The Adoption and Maintenance of Executive Stock Option Plan （ESOP）＂ Company Characteristics Evaluation in Indonesia

This paper investigates company characteristics associated with the adoption and maintenance of executive stock option plan （ESOP） proxied with the proportion of stock options. In order to develop and inform public policies of executive stock options, it is important to understand some of the factors that will drive a company＇s decision in order to adopt an ESOP. First, an analysis evaluates what kind of company＇s characteristics is associated with these plans. Second, an analysis examines the company characteristics that predict the adoption of such plans. This paper contributes to that stream of accounting research by identifying several factors to the adoption of ESOP. The study finds that intellectual capital （consisting of human capital efficiency （HCE）, structural capital efficiency （SCE）, and capital employed efficiency （CEE））, risk, and financial constraints （FC） affect the adoption and maintenance of stock option plans, these conditions will be increasingly supported in companies that experience relatively rapid growth. HCE, risk, and FC are significant predictors of the adoption and maintenance of ESOP. The companies who have some difficulties in observing human capital＇s behavior are more likely to adopt executive stock options, and based on our theoretical review, this is a rational course of action. Firms with higher levels of business risks are less likely to shift some of the risks to employees through stock-based compensation, whereas firms with higher variability in total shareholder returns are more likely to adopt executive stock options. Overall, our results suggest that higher monitoring costs prompt firms to adopt and maintain ESOP.

Executive Stock Option, Mediation of Agency Costs and Allocation of Power in Levered Firms

The relationship between options and agency costs in levered firms is studied by modeling the effect of executive stock options on the manager's investment strategy in levered firms. Stock options do not necessarily aggravate agency costs in levered firms. The corporate governance affects agency costs greatly. If debt-holders were entitled to design executive stock options together with stockholders, by allocating power properly between stockholders and debt-holders, firm value could be enhanced greatly. The following way of allocating power between the two parties is proposed: the exercise price should be the weighted average of the stockholders' and debt-holders' suggested exercise prices. The weight allocated to debt-holders is positively related to the amount of debts that debt-holders lend to stockholders.

An Empirical Test of Relation Between Executive Stock Options and Firm Performance

Numerous firms adopted executive stock options plan for their executives. This study examines empirically the hypothesis that stock options help to improve the firml＇s operating performance. The empirical tests reveal a positive relation between the stock options and performance; also indicate that there is a positive relation between quantity of manager＇s stock options and firm＇s size.

A Preliminary Analysis of Accounting Confirmation and Measurement on Stock Option

股票期权作为一种长期激励机制雇我国虽已有一定的发展，但由于会计处理研究相对滞后，与国际惯例存在一些差距，这些问题包括股票期权会计确认观的选择、初始确认时间的确定、计量方法的选择等。对此，我国应借鉴国外会计处理理念和充分考虑我国国情。采取将股票期权确认为无形资产，拓宽所有者权益内涵，借助中介机构对股票期权进行估值，对于股票期权采用授予日作为计量日，使用公允价值计量经理股票期权，对股票期权的会计确认和计量进行补充和完善。以便股票期权这一长期激励机制在我国经济建设中更好地发挥应有作用。

Nonparametric estimation of employee stock options

We proposed a new model to price employee stock options （ESOs）. The model is based on nonparametric statistical methods with market data. It incorporates the kernel estimator and employs a three-step method to modify Black- Scholes formula. The model overcomes the limits of Black-Scholes formula in handling option prices with varied volatility. It disposes the effects of ESOs self-characteristics such as non-tradability, the longer term for expiration, the eady exercise feature, the restriction on shorting selling and the employee＇s risk aversion on risk neutral pricing condition, and can be applied to ESOs valuation with the explanatory variable in no matter the certainty case or random case.

SIMPLEST DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF STOCK PRICE,ITS SOLUTION AND RELATION TO ASSUMPTION OF BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL

Two kinds of mathematical expressions of stock price, one of which based on certain description is the solution of the simplest differential equation (S.D.E.) obtained by method similar to that used in solid mechanics,the other based on uncertain description (i.e., the statistic theory)is the assumption of Black_Scholes's model (A.B_S.M.) in which the density function of stock price obeys logarithmic normal distribution, can be shown to be completely the same under certain equivalence relation of coefficients. The range of the solution of S.D.E. has been shown to be suited only for normal cases (no profit, or lost profit news, etc.) of stock market, so the same range is suited for A.B_ S.M. as well.

Employee Stock Options＂ Accounting for Optimal Hedging, Suboptimal Exercises, and Contractual Restrictions

Employee stock options （ESOs） have become an integral component of compensation in the US. In view of their significant cost to firms, the Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB） has mandated expensing ESOs since 2004. The main difficulty of ESO valuation lies in the uncertain timing of exercises, and a number of contractual restrictions of ESOs further complicate the problem. We present a valuation framework that captures the main characteristics of ESOs. Specifically, we incorporate the holder＇s risk aversion, and hedging strategies that include both dynamic trading of a correlated asset and static positions in market-traded options. Their combined effect on ESO exercises and costs are evaluated along with common features like vesting periods, job termination risk and multiple exercises. This leads to the study of a joint stochastic control and optimal stopping problem. We find that ESO values are much less than the corresponding Black-Scholes prices due to early exercises, which arise from risk aversion and job termination risk; whereas static hedges induce holders to delay exercises and increase ESO costs.

