The Limits of the Intervention of Public Power in Individual Health Choices——From the Perspective of the Realization of the Right to Health in the Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases

Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the most important public health problem in the world today,so the focus of public health services should be shifted from the traditional area of communicable diseases to the prevention and control of chronic diseases.Since bad living habits are the most direct cause of chronic diseases,the most effective measure to prevent and control chronic diseases is to promote healthy lifestyles for the individual citizen.The theories of equal health opportunity,the right to health from the perspective of human rights,and determinants of a healthy society provide justified reasons for the intervention of public power in individual health choices.In the current legal system,the intervention of public power is limited to flexible measures such as health education,which shows respect for individual autonomy.However,it is inconsistent with the needs of current public health practice.We should expand diversified intervention means to encourage individuals to make healthy choices under the guidance of the management model.The“ladder of intervention”outlines a panoramic view of the intervention measures available.However,for the selection of specific measures,it is necessary to consider the public health objectives and the invasion of individual freedom,introduce the“legal reservation principle”and“proportionality principle”as policy analysis tools,and reasonably choose intervention measures at different levels on the ladder to properly handle the tension between public power and private rights.

An Academic Summary of the International Seminar Series on “Protection of the Rights of Specific Groups in Pandemic Prevention and Control”

The international semiinar on"Protection of the Rights of Specific Groups in Pandemic Prevention and Control",organized by the Institute of Human Rights,Wuhan University,under the guidance of the China Society for Human Rights Studies,was held online on May 23,2020.Nearly 50 scholars and practitioners from domestic and foreign universities and research institutions conducted discussions and exchanges focusing on a series of topics including"Leave No One Behind:To Guarantee Specific Groups’Access to Public Service under the Pandemic","Justice for All:Prevention and Relief of Discrimination against Specific Groups",etc.

Enlightenment from the COVID-19 Pandemic:The Roles of Environmental Factors in Future Public Health Emergency Response

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is challenging the current public health emergency response systems(PHERSs)of many countries.Although environmental factors,such as those influencing the survival of viruses and their transmission between species including humans,play important roles in PHERSs,little attention has been given to these factors.This study describes and elucidates the roles of environmental factors in future PHERSs.To improve countries’capability to respond to public health emergencies associated with viral infections such as the COVID-19 pandemic,a number of environmental factors should be considered before,during,and after the responses to such emergencies.More specifically,to prevent pandemic outbreaks,we should strengthen environmental and wildlife protection,conduct detailed viral surveillance in animals and hotspots,and improve early-warning systems.During the pandemic,we must study the impacts of environmental factors on viral behaviors,develop control measures to minimize secondary environmental risks,and conduct timely assessments of viral risks and secondary environmental effects with a view to reducing the impacts of the pandemic on human health and on ecosystems.After the pandemic,we should further strengthen surveillance for viruses and the prevention of viral spread,maintain control measures for minimizing secondary environmental risks,develop our capability to scientifically predict pandemics and resurgences,and prepare for the next unexpected resurgence.Meanwhile,we should restore the normal life and production of the public based on the“One Health”concept,that views global human and environmental health as inextricably linked.Our recommendations are essential for improving nations’capability to respond to global public health emergencies.

Development Path and Urgency of Further Strengthening Construction of Public Hospitals Based on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment

During the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP)in Wuhan,public hospitals have played an important role in intensive care,case guidance and scheme optimization.At the same time,it also faces unprecedented challenges and tests.Based on the treatment of severe patients in Wuhan,combined with the treatment practice in Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,this paper puts forward the urgency of further strengthening the construction of public hospitals,discusses the feasible path for promoting the development of public hospitals,so as to meet the growing medical needs of the people,improve the ability to respond to major public health emergencies,and effectively guarantee the safety of people's lives and the promotion of a healthy China construction.

Analysis of CDC’s Role in Public Health Emergencies

Objective:To explore the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)in public health emergencies.Methods:The details of 12 public health events that occurred between January 2021 to December 2022 were analyzed to explore the roles of the CDC.Results:There were 160 patients involved in 10 public health events in 2021 and 48 patients involved in 2 public health events in 2022.Besides,the proportion of school public health events in 2022 was 0%,which was lower than in 2021,which was 80%(P<0.05).99.38%of patients during public health events were sent to the hospital promptly in 2022,which was higher than that in 2021,which was 81.25%(P<0.05).Furthermore,the average time taken for the CDC to control public health events in 2022 was 20.11±1.62 hours,and the average time taken to send inspection reports was shorter than that in 2021.The public satisfaction score was also higher in 2022 compared to 2021(P<0.05).Conclusion:The role of the CDC is to control infectious diseases.Therefore,it is important to pinpoint the existing problems in the strategies implemented by the CDC so that more improvements can be made to better prevent infectious diseases.

