The Difficulties in Raising Fertility Rates-The Deficiencies and Improvements of the Maternity Protection System for Women of Childbearing Age

Fertility policies consist of not only the legal definition of"procreation",but also the"maternity"protection system,the complete set of selfconsistent social relations and policy systems formed around"fertility".Gender,labor and intergenerational relations are the cornerstones of a fertility policy system.In this framework,we focus on women of childbearing age as the main actors of reproductive behaviors,to research how drastic social changes have altered women,the above-mentioned relations,and policy support and analyze the structural factors that restrict women’s reproductive intentions.The traditional male breadwinner model,which can no longer prevail and the relatively slow development of maternity protection policies and service systems leave women of childbearing age in a dilemma between working hours and birth timing.Therefore,maternity protection policies should focus on improved decommodification of maternity insurance and the construction of women and children’s social welfare systems including childcare social service systems.

Intervention Research and Support Systems for People Affected by Cancer and Their Families:Results of a Descriptive Analysis

Population health intervention research(PHIR)was initiated in the field of primary prevention by proposing a research paradigm focusing on intervention and the theory of solutions.The intervention was coconstructed with the stakeholders as part of a global approach until its deployment in the local area.The development of PHIR raises the question of its application to tertiary prevention.This study proposes some initial thoughts on the similarities and specificities of PHIR projects-funded by the French National Cancer Institute(INCa)-of support systems for people affected by cancer and their families,which were based on a descriptive analysis.The selected projects were obtained from the databases of PHIR projects funded from 2010 to 2021,which included 72 projects to which the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied.A descriptive analysis was carried out for each project using the application files and the interim or final reports sent to INCa.A total of 30 projects were selected,half of which were in the public health field.Almost all of the projects involved a university–hospital partnership,and one-third involved healthcare professionals and patients in the research process.Patient involvement was classified into four types,which were linked to the supporting structure and the target population.The main themes of the projects were quality of life and adapted physical activity,which were assessed in hospitals through randomized controlled trials targeting specific cancers.Research has revealed several specificities and similarities between support systems for people affected by cancer and their families developed in PHIR projects;however,these support systems vary widely,and PHIR in tertiary prevention can be conducted in several ways.Any modeling of the systems is complicated;PHIR is evolving in its application and is the subject of research and evaluation.

Science and Technology Promotion Policies of Strategic Emerging Industries in Anhui Province

In recent years,based on advantages of industry,market,science and technology and other development environment,strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province are developing rapidly,and emerging industries such as new energy,new materials,new generation of information technology occupy an important market share in China and even the world.However,there are still a number of problems in the process of development,and the policy support has a greater impact.In this paper,the development status of strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province was discussed firstly,and then the challenges and problems of the development was discussed.Finally,some science and technology promotion policies of strategic emerging industries in Anhui Province were proposed.

Evaluation of the Policies for Seismic Retrofit of Buildings

The Japanese government has established a law to Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995. This paper evaluates the incentives of the policies related to the law. The data shows achieved in 2018 if the current trends of improvement will supports the school retrofit works that are carried out by the promote seismic retrofitting of buildings immediately after the Great effectiveness, efficiency, administrative feasibility and technological that the policy target of seismic safety of existing buildings will be be continued. In the field of school buildings, national government local governments, using the guideline for school retrofit. However, there are still significant issues to make all buildings safe. One of the key challenges is how to persuade the elderly who would not invest their money to improve their old houses. Another challenge is to make owners understand the importance and have priority in improving the seismic safety of buildings. Currently many efforts are taken by the local governments, such as holding seminars for local communities, preparing financial support schemes, providing consultancy for seismic assessment and making earthquake hazard maps. This paper also provides comments on the improvement of the current policies for promoting seismic retrofit based on some international experiences in retrofit of buildings.

