Investigating the Legitimacy of the Plight and Countermeasures of Enterprise System Under the Current Legal Framework

Enterprise regulations and rules play a major role in corporate governance.However,in recent years,a large number of enterprise regulations and rules were illegal and were thus annulled by the court,and enterprises bear related liability to pay compensations.The author analyzed and discussed the predicament of legitimacy in enterprise rules and regulations step by step in three aspects including the legal connotation of enterprise rules and regulations,legitimacy dilemma in the enterprise rules and regulations,measures should be taken by enterprises under the current law framework.The paper aims to provide ideas and thoughts for Chinese enterprises to overcome the legitimacy dilemma of enterprise rules and regulations and give full play to their important roles in corporation governance.

Impact of Mandatory Provisions on the Validity of Juristic Acts: A Path for Legal Policy Analysis

Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.

The Legal Logic in the Practice of Poverty Reduction in Rural China in the One Hundred Years Since the Founding of the Communist Party of China

Three major poverty reduction models have successively been adopted in the poverty control led by the Communist Party of China(CPC),namely reliefbased poverty alleviation,which focused on adjusting the production factors of land,development-driven poverty alleviation,and targeted poverty alleviation.In the process,the target of finding a rational position for the principal function of poverty alleviation has been gradually realized:the approach of poverty alleviation has gradually adjusted from micro to macro,from direct to indirect;while the management has transformed from mobilization-based to rule-of-law based.Rules that link policies and laws,as well as a rule-of-law model of the poverty reduction of a developing country that is led by party committees and governments,has been formed,and an illustrative sample of poverty control has been created,which provides experience based knowledge to the anti-poverty practices in developing countries.In the future,it is necessary to further realize the protection of the rights of the people in comparative poverty and the proceduralization of poverty reduction administrative behaviors,as well as to formulate a unified "Poverty Reduction Law" when the time is ripe,to protect the rights of the people in comparative poverty in the post-poverty-alleviation era.

The third-party regulation on food safety in China:A review

Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories, government, food producers （farmers and enterprises）, and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years, and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development, problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific, five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed, including media exposure, the third-party certification, regulation by consumer associations, social movements promoted by non-governmental organiza- tions （NGOs）, and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly, but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management, and therefore, are of little importance in current regulatory bodies.

Relationship between Quasi－parabolic Regulation and Rule of Increasing Oxygen

In this paper the relation is derived between quasi-parabolic regulation and the rule of increasing oxygenpotential. Using these rules in Co-O binary system the stability of compounds CoO and Co_3O_4 is examined.

Party Regulations

THE Communist Party of China （CPC） Central Committee released two documents on May 27 to standardize the Party＇s internal rule-making process and improve the development of intra-Party regulations.

通信标准必要专利跨领域许可FRAND义务研究

在通信标准必要专利跨领域许可的进程中,通信产业与标准产品产业就供应链上的许可模式存在分歧。回溯分歧的发生背景和诉讼呈现可知,该分歧的实质为FRAND义务分歧,且应被锚定为终端级自由许可和组件级优先许可两种模式的争议。经总体检视,终端级许可将引致上游供应商实施行为法律确定性缺失、高交易成本困境与专利劫持的潜在风险,组件级许可则具有提升许可效率和抑制专利劫持的合理性,然而组件级优先许可义务的设定不符合比例原则。SEP持有人在有权自由选择许可层级的基础上,应充分履行包含FRAND谈判义务与SEP开放义务的FRAND义务,以消除前述风险。SEP持有人违反FRAND谈判义务的,将受SEP侵权不停止规则的规制,SEP开放义务则依托利益第三人条款的明确约定或合同解释得到履行。

Legal System Governing on Water Pollution in Iran

In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the water resources in the world, bringing about serious problems for humans and other living organisms. According to the human life on earth depends on the way different water resources are exploited, the most important way to preserve the quality of water resources is to codify appropriate regulations and standards and develop plans for proper and principled implementation of them. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to take required actions to manage water resources optimally. In this regard, one of the most significant legal tools is the law. Following a descriptive-analytic approach, the present research aims to consider legal challenges in the context of water contamination briefly. Investigations indicate that, given the limitations in water resources, in future, water contamination will raise serious problems for the country should the solutions and measures required for tackling this issue are not well incorporated into respective regulations. As such, in order to systemize the activities within this scope, it is necessary to codify a comprehensive act about different water-related topics, so as to cover all separate and sparse pieces of regulations on water. Further, acquiring help from experts when preparing the regulations with an emphasis on the inhibitory role of penalties, roles of NGOs and culture-making in the society will contribute to the successful legal protection of the quality of water resources.