高管激励调整、会计信息质量与公司股价崩盘风险

高管作为企业运营的核心主体,其薪酬激励方式的选择与调整是决定公司风险防控和未来发展的关键因素。以2007—2020年中国沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,实证检验了高管激励调整对公司股价崩盘风险的影响及作用机制。研究发现,高管激励调整、高管激励方式由现金调整为股票期权、高管激励调整次数上升均能够显著降低上市公司股价崩盘风险,且会计信息质量在高管激励调整对公司股价崩盘风险的影响中发挥了部分中介效应。异质性分析表明,高管激励调整对股价崩盘风险的缓解效应仅显著存在于处于成长期或成熟期(而非衰退期)以及分析师关注度较高的企业中。因此,企业应建立相对灵活的薪酬激励长效机制,根据不同生命周期设计合理的奖惩制度,并适度调整契约条款,进而防范公司股价崩盘风险。

期权最痛点理论研究——基于上证50ETF期权的经验实证

基于上证50ETF及其期权数据,利用最痛点理论有效地验证期权标的资产价格预测,并深入探讨期权隐含波动率和最痛点之间的关联。实证分析结果显示,在期权到期日临近时,期权价格往往趋于最痛点且期权的隐含波动率在最痛点处达到最低,进一步证实了期权最痛点对标的股票价格的“锚定效应”。本文从理论上探讨期权最痛点产生的原因,对最痛点理论在期权交易策略中的应用进行初步探讨。

企业社会责任、女性高管与股价同步性——基于信息不对称视角的实证研究

基于中国沪深A股上市公司2003—2022年样本数据,实证考察企业社会责任对股价同步性的影响,并检验企业高管性别特征对上述关系的调节作用。研究发现,企业社会责任与股价同步性间存在显著负向影响关系,女性高管的性别特征能够在一定程度上增强企业社会责任对股价同步性的抑制作用。研究从信息传递对股票价格影响的角度出发,对当前企业社会责任、高管性别特征及其对股价波动影响的研究文献进行拓展,有利于完善资本市场会计信息披露和监管,缓解企业内外部信息不对称,对于投资者了解企业特有信息,降低股价同涨同跌的大幅波动,稳定金融市场秩序具有一定的信号传递作用。

双重绩效反馈相关性对企业异质性创新战略抉择的影响研究

绩效反馈对组织创新的影响一直备受关注,然而历史绩效和行业绩效连续时期的反馈相关性对企业异质性创新战略抉择的影响机理尚未厘清。基于绩效反馈理论,以2010—2022年中国深沪A股高科技制造业上市公司为样本,探讨双重绩效反馈相关性对企业异质性创新战略抉择的影响机理,以及高管股权激励的调节效应。研究结果显示,双重绩效反馈相关性与企业突破性创新呈U型关系,双重绩效反馈相关性与企业渐进性创新呈倒U型关系。高管股权激励强化了双重绩效反馈强相关与企业突破性创新之间的关系,也强化了弱相关与企业渐进性创新之间的关系。

上市公司员工持股计划的“双刃剑”效应研究:基于公司不当行为的视角

员工持股计划有助于企业保留核心科技人才,激发企业创新,对形成新质生产力与推进新型工业化皆具有重要意义,但在政策实施的过程中应警惕上市公司利用这一激励手段达成不当目的。基于2014-2023年中国上市公司A股的数据,实证检验了员工持股计划与公司不当行为之间的关系。研究结果表明,上市公司在员工持股计划持续期内发生不当行为的概率更高。其原因:一是部分员工持股计划沦为变向的高管绩效式激励工具,二是员工出于自身利益发挥了合谋掩饰作用。进一步研究发现存续期较短、由金融机构代管、存在杠杆融资及激励人数处于特定区间的员工持股计划与公司不当行为的正相关关系更加显著。类似于高管绩效式激励的“双刃剑”效应同样存在于员工激励中。基于此,提出针对性的建议实现对上市公司的强监管,以保障更好的政策效果进而提高上市公司质量。

股票流动性对企业技术创新的“双刃剑”效应——基于高管薪酬激励的视角

如何有效为创新融资以及如何激励企业高管是技术创新的重要课题。本文从薪酬激励视角,考察股票流动性对企业技术创新的作用机制和影响效果。研究发现,股票流动性带来的低交易成本既能促进大股东的形成,完善公司治理结构,又会使投资者趋于短线套利,增加企业被收购压力。进一步研究表明,高管薪酬激励能够缓解委托代理矛盾,驱使高管优化创新决策。因此,适中的流动性与高管薪酬激励能更有效地促进技术创新。本文从外部资本市场和内部高管激励的交叉视角丰富了企业技术创新的相关理论研究,并提出应多措并举健全资本市场高效制度、建立创新项目信息发布平台、完善资本市场防范机制、营造包容失败创新文化,以期为促进企业技术创新提供参考。