Adding Value to Applied Policy Models： The Case of the WTO and OECD Support Classification Systems

Both the OECD and the WTO have accumulated systematic data on the magnitude of support going to farmers as a result of farm policies. The datasets are collected for different purposes, but both give a detailed picture of the evolution of these policies. This paper extends recent work on the compatibility or otherwise of the two attempts at policy monitoring by considering the categorization of individual policy instruments in Norway, Switzerland, the US, and the EU. The results show how the OECD dataset, particularly with respect to the link between direct payments and production requirements, complements that of the WTO. Many payments classified in the WTO Green Box require production, raising the possibility that they may distort production and trade. Though the issue of correct notifications to the WTO is the province of lawyers, the implications for modeling and policy analysis are of interest to economists, and the broader question of improving the consistency of the two datasets is of importance in the quest for transparency in the interpretation of changes in farm policies.

Shanghai ＂The New Two--child Policy＂ research to the influential factors of fertility intentions

Shanghai is the country＇s highest-child ratio, the degree of aging of the most polluted cities, the only child into the social impact of large-scale marriage age caused by its breadth and depth will be much higher than other cities and regions. Based on the theory of reference, through empirical Shanghai and factors influencing fertility desires, according to factors that Shanghai alone couples second child restraint, make recommendations accordingly to provide a scientific basis for sound policy alone two births, further promote the ＂The New Two--child＂ policy implemented smoothly.

The inspiration for development in China from the international experience of entrepreneurial support policies

In the current severe employment situation, it is widely accepted by society that adopts entrepreneurship to promote employment. However, the problem is that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm is high but the rate of success is low. Hence, we need to provide a more complete entrepreneurial business environment. The thesis aims to provide experience and further improve our business environment by analyzing the international business support policy.

Study on the Policies,Science and Technology Support to Impel the Development of Recreational Agriculture in Hainan

The current situation of the recreational agriculture development in Hainan was analyzed. The problems of imperfect security system,unsound policies and regulations,scant government support,low enthusiasm for developing recreational agriculture,lacking science and technology support and less special competitive products in Hainan were discussed. Through the reference of foreign countries and Taiwan Region policy support and legislative experience on recreational agriculture,it was recommended to perfect the policy system,develop the leading role of the government,enhance the legislation and supervision,pay attention to science and technology support,in order to promote the healthy sustainable development of recreational agriculture in Hainan.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome following the use of GnRH agonist trigger of final oocyte maturation and freeze-all strategy: A case report and review of the literature

Rationale:The current literature has a surprising controversy regarding the use of low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)for luteal support as an explanation for the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,and this is because of the gap in the listing of the predisposing factors that put women at an increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.Patient concerns:A case of 25-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain,distention,dyspnea,and nausea with a 6.5 kg increase in weight from baseline.Ultrasonographic examination showed bilaterally enlarged multicystic ovaries after gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)agonist triggering and cycle segmentation with no hCG rescue administration.Diagnosis:Moderate/severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.Interventions:The woman was admitted to the hospital for medical management of moderate/severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,and pain management was advanced to patient-controlled anesthesia with the start of low molecular weight heparin.On day 2,albumin therapy followed by a furosemide chase was started due to an increase in abdominal girth.On day 1,Cabergoline was maintained,and on day 2 the GnRH antagonist Cetrorelix was started.Outcomes:The woman’s clinical condition improved,and a clinical pregnancy was eventually achieved during the first cryo-warmed blastocyst cycle.Lessons:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome can still happen even after the use of GnRH agonist and avoidance of hCG support.Segmentation of in vitro fertilization with complete avoidance of hCG for luteal support remains the best approach.

So if we like the idea of peer workers, why aren't we seeing more?

The employment of peer support workers is widely encouraged in recovery-oriented mental health systems and services, providing a tangible example of how to translate recovery values and principles into actions. In Scotland, despite a long-term policy commitment to recovery approaches, the creation of peer worker roles has been slow and patchy. This paper describes findings from a study on the levers and barriers to the development of peer worker roles in two Scottish health board areas. Findings suggest that new evidence on effective implementation and cost effectiveness should be prioritised to support potentially complex role development in time of reduced resources. We argue that additional evidence on effectiveness is unlikely, by itself, to lead to country-wide employment of peer workers. We therefore suggest that a policy commitment to peer working would be reinforced by not only a strengthened evidence base but also strengthened accountability mechanisms. In the absence of such accountability, decision-makers and planners might reasonably continue to ask "why bother"?

