Rethinking of the Chinese Approach to Physician Apology Legislation: From the Legislative Dilemma of Transplantation

Physician apology legislation has gradually become a new legislative measure to resolve medical conflicts and repair doctor-patient relationship in many countries outside the region. In almost all cases using voice, to calm analysis found that the legislation of our country doctors apologize transplantation may face an apology from responsibility way to large span, dispute resolution mechanism from the free will to the legislative mandate disorders significantly, from general to special legislation difficulties facing a predicament, and make an apology may make doctors in passive in the moral, intensifies the doctor-patient conflicts, etc. In order to resolve the dilemma and establish a physician apology system adapted to China’s national conditions, we should weaken the concept of apology liability through education, incorporate the elements of apology into the mediation mechanism of medical disputes, take the regulations on prevention and handling of medical disputes as a legislative breakthrough, and widely implement the patient safety system.

On China’s Civil Law Codification and the Development of China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The development of the theoretical system of civil law scholarship and the codification of civil law are closely related and of promotional function to each other.The codification of civil law can promote the systematization of civil law scholarship,perfection of the value system,development and modernization of civil law studies,and the systematization of legal hermeneutics.The subjectivity of China’s civil law scholarship,i.e.,the notions of problem-orientation,nativeness,practice,the times and innovations,can be improved during China’s civil law codification.The codification of civil law can promote the development of a theoretical system of civil law scholarship with Chinese characteristics,including the development of diversified elements such as values,content,system,hermeneutics and methods of civil law.

REMARKS ON THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONSTANTINE M.DAFERMOS TO THE SUBJECT OF CONSERVATION LAWS

Constantine M. Dafermos has done extensive research at the interface of partial differential equations and continuum physics. He is a world leader in nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws, where he introduced several fundamental methods in the subject including the methods of relative entropy, generalized characteristics, and wave-front tracking, as well as the entropy rate criterion for the selection of admissible wave fans. He has also made fundamental contributions on the mathematical theory of the equations of thermomechanics as it pertains in modeling and analysis of materials with memory, thermoelasticity, and thermoviscoelasticity. His work is distinctly characterized by an understanding of the fundamental issues of continuum physics and their role in developing new techniques of mathematical analysis.

Prospective study evaluating the value of subjective global assessment and national risk score 2002 for post-operative risk detection in living related donor liver transplant recipients

Background: Chronic liver disease may be associated with protein energy malnutrition. Those malnourished patients undergoing liver transplantation suffer great morbidities and even mortalities. Estimating the degree of malnutrition in patients with end stage liver disease is a difficult job, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Score-2002 (NRS-2002) are among many tools that can give an overview for the nutritional status of the patients. Aim: To detect the efficacy and the predictive validity of SGA and NRS 2002 for post-operative risk detection for liver transplant patients. Patients & Methods: 30 recipients of end stage liver disease had undergone a nutritional assessment by SGA score & NRS-2002 score, to be compared with the parameters of outcome of post-operative liver transplantation (ALT, AST, INR, Bilirubin, time spent in ICU, hospital infective episodes & number of antibiotic courses). Results: Patients declared as malnourished by SGA and NRS-2002 had higher post operative ALT & AST value, more prolonged INR, spent more time at ICU and hospital, suffered from more infective episodes and had more antibiotic courses in a significant statistical manner. Conclusion: SGA and NRS-2002 could be useful, simple and dependable tools to be used for risk detection of post-operative morbidities after liver transplantation.

SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS OF COSINE LAW ARISING FROM SUBJECTIVITY GEOMETRY

This paper discusses the solution of a group of two-order six elements rooted algebraic simultaneous equations set up by cosine law arising from the application example of subjectivity geometry[1]. By means of the implicit function theorem, this paper proves that there exists a unique real solution of those equations. Transforming this problem into an unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem, the solution can be found by known methods. 4 numerical example by descent method is given.

Subjectivities of the Scientific Endeavor:Noting the Illusion of Objectivity in the History of Science and Medicine

The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.

Living Kidney Donation – Subjective Experiences of Donors before and Two Years after Donation

Little is known about long-term quality of life of kidney donors. We studied subjective experiences of donors before and two years after kidney donation using in-depth interviews of eleven subjects. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed by qualitative content analysis (grounded theory). Resulting categories of this process were grouped in order to construct ideal types of subjective experiences after kidney donation. Of our donors, 64% were female, mean age was 40.4 years. Donors reported that they had had no medical problems after donation. Most displayed psychological problems, e. g. difficulties adjusting to the new situation, hypochondriacal complaints, and fear of rejection of the recipient’s kidney. Psychological complaints were particularly troublesome in case of complications of the recipient. All donors wished extended counselling after kidney donation. Identifying problems of kidney donors may be easier when doctors are trained in typical experiences. This may also guide the tailoring of individual psychological interventions.