Effects of policies and containment measures on control of COVID- 19 epidemic in Chongqing

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an emerging,rapidly evolving disease that spreads through the respiratory system and is highly contagious.In March 2020,the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.In China,the pandemic was controlled after 2 mo through effective policies and containment measures.Describing the detailed policies and containment measures used to control the epidemic in Chongqing will provide a reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in other areas of the world.AIM To explore the effects of different policies and containment measures on the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing.METHODS Epidemiological data on COVID-19 in Chongqing were prospectively collected from January 21 to March 15,2020.The policies and prevention measures implemented by the government during the epidemic period were also collected.Trend analysis was performed to explore the impact of the main policy measures on the effectiveness of the control of COVID-19 in Chongqing.As of March 15,the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Chongqing was 1.84/100000(576 cases)and the infection fatality rate was 1.04%(6/576).The spread of COVID-19 was controlled by effective policies that involved establishing a group for directing the COVID-19 epidemic control effort;strengthening guidance and supervision;ensuring the supply of daily necessities and medical supplies and equipment to residents;setting up designated hospitals;implementing legal measures;and enhancing health education.Medical techniques were implemented to improve the recovery rate and control the epidemic.Policies such as“the lockdown of Wuhan”,“initiating a first-level response to major public health emergencies”,and“implementing the closed management of residential communities”significantly curbed the spread of COVID-19.Optimizing the diagnosis process,shortening the diagnosis time,and constructing teams of clinical experts facilitated the provision of“one team of medical experts for each patient”treatment for severe patients,which significantly improved the recovery rate and reduced the infection fatality rate.CONCLUSION The prevention policies and containment measures implemented by the government and medical institutions are highly effective in controlling the spread of the epidemic and increasing the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients.

Validating the CorrectWearing of Protection Mask by Taking a Selfie:Design of a Mobile Application“CheckYourMask”to Limit the Spread of COVID-19

In a context of a virus that is transmissive by sputtering,wearing masks appear necessary to protect the wearer and to limit the propagation of the disease.Currently,we are facing the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic.Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an infectious disease with first symptoms similar to the flu.The symptom of COVID-19 was reported first in China and very quickly spreads to the rest of the world.The COVID-19 contagiousness is known to be high by comparison with the flu.In this paper,we propose a design of a mobile application for permitting everyone having a smartphone and being able to take a picture to verify that his/her protection mask is correctly positioned on his/her face.Such application can be particularly useful for people using face protection mask for the first time and notably for children and old people.The designed method exploits Haar-like feature descriptors to detect key features of the face and a decision-making algorithm is applied.Experimental results show the potential of this method in the validation of the correct mask wearing.To the best of our knowledge,our work is the only one that currently proposes a mobile application design“CheckYourMask”for validating the correct wearing of protection mask.

公立医院廉洁风险防控量化评价研究

目的探讨公立医院廉洁风险防控量化评价,为提升公立医院廉洁风险防控工作质效提供参考。方法自行设计《公立医院权力事项廉洁风险防控检查标准》,从权力运行流程梳理清晰程度、廉洁风险点查找准确程度、防控措施有力程度三个方面对四川大学华西医院各部门/临床医技科室提供的权力事项廉洁风险防控进行评分和评级。结果共检查了236个权力事项的廉洁风险防控情况,根据检查标准,57项评为一档,103项评为二档,76项评为三档,占比分别为24.15%、43.64%和32.20%。经检查,全院236个权力事项的廉洁风险防控检查得分为(5.82±1.92)分,其中,流程维度得分为(2.11±0.75)分,风险点查找维度得分为(1.89±0.75)分,防控维度得分为(1.89±0.79)分,体现出部分单位的工作流程不够清晰、个别风险点查找不准确、防控措施不具体等问题。结论医院要结合自身工作环节的问题,从思想、行为、成效和考核评价几方面入手,着力思考廉洁风险防控长期建设中的具体化、精准化、显著化和可量化。