Government Provides Vigorous Supports to the Improvement of Health Care in Qinghai Province,China

Qinghai province is located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau,and is an underdeveloped province of inland China.Chinese government gives high priority to the improvement of the wellbeing of Qinghai people,and have provided great supports in aspects of policy,funding,and professional resource to the development of health care and medical system in Qinghai.Great progress has been made,and wellness of residents in Qinghai has been significantly improved.This article reviews the strategies and measures from central and provincial government in improving health care of Qinghai province under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

Non-regular Employment of Women,Fertility Rate,and Economic Growth

This study analyzes the interaction between non-regular employment of women and economic growth patterns by an overlapping-generations model.Declining Birthrate White Paper-Cabinet Office(2013)shows the ideal number of children per household is 2.42 compared to the current number of 2.07,which is the lowest so far in Japan.The main reason households do not have the ideal number of children is“the costs burden of childcare and education”and the ratio amounts to 60.4%.In recent years in Japan,households in which both the husband and the wife work are increasing,whereas those in which only the husband works are decreasing.Additionally,although women have same educational background and abilities as men,most women become non-regular employees after marriage and childbirth,which reduces household income.In such a situation,raising the rate of pension insurance will be a big burden for the household and the declining birthrate may be caused by high levels of educational expenditure and pension insurance.The Japanese government has discussed raising the wages of non-regular employees.This paper finds that a rise in the wage rate of non-regular employment is needed under the public pension policy that raises the rate of pension insurance,and it must be at an adequate level.That is,there is a high risk that this policy will have a negative effect on Japan’s economic growth if an adequate level is not achieved.

Fertility Values among Women of Childbearing Age in Hunan Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: China is facing with a crisis of the aging population. After the implementation of the latest fertility policy, the research on fertility related issues is urgent. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the fertility values among women of childbearing age and the socio-demographic factors associated with it under the background of three-child policy, which is helpful to cope with the aging of the population. Methods: This study was conducted among 383 women of childbearing age who met the inclusion criteria using a general information questionnaire and the fertility values questionnaire from May to August 2021 in Hunan Province, China. Data were collected on the women’s socio-demographic characteristics and fertility values. The descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. Results: The total mean score of the positive values was 43.55 ± 10.10, and that of the negative values was 50.87 ± 13.85. There were significant differences in the scores of the overall positive and negative values, as well as scores of each dimension (p The item mean score of the overall negative values (3.38 ± 0.93) was higher than that of the overall positive values (2.90 ± 0.67). Among the positive values, “emotional value” (4.26 ± 0.93) scored the highest, while “worrying about life changes” (3.88 ± 1.10) scored the highest among the negative values. There were significant differences in both the positive and negative values in terms of age, marital status, and “only-child” women or not (p Conclusion: The fertility values among women of childbearing age in Hunan Province were relatively negative, especially, excessive worries about life change since having a child, which may lead to further declines in fertility levels. Relevant support measures are urgently needed from the government to adapt to the three-child policy.

How Far Is China’s Grain Subsidies Level from the Ceiling of Amber Box Support?-Evaluation Based on WTO Rules

Using the aggregate measurement of support （AMS） approach of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, this study estimates China＇s product-specific and non-product- specific amber box support levels between 2008 and 2013. The result indicates that China＇s product-specific amber box support level has significantly increased but not yet exceeded the tolerable ceiling of de minimis and remains consistent with WTO rules on agricultural domestic support,＂ that there is still policy room for product-specific amber box support but the ceiling of de minimis has already imposed substantial constraint on China＇s grain price support policies; and that despite rapid increases in non-product-specific amber box support levels, future policy space remains significant. The result also suggests that China should make appropriate adjustments to product-specific amber box support policies in accordance with WTO rules on agricultural domestic support and make proper use of non- product-specific amber box support policies.