人工智能体执法并承担执法责任的可能性

人工智能体执法正成为数字法治政府建设的重要表现,将会对以人的行为作为逻辑底色而建构的法律秩序形成冲击。人工智能体或许可以拥有有限的法律人格及有限的责任能力,并为一般行为承担法律责任,但却可能面临执法权行使正当性与执法能力不足的困境。因此,人工智能体不适宜执法或行使公权力,只能承担事务性公务,其执行公务引起的责任可由人工智能体自身、供应商以及行政机关共同承担。

载人航天商业化的国际损害责任制度:困境与应对

载人航天商业化的发展需要平衡外层空间的公共性和商业载人航天的私营性,国际损害责任制度对管控商业载人航天的成本和风险至关重要。国际外空法对国际损害责任进行了一般性、原则性规定,部分航天国家在国内法中对商业载人航天的损害责任予以明确。基于外空领域的现有责任规则,构建国际损害责任制度面临着责任主体和索赔主体不明、过失作为例外要件存在不合理、国际保险标准难统一、责任分配制度待完善的困境。对此,可考虑通过关联性确认责任主体和索赔主体、对损害统一适用绝对责任、引入强制责任保险、形成双重责任制度,为国家载人航天商业化发展提供制度构建思路;同时,促进国际社会达成共识,推动人类命运共同体理念在外空领域的进一步实现。

食品经营企业行政责任主体双罚制分离构想

研究以《食品安全法》第75条为基础,深入探讨了食品经营企业行政责任主体双罚制的分离构想。首先,分析现行行政责任主体双罚制的主要问题和挑战。然后,提出了3个创新的制度设计,包括科技驱动的监管、弹性罚款制度和负责任的供应链管理。在科技驱动的监管部分,探索了如何利用大数据、AI和区块链等现代科技实现更精确、及时和有效的食品安全监管。在弹性罚款制度部分,设计一种罚款制度,其中罚款的大小与违规行为的严重性、企业的规模和财务状况等因素挂钩,以实现更公平和有效的惩罚。在负责任的供应链管理部分,强调了企业应建立全面的食品安全供应链管理制度,以防止供应链中的食品安全问题。

论经济法中的国家主体

经济法中的国家主体,具有不同于政府等主体的特殊性。基于经济宪法和经济法的相关规定,国家主体在经济法中具有独立地位,其经济职能的履行和经济职权的行使,应受经济宪法和经济法的约束,以体现国家理性的要求。此外,经济法中的国家主体在总体上是“现代国家”“经济国家”,并在经济法的各个部门法中具体体现为预算国家、税收国家、债务国家、规制国家等多种国家形态。研究经济法中的国家主体,应结合国家目的或国家目标、国家任务、国家职能、国家理性或国家理由等影响因素,分析具体的国家形态,由此有助于审视法律规定背后的法治原理和法治问题,揭示经济法制度中国家主体存续和发展的内在逻辑,并在法治框架下解决国家调制行为的合宪性、合法性问题,切实保障市场主体的合法权益。依循上述研究路径,有助于提炼经济法中的国家理论或国家主体理论,深化经济法学主体理论乃至整体总论的研究,推动经济法治和国家治理体系的完善。

推进监察执法与刑事司法有机衔接

监察执法与刑事司法有机衔接,作为党的二十届三中全会提出的部署要求,具有确保反腐败格局中职能责任的依法履行、确保反腐败法网密织及流程贯通、确保反腐败执法司法公平公正的时代价值。推进监察执法与刑事司法有机衔接,亟需从理论上回应“结构平衡说”“监察中心主义说”等学术争议。其一,构建以监察执法为主导的监察执法与刑事司法衔接结构形式。应当从反腐败格局中的职责定位来深刻把握腐败治理与社会治理在刑事诉讼领域的差异,深刻把握党的自我革命引领社会革命的政治逻辑。其二,明确监察执法与刑事司法衔接的主体责任。该主体责任是建立在监察机关履行反腐败法定职能基础之上的监察机关与审判、检察、公安及相关执法特定机构和人员所承担的法法衔接职责和义务。其三,完善监察执法与刑事司法衔接机制,主要包括监察机关在查办职务犯罪案件中与审判机关的协调配合机制,如证据审查认定、审判信息通报配合等,以及与检察机关的衔接机制,如重大疑难案件提前介入、案件移送等,其要旨是通过监察执法与刑事司法的配合制约,确保反腐败执法司法在法治轨道上运行。

人形机器人身体构造的法哲学审思

人形机器人不仅要求具备人类的智力,还必须拥有类似人类的身体,从而塑造出具有实体形态的通用人工智能。人的身体不仅是生物学意义上的肉体形态,也是人的全部感知和内在精神生发的重要场域,更是社会关系形成的基本节点。身体和精神是人的主体性生成的核心基础。人的身体通过发挥感知能力和运动经验参与认知活动,通过完成有意识的或无意识的行为来进行社会活动。人的身体、与身体相关的非精神要素、人的精神是不可分割的统一体。人形机器人的本质就是对人类身体的仿造和对人类行为的模仿。通过技术手段仿造经过数百万年自然发展而来的“人”的形态与功能,将会导致“人”这一概念的异化。这一过程割裂了身体与精神的统一关系,存在消解人对于他人的认知统一性、技术滥用、人权危机等一系列风险。人形机器人产业的发展必须摒弃技术中立的观念,重视“人的形式”在法治中的价值。