PBRRI: A Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Communication Model in Distributed Systems

In distributed systems independent agents need to interact with each other to accomplish their task. Modern peer-to-peer computing technologies always concern with enabling interaction among agents and help them cooperate with each other. But in fact, access control should also be considered to limit interaction to make it harmless. This paper proposed a proxy based rule regulated interaction (PBRRI) model. Role based access control is introduced for security concerns. Regulation rules are enforced in a distributed manner so that PBRRI can be applied to the open distributed systems such as Internet.

From the Founding to the Crisis of Mao Zedong and of China Ruling Party： The Identity the Communist Party

Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendous transformation from the founding to the ruling party of the country. The present research examines the historical, social as well as political aspects of the identity crisis and the CPC was suffering from in its adventurous efforts to chart a course for the socialist transformation of China. It was tempted to resume its leadership role in the revolution given the mounting tension generated by the Cold War and the prevailing revolutionary beliefs within the Party. Nevertheless, it was obliged to restore the country＇s social and political order after the sweeping national reform. In search of an adequate interpretation for the various attempts the Party made in exploring its refreshed identity, hence resolving the crisis, the study focuses on a similar crisis which befell the Party leader, Mao Zedong, in his own struggle against the con- fusion caused by his potentially double role as the head of both a founding and a ruling party. The study suggests that Mao＇s misidentification of his own political role inevitably led to the Party＇s dysfunctions, and closer investigation into the leader＇s personal dilemma offers new insight into such tragic events as the Anti- Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.

Global Fintech Regulation and Its Reform Trends

Propelled by a combination of policy enablers,increasing investments,and the COVID-19 pandemic,the global financial technology(fintech) industry has entered a period of rapid growth in recent years.Yet it is important to note that poor regulation and weak supervision might produce risks and shocks to financial stability,business competition,social equity,and environmental resources.The encouraging approach toward fintech development adopted by major global economies over the past decade has ignored regulation to varying degrees,resulting in unbalanced and inadequate supervision,which has been falling short of meeting public concerns effectively.Since 2019,international discussions on how to regulate fintech have become more and more heated.It has been widely agreed that,to regulate fintech effectively,three pillars must be established—data,competition,and financial regulatory rules.Given the increasing challenges posed by large technology firms (big techs)to financial regulation,this paper proposes to prioritize entity-based regulation,with a focus on reforming the rules concerning operational resilience and competition.China should keep a close eye on international trends and learn to devise appropriate rules for entity-based regulation,which will prove necessary to guide the steady,sound,and sustainable development of its fintech industry.

China introduces the 24-hour rule

Recently, international movement measures that may be causing tension between the of cargo had been the subject of increasing border control needs for security and the needs for trade facilitations. On the one hand customs authorities are charged with the responsibility for policing a country＇s borders, and consequently they need to have in place measures to ensure that only legitimate trade takes place and that this trade does not present security concerns. On the other hand we have the requirements of traders, who benefit from an environment of trade facilitation with speedy and efficient movement of cargo across international borders, with minimal bureaucratic intervention. This paper focuses on and provides early discussion and comments on the possible ramifications of the introduction of the 24-hour rule in China, effective for all exports and imports of sea freight container traffic since January 1, 2009. The new rules will have significant impact on the logistics flows of exporters and importers alike. Specifically, the reporting requirements timelines are likely to result in increased costs in cargo processing at wharves that traders will have to bear; place added pressure on storage facilities at wharves, or at container depots; and may additionally increase the amount of inventory buffer because of the timing of the data reporting requirements. The paper concludes that security needs have prevailed over trade facilitation considerations and that traders should urgently implement a review of existing practices to ensure they comply with the China Customs requirements, whilst simultaneously minimizing cost increases.