Study on the Influence of the the Universal Two-childPolicy on China＇s Pension Payment

In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the ＂Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues＂ adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the ＂two-child policy＂, completely replacing the ＂one-child policy＂ that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The ＂two-child comprehensive＂ can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China＇s social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China＇s pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the ＂comprehensive two-child＂ policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China＇s pension.

Characteristics and prospect of geothermal industry in China under the“dual carbon”target

Geothermal energy utilization in China had been promoted actively during the 13^(th)Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020),with resultant achievements showing unique Chinese characteristics.Buildings(measured by areas)heated/cooled by intermediate-to-deep geothermal energy increased more rapidly than those by shallow geothermal energy.Geothermal power generation was restricted by the distribution of the resource and the sufficiency of local power supply.With the proposition of“dual carbon goal”by the central government of China and the coming era of great development of renewable energy,geothermal energy will be provided more development opportunities in room heating/cooling and power generation in the country ever than before.However,tackling technology bottlenecks and introduction of appropriate policy support are still urgently needed for nurturing a healthy environment for geothermal industry.Analysis suggests that a near-to medium-term development of geothermal energy shall be focused on a comprehensive and efficient utilization both through heating/cooling and power generation.Room heating/cooling by intermediate-to-deep and shallow geothermal energy shall be promoted nationwide according to local resource endowment and economic conditions.Geothermal power generation in Yunnan and Tibet shall be pushed forward in an orderly way.For medium-and long-term development,focus shall be put on power generation by using low to medium temperature geothermal energy and hot dry rocks.The"hot spring+"model shall be adapted in steps on a regular basis.To achieve these,measures including attaching importance to tackling key technologies,promoting standards for geothermal energy development and utilization,strengthening geothermal energy exploration and evaluation,and seeking for necessary policy support shall be taken.

An overview of proven Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment tools for forests and forest-dependent communities across the globe：a literature analysis

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment（VA） tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems.However,the tools are poorly coordinated,making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly.The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities.All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding,data availability and technical capacity.An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods.Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures.The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities.They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter,availability of resources,time and scale.

The Plights and Countermeasures in the Implementation of Distinctive Agriculture Insurance of Hebei Province

The feasibility of implementing distinctive agriculture insurance in Hebei Province is analyzed from the following aspects covering the support of policies and laws;agricultural products and brands with Hebei distinct;the rich experience of insurance companies;farmers' strong awareness on insurance and farmers' great demand on agricultural insurance.The plights faced by distinctive agricultural insurance are pointed out.It includes weak awareness of farmers on buying insurance;low enthusiasm of insurance company;poor support from the government and backward laws and regulations and so on.The countermeasures on developing distinctive agricultural insurance are put forward.The countermeasures on improving farmers' awareness on buying insurance;innovating the insurance products and services;increasing the support from the government;perfecting the legislation on agricultural insurance should be adopted to develop agricultural insurance.

Development and Thinking of Ecological Environmental Audit in China

In this paper,the development course of ecological environmental audit in China was described,and the evolution of its policy support,technical means and coverage was analyzed.At the same time,in view of the problems such as low data quality and credibility,limited scope of audit and lagging informatization construction in audit work,some specific suggestions were put forward to better support the ecological civilization construction in China by optimizing the ecological environmental audit work.

基于系统动力学的政策成效与预见仿真方法探析——以人口生育政策为例

[目的/意义]系统动力学的仿真模拟能够全面捕捉政策影响下的复杂社会系统动态性,准确模拟政策干预随时间推移的累积影响,评估政策的实施效果,对于推动政策工具科学高效地制定和使用,以及提高政策效能都有着极其重要的作用。[方法/过程]以人口生育政策实施为样例,基于生育率等关键性影响因素与教育经济等环境影响参数,借助Vensim PLE构建一套系统动力学仿真模型,动态演示人口—政策—经济子系统间的交互,设计执行3项差异化政策干预情景,深入模拟预测不同政策导向下的人口变迁路径与演化趋势。[结果/结论]研究发现,生育政策的放宽在促进人口增长的同时,有效缓解老龄化趋势。但政策影响日渐式微,亟需结构化变革与调整。