高管过度自信会影响股价崩盘风险吗?——基于并购溢价的实证研究

基于2010—2020年沪深A股上市公司进行实证研究,引入“并购溢价”这一中介变量,分析高管过度自信影响股价崩盘风险的作用机制。研究结果显示:高管过度自信程度越高,企业面临的股价崩盘风险越高;高管过度自信会显著提高企业并购溢价水平,从而加大股价崩盘风险发生的可能性。进一步分析发现,高管过度自信影响股价崩盘风险的作用机制在不同产权性质企业里的表现有所差异,相较于国有企业,这一作用机制对非国有企业的影响更为显著。基于此,提出减少高管过度自信、完善信息披露制度、抑制并购溢价、建立风险监测和预警机制等防范措施,以促进资本市场平稳健康发展。

员工组织承诺与国有企业创新——员工持股计划的激励与约束双重逻辑

创新是提升国有企业竞争力的重要手段。基于社会交换理论,以中央企业首批10家员工持股试点企业中的3家作为研究样本,通过对员工的问卷调研数据进行分析,可以得出以下结论:员工的情感承诺和持续承诺显著促进国有企业利用式创新,持续承诺和规范承诺显著促进探索式创新;横向监督在员工组织承诺与国有企业创新间起中介作用;知识共享在员工组织承诺与国有企业创新之间的中介作用并不成立,但知识共享在持股员工的组织承诺与利用式创新之间发挥显著的中介作用。员工组织承诺是实现国有企业创新驱动的关键动力之一,应充分发挥员工持股计划的激励与约束功能以激发员工创新意识、推动国有企业创新。

高阶矩风险与市场收益:来自中国期权市场的证据

基于上证50ETF期权隐含的方差和高阶矩的期限结构,本研究使用偏最小二乘回归的降维方法构造了与中国股票市场收益相关的方差-高阶矩风险因子.实证结果显示,在2015年到2020年的样本期内,该风险因子显著地预测未来1个月以及2周至8周的市场收益,月度样本内和样本外R^(2)分别达到了10.08%和6.55%.在控制了常见的经济预测变量和期权变量后,该因子的预测能力仍然保持显著.这表明我国股市收益中包含了对偏度和峰度风险的补偿,与含时变高阶矩的资产定价模型相一致.在经济价值方面,方差-高阶矩因子的预测能力可为投资者在市场择时交易中带来可观的收益.结果表明,中国期权市场提供了高阶矩风险的独特信息,这为理解我国股市风险与收益的权衡关系提供了新的角度.

Option Strike Price and Managerial Investment Decisions

The manager′s investment decisions is modeled when the manager is risk averse and has stock options as compensation. It is found that the strike price of options is crucial to the investment incentives of managers, and that the correct value, or interval of values, of managerial stock option strike price can bring stockholder and manager interests in agreement.

Extracting Information on Implied Volatilities and Discrete Dividends From American Option Prices

This paper deals with options on assets, such as stocks or indexes, which pay cash dividends. Pricing methods which consider discrete dividends are usually computationally expensive and become infeasible when one considers multiple dividends paid during the option lifetime. This is the case of long-term options and options on indexes. The first purpose of this paper is to assess efficient and accurate numerical procedures which yield consistent prices for both European and American options when the underlying asset pays discrete dividends. The authors then analyze some methodologies to extract information on implied volatilities and dividends from quoted option prices. Implied dividends can also be computed using a modified version of the well-known put-call parity relationship. This technique is straightforward, nevertheless, its use is limited to European options, and when dealing with equities, most traded options are of American type. As an alternative, the numerical inversion of pricing methods, such as efficient interpolated binomial method, can be used. This paper applies different procedures to obtain implied volatilities and dividends of listed stocks of the Italian derivatives market （IDEM）.

非高管员工持股影响混合所有制企业创新的路径分析--基于结构方程模型的多重中介效应

文章以2014—2020年我国实施员工持股计划的混合所有制上市企业为研究样本,采用结构方程模型(SEM)探究非高管员工持股对企业创新的影响路径。研究表明:持股强度与持股广度对混合所有制企业创新的影响存在差异,其中持股强度影响企业创新的效应为正,而持股广度对企业创新的影响效应为负,且该负面影响大于持股强度的正面影响,说明非高管员工的大规模持股会稀释员工持股计划的激励作用,反而不利于混合所有制企业创新;在非高管员工持股影响混合所有制企业创新的作用路径中,直接作用路径发挥了主要作用,贡献率为71.66%,而28.34%是通过间接作用路径实现的,其中风险承担路径的贡献率最高,为11.02%,融资约束路径及人才保留路径次之,分别为5.26%和5.12%。因此,混合所有制企业实施员工持股计划时,应合理设计持股比例、持股范围等契约要素,以充分发挥员工持股在混合所有制企业中的制度改革效应和创新激励效应。