基层疾病预防控制机构2017—2022年政务热线案件特征分析

目的通过分析2017—2022年某基层疾控机构政务热线诉求反映的问题,为基层疾控机构政务热线处理提供参考。方法回顾性对比分析2017—2019年(常态化防控期)与2020—2022年(动态化防控期)受理的市民热线政务工单,通过比较诉求原因分类及受理科室分布,探讨不同时期市民诉求的变化情况。结果该基层疾控机构在动态化防控期(6974件)受理热线工单量较常态化防控期(284件)增加了23.6倍。常态化防控期“公共卫生服务质量”类(7.75%)、“公共卫生服务可及性”类(49.30%)诉求引发的案件占比高于动态化防控期同类型案件占比(3.63%和19.29%)。动态化防控期“管理措施”类(27.37%)案件占比低于常态化防控期同类案件(33.10%),“数据信息化”类案件受理量在动态化防控期间更为突出。结论动态化防控政策直接影响了市民获得公共卫生服务的体验,导致市民诉求原因的变化。基层疾控机构应通过完善公共卫生服务能力建设,以诉求问题为导向,加强沟通培训等措施提高政务热线处理能力。

公立医院医疗腐败问题治理路径与防控策略研究

公立医院医疗腐败治理对于推进公立医院改革,加速公立医院高质量发展进程,实现健康中国目标具有重要意义。文章从定量分析案件的角度出发,结合中国裁判文书网医疗腐败案件数据和工作具体实践分析当前公立医院腐败问题现状,深入剖析医疗腐败治理存在的困境,如医疗腐败隐蔽性较强,查处极为困难;利益冲突导致“经济人”代理活动频发道德风险;公立医院内部监督制约机制不够有力等。在此基础上,提出创新公立医院反腐败手段,加强反腐深度;优化绩效薪酬分配体系,强化自我约束;健全公立医院内部制约监督机制,扎实推进惩防体系建设等建议。

重大公共卫生事件下西安市采供血情况纵向对比分析及启发

目的探讨重大公共卫生事件下西安市采供血情况。方法采用回顾性资料分析法,比较2020年1月25日至2月28日、2021年12月23日至2022年1月24日、2022年3月6日至3月28日西安市突发三轮公共卫生事件期间悬浮红细胞和血小板的采供量、血液调配情况和献血者人口学特征。结果2020年1月第1轮事件期间悬浮红细胞日库存一度跌至接近0;2022年3月第3轮事件期间悬浮红细胞日出库不断升高。三轮事件期间血小板日库存与日出库量均呈现较大波动。第1轮与第3轮事件期间悬浮红细胞供应主要靠本单位采集,而第2轮事件期间悬浮红细胞供应则主要依靠血液调配;三轮事件期间血小板供应主要依靠本单位采集。三轮事件期间献血人群越来越年轻化,专科学历献血者占比上升。结论重大公共卫生事件对西安市血液保障工作造成影响的同时有助于积累宝贵的工作经验。采供血机构应根据政府防控措施及事件发生发展的趋势灵活应对,及时调整工作思路和重点,不断完善采供血应急保障机制。

“技防+监督”防控公立医院廉政风险的相关问题探讨

为了深入了解某省属公立医院关键重点岗位的廉政风险防控监督情况,通过问卷调查、结构化访谈等方法,全面分析了当前监督工作中存在的问题与挑战,提出了以“技防+监督”方式强化廉政风险防控的重要意义及相应解决方案。调研选取某省属公立医院的多个关键重点岗位员工作为调查对象,通过设计问卷和开展结构化访谈,收集了大量第一手资料。调研发现公立医院在廉政风险防控监督方面存在监督部门缺乏信息技术人才,监督工作的制度化、标准化程度有待提高,信息泄露、篡改等风险不容忽视。调研提出“完善制度,摸清底数,统一科学谋划;排查词库,精准聚焦,强化节点管控;梳理流程,制定表单,稳步推进联网;嵌入系统,规范运行,实现风险防控”的规范化、标准化管理解决方案,护航公立医院高质量发展。

公共卫生监测对传染病预防控制的影响分析

目的分析传染病预防控制中公共卫生监测的影响和价值。方法选取2021年6月—2023年7月本院收集的传染病信息300例进行研究,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组150例。其中,对照组(2021年6月—2022年6月)未进行公共卫生监测,观察组(2022年7月—2023年7月)实施公共卫生监测,分析公共卫生监测前后传染性疾病的患病情况、患者生活质量等。结果观察组肺结核、乙肝和流感发病率低于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能和物质生活水平高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组交流沟通、工作实效和整体印象评分高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组监测满意度高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在传染病防控体系中,强化公共卫生监测是至关重要的一环。采用高效且科学的卫生监测措施,对于遏制传染病的蔓延、改善公众健康状况具有明显成效。此外,这也是应对公共卫生挑战、防止感染性疾病扩散的有效方式,从而确保广大民众的健康安全得到坚实守护。