党的组织法规法典的规范体系:应然定位、法规构成与立规限度

规范体系的边界划分是编纂党的组织法规法典首先要明确的问题。党的组织法规法典的规范体系可以从党的选举类、组织类、象征标志类和组织工作类法规进行定位,宜选择“中法典”的编纂思路,对党的选举类、组织类和组织工作类法规进行法典化。党的组织法规与其他领域党内法规的调整范围划分是法典规范体系的外在限定,决定着法典规范体系的内容取舍,为此需要厘清党的组织法规与其他领域法规的界限。党的组织法规法典规范体系的立规限度应以法规是否频繁变动、调整领域是否具有局限性、是否具有试行期限、是否属于细密配套性法规、是否在适用主体上具有特定性及适用空间领域具有特定性等为标准进行考量,在此基础上合理界定法典规范体系的立规限度,最终形成边界清晰、规范内容完整和内外协调的党的组织法规法典。

村党组织书记“一肩挑”的实践逻辑与规范协同

党的领导是推进农村社会治理现代化,实现乡村振兴的根本保障与动力引擎。党的二十大明确提出:“把基层党组织建设成为有效实现党的领导的坚强战斗堡垒。”村党组织与村民委员会同为农村核心治理主体,二者关系处理是影响农村经济社会发展的关键变量。村党组织书记“一肩挑”的实施依据是《2019年中央一号文件》和《中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例》。村党组织书记“一肩挑”契合了当前农村治理衍生关系复杂性对于治理主体利益协调能力、责任服务意识与良好道德品行的客观需求,体现了党对于农村实现共同富裕与高质量发展目标的组织安排。厘清村党组织书记“一肩挑”制度的实践逻辑、内在结构与规范协同,有助于从整体架构层面廓清和完善农村社会治理体系,为其治理能力提升提供制度势能。基于功能主义视角审视,村党组织书记“一肩挑”蕴含了践行全过程人民民主理念、推进“三治融合”治理模式、实现利益协调治理效果的多重实践逻辑。结合制度文本分析,党内法规与国家法律针对村党组织书记“一肩挑”的文本表达既有耦合性与交叉性特征,也有“具体—概括”“顺序承接”“并列关联”“严格—兜底”等规范形态。但实践中,党内法规与国家法律的衔接协调不畅可能造成村党组织书记“一肩挑”主体的担当能力不足、民意基础薄弱、权力行使失范等问题。秉持立法与立规统筹、中央与地方互动、激励与监督并重原则,着力从领导规定、选举程序、民主决策以及权力监督等层面促进党内法规与国家法律的规范协同,有助于实现村党组织书记“一肩挑”的预设功能。具体而言包括:在领导规范层面,完善上级党组织领导村党组织、村党组织领导农村其他组织的规范;在选举规范层面,应将民意征集设置为村党组织书记选举必要程序,阐明村党支部书记未当选村民委员会主任的补救措施;在决策规范层面,明确应经村党组织讨论和决定的内容并优化农村民主协商的决策程序规范;在监督规范层面,应出台针对村(社)巡察专门规范并完善村务监督补充性规范。

社会主义核心价值观融入党内法规体系:现状梳理、问题分析与发展前瞻

党内法规体系是中国特色社会主义法治体系的组成部分,在社会主义核心价值观融入法治建设中担负先行先试、引领保障作用。党的十八大以来,社会主义核心价值观融入党内法规体系取得实质性进展,但关于社会主义核心价值观融入党内法规的载体范围、配套落实机制、集约化程度、融入实效的检验和评估等方面仍然存在不足。未来推进社会主义核心价值观融入党内法规体系,应进一步发现理论与实践的重大价值;坚持系统思维从整体上谋划推进;始终以实践作为检验融入成效的标准。

数字规制的场景、困境与进路:作为法治场域的元宇宙

元宇宙是数字规制的新场景,相关参与场景和产品应用的广泛性决定了元宇宙风险丛生、亟待治理。元宇宙治理面临伦理治理困境,具体体现在主体性、算法正义、数据伦理等方面,这些也是数字规制的难题,在人工智能等运用场景也有显现。由于技术基础设施发展、传统法律监管滞后、数字货币监管缺位等客观情况,元宇宙法律监管也面临挑战,针对元宇宙的治理困境进行规则设计具有必要性。设计进路方面,元宇宙治理的相关规则应当以元宇宙的技术特征为底座,以算法和数据规制为抓手,以国际法与国内法的互动为方案,在国内法治、涉外法治和国际法治等不同层面确保元宇宙治理规则的宽覆盖、高效力与体系化。数字规制在确保实现人的价值的同时,需要推动数字经济和数字法治的发展。