私法视域下比例原则的有限适用

比例原则诞生于公法语境内,作为一种工具性原则,其本质在于对弱势主体的倾斜性保护。私法与比例原则本质的契合、宪法的私法效力以及比例原则可以作为民法基本原则的现实手段等证明了将比例原则引入私法领域具有可行性。正因为比例原则之本质,使得比例原则在私法的适用领域仅能存在于实力差距悬殊主体间,即强势主体与弱势主体关系之间,因此比例原则在私法领域的适用具有有限性。可将比例原则在私法领域的适用场域概括为公私法交叉领域的私主体与国家公权力之间以及有社会公权力参与的私主体与私主体之间两种类型。

《社会保险法》亟待完善的若干重要问题

《社会保险法》的完善具有必要性和紧迫性,应适时启动修法程序。《社会保险法》的完善涉及若干基础性的重要制度,主要包括:在立法体例方面,生育保险应归并到基本医疗保险一章,增加长期护理保险的专章规定;在覆盖范围方面,社会保险应有效覆盖新就业形态劳动者;改革职工基本养老保险和基本医疗保险的个人账户制度;明确社会保险费的征收主体及职权;确立社会保险经办机构的法人地位;从国家层面统一社会保险缴费基数的确定标准;规定社会保险费征收期限制度;完善社会保险基金的先行支付与追偿制度;妥善处理民事侵权责任和工伤保险责任的竞合问题;有效落实因病或非因工致残职工的病残津贴。

被执行人异议之诉的逻辑基础及内在困境

在民事执行程序中,被执行人对于自身的实体权益享有救济权利,然现有执行行为异议制度无法对被执行人实体权益实现有效救济。增设被执行人异议之诉,在对被执行人实体权益提供有效救济的同时,亦会使我国执行救济体系得到进一步完善。考察《民事强制执行法(草案)》中被执行人异议之诉规定,发现存在部分执行依据的执行正当性欠缺、异议事由时间节点适用僵化以及长期存在的“执行异议前置”的程序设置争议等问题。故基于我国现有规定,在本土化执行语境之下,就被执行人异议之诉制度从争议执行依据的执行正当性审查、异议事由适用时间节点的分类处理及“径行起诉”相较于“执行异议前置”合理性考察方面提出了相应的规制建议。

证据法学视角下污染环境罪的主观罪过形式辨析

将污染环境罪的主观罪过形式认定为单一的故意或者过失的观点,会造成该罪的处罚间隙问题,也不符合司法实践中的实际情况。污染环境罪为双重罪过形式犯罪,故意和过失污染环境的行为均可构成污染环境罪。刑法之所以将污染环境罪设立为双重罪过形式犯罪,是为了解决该罪的主观要件的证明困难问题。双重罪过形式犯罪既降低了证明标准,也降低了法定刑,防止了轻罪重判,因此并不违背罪责刑相适应原则。

公物法视域下国家文化公园的法治化运行

建设国家文化公园是当前我国文化建设中的重要工作,也是丰富公民文化生活,提升公民文化权利保障程度的关键一环。国家文化公园在建设过程中遇到定位不清、主体不明确、运行规则不健全等难题,集中表现为法治理论资源供给不充分。公物制度作为行政组织法的重要制度内容,与国家文化公园在公益性、国家性和复合性三个层面具有内在共通性,同时能够克服国家文化公园建设中的主体地位不清、基本属性不明确、管理体制不健全等诸多难题。公物制度的先天优势为国家文化公园建设主体与管理体制的厘定提供依据,明确国家文化公园的建设程序和治理模式,同时为国家文化公园的运行理念、运行方式、运行界限、纠纷解决方式等运行规则的建构提供理论支撑。

构建面向世界的中国法学自主知识体系

构建中国法学自主知识体系这一主张的提出有其历史和时代的背景,是一种面向“世界”的言说。在空间维度上,构建中国法学自主知识体系主要面向的是西方世界;在时间维度上,构建中国法学自主知识体系要面向新科技时代的世界。面向世界的“中国”自主法学知识体系,由中国学者构建且在内容上具有中国特色,但始终保持开放姿态。在构建中国法学自主知识体系的过程中,应将马克思主义法学之“道”、中华优秀传统法律文化之“根”、国外有益法律思想之“器”和当下中国法治实践之“基”结合起来。中国法学者应处理好“世界”与“中国”的关系,既要做中国法学知识体系的创造者,也要做世界法学知识体系的贡献者。

小学道德与法治跨学科主题学习:变革际遇与实践空间——基于新课标的审思

跨学科主题学习是彰显小学道德与法治学科核心素养的重要方式,也是培养小学生道德与法治观念的时代抉择。研究认为,对于小学道德与法治学科而言,关注学生生活、锚定真实问题、超越学科边界并重构学习组织,充分彰显出跨学科学习的变革际遇。新时代小学道德与法治为实现跨学科主题学习提供了重要的实践空间,需要切实在学科合作、学习支架、科学评价、学习生态等方面进行有效提升,并着力克服功利主义、反智主义等不良倾向。