基于财务风险防控的事业单位内控体系构建探讨

以财务风险防控为导向的内控管理工作,能够对事业单位各业务活动进行追踪管控,增强单位整体风险防控能力,实现财政资金的合理使用,满足国家财政管理要求。文章围绕财务风险防控下事业单位内控工作展开研究,简要分析财务风险防控与内控管理的概述及关系,探讨了财务风险防控的内控体系构建意义,最后基于风险防控视角提出几点事业单位内控体系构建思路,旨在发挥财务风险导向价值,优化事业单位内控管理效果,实现稳定发展。

传染病防控中的知情同意:走向一种新的范式

知情同意是一项重要的医学伦理原则,在临床治疗和医学科研中得到了广泛的应用。然而,这一原则在传染病防控工作中并不完全适用。传染病防控的技术手段与治理措施的公共性特征,会导致知情同意部分要素的缺失或者伦理标准的改变。知情同意原则具有维护个体权益的重要作用,因此又不能忽视其实践价值。一种解决方式是对知情同意原则的内涵与实践路径进行新的界定,包括在知情过程中强调群体知情和个体知情的结合,在同意过程中把握好自主的界限以及明确法定同意的方式和范围等,从而建构出适用于传染病防控工作的知情同意原则范式。

加强公共卫生服务体系建设的逻辑进路——以淮安市为例

重大公共卫生事件不仅严重挑战公共卫生服务体系,而且也关系着人民生命健康和国家安全。健全的公共卫生服务体系需要全生命周期的逻辑协同。健全防控体系、强化预警和监测能力、完善重大疫情救治体系、健全公共卫生服务辅助与保障体系是当前健全公共卫生服务体系的现实路径。

护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的研究进展

介绍护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的内涵及现状,其主要能力有临床实践能力、学习与教育能力、心理抗压能力;总结影响护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的主要因素,包括个人因素(如性别、年龄、学历、参与培训的个人意愿等)、工作因素(如工作满意度、工作年限、职业角色、是否参加培训演练、是否具备相关救援经历等)及组织因素(如医院级别和组织支持等);采用的评估工具有葛森医院安全氛围量表、护士重大传染病疫情应急能力调查问卷等。提出提升护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的相关策略,以期为提升护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力提供参考。

论精神控制行为的侵权法规制

近年来,精神控制引发了一系列社会问题。从先行行为与交往安全义务理论的视角看,精神控制行为具有违法性,是类型性侵权行为,故在损害后果要件中应对纯粹性精神损害予以认可。从相当因果关系理论的视角看,精神控制行为与纯粹精神损害及生命健康等人身损害具有因果关系,故在行为人具有故意或过失的主观过错且不具有免责事由之际,行为人实施精神控制侵害他人权益构成侵权,需承担侵权责任。总之,精神世界并非法外空间,行为人实施精神控制,因故意或过失造成受害人损害,行为人应承担侵权责任。

韧性防控:高校应对风险社会挑战的新思路

风险社会下的高校陷入应对与管理瓶颈期,通过韧性理论应对风险社会的冲击是高校的新思路。韧性防控强调高校应对风险的抗逆力、修复风险的恢复力以及与风险共生的适应力。在该理念下,高校应坚持党组织引领,优化高校综合治理体系以及塑造高校风险防控意识。以达成“风险前期抵御-风险中期恢复-风险后期巩固”的防控体系,应对当下校园危机与防范高校未来风险,建设习近平新时代下的“平安校园”。

常态化防控下突发疫情时公众对政务微博的信任度研究

[目的/意义]政务微博是疫情常态化防控背景下民众获取最新疫情进展的主要途径之一,民众对政务微博的信任度成为值得研究和关注的焦点。[方法/过程]以微博点赞数、转发数以及基于主题相似度和情感分析计算的评论信任值作为微博信任度测度依据,对6个具有代表性的政务微博信任度进行了计算。[结果/结论]常态化防控下突发疫情时不同地域公众对政务微博信任度存在差异,主要源于政务微博在对待突发疫情的态度及其微博运营策略等方面的区别;常态化防控下突发疫情时与疫情初次爆发时公众对政务微博信任度的测度也存在着地域差异,主要源于政务微博所折射出的政府在突发疫情控制能力等方面的差别。