基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网调频方法

新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先,在储能辅助电网调频模型基础上,选择惯性加下垂的储能辅助电网调频综合控制方法,通过电网频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)、频率偏差与调频需求的关联性分析,设计基于频率响应特性的调频需求分区规则;然后,根据不同调频需求对应的分区判断,对储能有功输出方式进行动态调整,以响应调频需求的不确定性,并在此基础上,针对调频需求与储能出力需求、储能出力强弱与其循环使用寿命间的矛盾关系,通过多目标优化问题的设计与求解来予以平衡;最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证电网调频效果的基础上,有效降低储能充放电深度。

乡村治理法治体系构建问题研究

乡村治理是国家治理的基石和乡村振兴的基础。提升乡村治理和乡村建设质量,扎实有序做好乡村治理和乡村建设工作,需要重构乡村振兴中的社区治理共同体,优化社区自组织社会风险防范机制,构建新型乡村社区“三社联动”机制,构建多层次新型村庄治理共同体格局。乡村治理法治体系构建的关键在于:发挥村规民约在乡村治理中的作用,效法“枫桥经验”把矛盾纠纷化解在基层,把地方性治理规范融入全过程人民民主,给乡镇政府公共服务能力的提升增权赋能。构建乡村治理法治体系的主要路径是:发挥基层党组织在乡村治理中的引领作用,凸显基层协商民主在乡村治理中的民主意识,强化家庭家教家风在乡村治理中的修复功能,重视新乡贤在乡村振兴中的重要作用。

面向人与自然和谐共生的环境党内法规的治理逻辑

建设面向人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,中国式法治化是必然要求,其中环境法治不可或缺。中国式的环境法治必然要重视党内法规的特殊法治和治理功能。可从着力发挥党内法规在环境法治中的特殊作用、统筹推进环境综合治理的规范功能、推动构建人类环境命运共同体的制度文明三方面,揭示出环境党内法规所秉持环境系统观、环境效能观、环境文明观的政理法理。环境党内法规有广义和狭义之分,环境党内法规所承载上述治理逻辑的规范样态,不仅包括符合《中国共产党党内法规制定条例》严格形式要件的狭义党内法规,也包括引领环境法治发展的环境政策、起到监督保障等作用的党内环境规范性文件。从环境党内法规的政治功能和规范效力来讲,将以决议、决定、意见、通知等为主要载体的环境政策视为广义的环境党内法规,符合新形势下环境党内法规体系构筑的核心要义。从目前党内法规体系的构成情况看,起到监督保障作用的党内环境规范性文件成为了主力军,但其数量庞杂又单线作战的实践困境使其亟需完善以形成治理合力。因此,应进一步探讨党的环境政策和党内环境规范性文件向狭义党内法规的有机转化,使狭义的环境党内法规成为环境党内法规体系的主体部分。广义视阈下的环境党内法规,在面向人与自然和谐共生的现代化中发挥着规范、治理与重塑的制度功能。环境党内法规通过将党的不成文的环境文明提炼转化为具有约束力的制度形态,从而使其获得长远的效能力和长期的执行力。环境党内法规通过为生态文明建设提供制度赋能,从而全面发挥其环境治理的政治效能、预防效能和发展效能。环境党内法规以党的领导为本质特征的政治结构为环境文明奠基、以人民为中心的人本理念为环境文明铸魂、以党规国法共治为保障的外部制度为环境文明塑形,使其实质上具备了打造人类环境文明新形态的重塑功能。需要注意的是,完备的环境党内法规体系对上述功能的系统发挥尤为重要,因此,面向人与自然和谐共生的环境党内法规,还有待进一步体系化完善。

法治规范体系视域下党内法规保留的功能定位与规范建构

党内法规保留是将法律保留相关原理引入党内法规制度建设中形成的有关党内事务制定权配置的制度。在中国特色社会主义法治体系的法治背景下,党内法规保留应以法治规范体系作为制度建构的基本视角。基于与法律保留的功能比较,党内法规保留具有统制、区分、整合、保障等功能。在法治规范体系视域下,当前党内法规保留制度存在明显结构缺陷。可以从重塑党内法规保留的结构理念、重新阐释《中国共产党党内法规制定条例》第四条第一款的保留对象、建立相对保留制度、单列党章保留事项、对中央党内法规绝对保留事项进行内涵解读等方面进行结构重塑与完善。此外,在党内法规保留的保留标准上,应确立面向从严治党的重要事项保留标准。