustion,increasing met expectations,and enhancing ecofriendly behaviors.

Exceeding Expectations

Despite of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,China’s economic growth remained stable in 2022,which will benefit China-Africa economic cooperation this year.China’s GDP growth reached 3 percent year on year in 2022,the National Bureau of Statistics said on 16 January.

Modeling Expected Failure Considering Repair Time and Degradation: A Rail System Case Study

The repeated failures of any equipment or systems are modeled as a renewal process. The management needs an assessment of the number of future failures to allocate the resources needed for fast repairs. Based on the idea of expectation by conditioning, special Volterra-type integral equations are derived for general types of repairs, considering the length of repair and reduced degradation of the idle object. In addition to minimal repair and failure replacement, partial repairs are also discussed when the repair results in reduction of the number of future failures or decreases the effective age of the object. Numerical integration-based algorithm and simulation study are performed to solve the resulting integral equation. Since the geometry degradation in different dimensions of a rail track and controlling and maintaining defects are of importance, a numerical example using the rail industry data is conducted. Expected number of failures of different failure type modes in rail track is calculated within a two-year interval. Results show that within a two-year period, anticipated occurrences of cross level failures, surface failures, and DPI failures are 2.4, 3.8, and 5.8, respectively.

The Current Situation and Future Expectationsof China's Pilot Boatsl

Pilots need to board the ship for pilotage,but there are risks or potential dangers in the transfer of pilot.The author reviewed the history of the development of pilot boats,analyzed the potential risks or dangers of transferring pilot,proposed that pilot boat shall have the function of ensuring the safety of pilot when embarking or disembarking the ships,some suggestions on the future design and manufacture of Chinese pilot boats are also given according to the advantages and disadvantages of domestic and foreign pilot boats.

Exponential inequalities under the sub-linear expectations with applications to laws of the iterated logarithm

Kolmogorov's exponential inequalities are basic tools for studying the strong limit theorems such as the classical laws of the iterated logarithm for both independent and dependent random variables. This paper establishes the Kolmogorov type exponential inequalities of the partial sums of independent random variables as well as negatively dependent random variables under the sub-linear expectations. As applications of the exponential inequalities, the laws of the iterated logarithm in the sense of non-additive capacities are proved for independent or negatively dependent identically distributed random variables with finite second order moments.For deriving a lower bound of an exponential inequality, a central limit theorem is also proved under the sublinear expectation for random variables with only finite variances.

Kinematic calibration under the expectation maximization framework for exoskeletal inertial motion capture system

This study presents a kinematic calibration method for exoskeletal inertial motion capture (EI-MoCap) system with considering the random colored noise such as gyroscopic drift.In this method, the geometric parameters are calibrated by the traditional calibration method at first. Then, in order to calibrate the parameters affected by the random colored noise, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is introduced. Through the use of geometric parameters calibrated by the traditional calibration method, the iterations under the EM framework are decreased and the efficiency of the proposed method on embedded system is improved. The performance of the proposed kinematic calibration method is compared to the traditional calibration method. Furthermore, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified on the EI-MoCap system. The simulation and experiment demonstrate that the motion capture precision is significantly improved by 16.79%and 7.16%respectively in comparison to the traditional calibration method.

An Analysis of the Expectations Gap:Can it be eliminated?

The "expectations gap" signifies the differences between what the public expects from an audit and what the auditing profession prefers the audit objectives to be.Although the gap exists,it seems that the professions trust that it could be eliminated.In this paper,further evidence was provided to deny the above point by exploring the inevitability nature and the structure of the audit expectation gap.In addition,the author concludes that expectations gap cannot be eliminated;instead,the only thing can be done is to narrow down the gap.

Expectations for English Teachers

In the article,the author consciously compared American educational systems and the students'expectation of their teachers with their Chinese equivalents.An investigation about students'expectations towards their teachers is done among college freshmen she was teaching.The result is both exciting and worrying.Through careful analysis and summary she has made,the author hopes it will arouse concerns of both teachers and students.

RELATIVE ENTROPY AND LARGE DEVIATIONS UNDER SUBLINEAR EXPECTATIONS

We give a definition of relative entropy with respect to a sublinear expectation and establish large deviation principle for the empirical measures for independent random variables under the sublinear expectation.

Does ethnicity and education influence preoperative disability and expectations in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty?

AIM To investigate whether minority ethnicity and the duration of education influence preoperative disability and expectations in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.METHODS We prospectively included 829 patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty(TKA) from April 2013 to December 2014 at a single centre. Patients filled in pre-operative questionnaires with information regarding place of birth, duration of education, expectations for outcome of surgery and baseline characteristics. Patients were stratified based on ethnicity. Majority ethnicity was defined as born inthe study country and minority ethnicity was defined as born in any other country. Similarly, patients were stratified based on duration of education in groups defined as < 9 years, 9-12 years and > 12 years, respectively.RESULTS We found that 92.2% of patients were of majority ethnicity. We found that 24.5%, 44.8% and 30.8% of patients had an education of < 9 years, 9-12 years and > 12 years, respectively. The mean preoperative(preOP) oxford knee score(OKS) in the total population was 23.6. Patients of minority ethnicity had lower mean pre-OP OKS(18.6 vs 23.9, P < 0.001), higher pain levels(VAS 73.0 vs 58.7, P < 0.001), expected higher levels of post-OP pain(VAS 14.1 vs 6.1, P = 0.02) and of overall symptoms(VAS 16.6 vs 6.4, P = 0.006). Patients with > 12 years education had lower mean pre-OP OKS(21.5 vs 23.8 and 24.6, P < 0.001) and higher pre-OP VAS pain(65.4 vs 59.2 and 56.4, P < 0.001) compared to groups with shorter education. One year post-operative(post-OP) patients of minority ethnicity had lower mean OKS, higher pain and lower QoL. One year post-OP patients with > 12 years education reported higher pain compared to patients with shorter educations. However, the response-rate was low(44.6%), and therefore post-OP results were not considered to be significant.CONCLUSION Minority ethnicity and the duration of education influ-ence preoperative disability and expectation in patients undergoing TKA. This should be taken into account when patients are advised pre-operatively.

Avoiding the Gap of College Students’ Internship Expectations and Perceptions—A Case Study in Taiwan

Internship is believed to be vital in bridging the gap of theory and practice because of its providing students many realities they couldn’t find on campus. In fact, successful internships can play the role of “win-win-win” triangular partnership among schools, students, and industries, especially to benefit students to well equip themselves for good opportunities in the future career development. However, internship experiences that fail to meet students’ expectation may also discourage them or turn them away from entering the industry. Hence, to be aware of and to avoid the potential gap of students’ expectation cannot be underestimated. The study aimed to explore students’ expectation of internships from an aspect of gender and multiple intelligences expecting to avoid the potential gap beforehand. Subjects were eighty college Hospitality students who were ready to conduct their internships out of campus. They helped to fill out the questionnaires dealing with their personal demographic information, multiple intelligences, and expectations of internship. Findings revealed that genders and multiple intelligences did make a difference in students’ expectations of internship which may bring about frustration or disappointment in their real internship world. Suggestions and implications for the triangular partnership of schools, students, and industries were provided with a better understanding of factors relevant to students’ expectations for a more appropriate internship program to avoid the potential gap in advance.