Discussion on Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Liver-Depression-Spleen-Deficiency Type Insomnia Based on the State-Target Theory and the Regulation of Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis

Insomnia has become an urgent clinical problem in modern society.Current research has found that the gut flora-gut-brain axis plays an important role in regulating insomnia.The state-target theory is a product of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and modern molecular biology technology.This paper clarifies the correlation between the state-target theory,the intestinal flora-gut-brain axis,and liver-depression-spleen-deficiency insomnia.The use of traditional Chinese medicine to regulate the structure and abundance of intestinal flora was also explored,aiming to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of liver-depression-spleen-deficiency insomnia.

Application progress of Chinese medicine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on the brain-gut axis theory

Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal diseases,with a global prevalence of about 12%[1].Modern studies have shown that the abnormality of brain-gut peptides is closely related to the occurrence of irritable bowel syndrome.This article starts with vasoactive intestinal peptide,substance P,serotonin,neuropeptide Y,corticotropin releasing factor,calcitonin gene-related peptide,cholecystokinin and other brain-gut peptides and their correlation with intestinal flora,to summarize the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with traditional Chinese medicine in recent years.

Brain-gut axis in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main pathogenic factor for upper digestive tract organic diseases. In addition to direct cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects, H. pylori infection may also induce abnormalities indirectly by affecting the brain-gut axis, similar to other microorganisms present in the alimentary tract. The brain-gut axis integrates the central, peripheral, enteric and autonomic nervous systems, as well as the endocrine and immunological systems, with gastrointestinal functions and environmental stimuli, including gastric and intestinal microbiota. The bidirectional relationship between H. pylori infection and the brain-gut axis influences both the contagion process and the host’s neuroendocrine-immunological reaction to it, resulting in alterations in cognitive functions, food intake and appetite, immunological response, and modification of symptom sensitivity thresholds. Furthermore, disturbances in the upper and lower digestive tract permeability, motility and secretion can occur, mainly as a form of irritable bowel syndrome. Many of these abnormalities disappear following H. pylori eradication. H. pylori may have direct neurotoxic effects that lead to alteration of the brain-gut axis through the activation of neurogenic inflammatory processes, or by microelement deficiency secondary to functional and morphological changes in the digestive tract. In digestive tissue, H. pylori can alter signaling in the brain-gut axis by mast cells, the main brain-gut axis effector, as H. pylori infection is associated with decreased mast cell infiltration in the digestive tract. Nevertheless, unequivocal data concerning the direct and immediate effect of H. pylori infection on the brain-gut axis are still lacking. Therefore, further studies evaluating the clinical importance of these host-bacteria interactions will improve our understanding of H. pylori infection pathophysiology and suggest new therapeutic approaches.

New technologies to investigate the brain-gut axis

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to experimental visceral stimulation, termed visceral pain hypersensitivity that is likely to be important in their pathophysiology. Knowledge of how the brain processes sensory information from visceral structures is still in its infancy. However, our understanding has been propelled by technological imaging advances such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetoencephalography, and Electroencephalography （EEG）. Numerous human studies have non-invasively demonstrated the complexity involved in functional pain processing, and highlighted a number of subcortical and cortical regions involved. This review will focus on the neurophysiological pathways （primary afferents, spinal and supraspinal transmission）, brainimaging techniques and the influence of endogenous and psychological processes in healthy controls and patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders. Special attention will be paid to the newer EEG source analysis techniques. Understanding the phenotypic differences that determine an individual＇s response to injurious stimuli could be the key to understanding why some patients develop pain and hyperalgesia in response to inflammation/injury while others do not. For future studies, an integrated approach is required incorporating an individual＇s psychological, autonomic, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, and genetic profile to define phenotypic traits that may be at greater risk of developing sensitised states in response to gut inflammation or injury.

Neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus and Embase in February 2015.Date filters were applied from the year2009 and onward,and studies were limited to those written in the English language and those performed upon human subjects.The initial search yielded 797articles,out of which 38 were pulled for full text review and 27 were included for study analysis.Investigations were reviewed to determine study design,methodology and results,and data points were placed in tabular format to facilitate analysis of study findings across disparate investigations.RESULTS:Analysis of study data resulted in the abstraction of four key themes:Neurohormonal differences,anatomic measurements of brain structure and connectivity,differences in functional responsiveness of the brain during rectal distention,and confounding/correlating patient factors.Studies in this review noted alterations of glutamate in the left hippocampus(HIPP),commonalities across IBS subjects in terms of brain oscillation patterns,cortical thickness/gray matter volume differences,and neuroanatomical regions withincreased activation in patients with IBS:Anterio cingulate cortex,mid cingulate cortex,amygdala anterior insula,posterior insula and prefrontal cortex.A striking finding among interventions was the substantia influence that patient variables(e.g.,sex,psychologica and disease related factors)had upon the identification of neuroanatomical differences in structure and con nectivity.CONCLUSION:The field of neuroimaging can provide insight into underlying physiological differences that distinguish patients with IBS from a healthy population.

Role of the brain-gut axis in gastrointestinal cancer

Several studies have largely focused on the significant role of the nervous and immune systems in the process of tumorigenesis, including tumor growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. The brain-gut-axis is a new paradigm in neuroscience, which describes the biochemical signaling between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system. This axis may play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and development of GI cancers. Mechanistically, the bidirectional signal transmission of the brain-gut-axis is complex and remains to be elucidated. In this article, we review the current findings concerning the relationship between the brain-gut axis and GI cancer cells, focusing on the significant role of the brain-gut axis in the processes of tumor proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy, and metastasis. It appears that the brain might modulate GI cancer by two pathways: the anatomical nerve pathway and the neuroendocrine route. The simulation and inactivation of the central nervous, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems, or changes in the innervation of the GI tract might contribute to a higher incidence of GI cancers. In addition, neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors can produce stimulatory or inhibitory effects in the progression of GI cancers. Insights into these mechanisms may lead to the discovery of potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.

Tilted Axis Rotation of ^(57)Mn in Covariant Density Functional Theory

The self-consistent tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory based on the point-coupling interaction is applied to investigate the tilted axis rotation in ^57 Mn. The observed data for band C are reproduced well with the assigned configuration eonfig 1. The shears mechanism for magnetic rotation is examined by investigating microscopically the orientation of angular momentum and the corresponding contributions. It is found that config 1 and config 3 correspond to a rotation of high-K character. Config 2 corresponds to a rotation of magnetic character. However, due to the presence of electromagnetic transition B（M1） and B（E2）, collective rotation plays an essential role in the competition with magnetic rotation.

IMPROVED QUANTITATIVE FEEDBACK THEORY TECHNIQUE AND APPLICATION TO THREE-AXIS HYDRAULIC SIMULATOR

In order to meet tracking performance index of three-axis hydraulic simulator, based on classical quantitative feedback theory （QFT）, an improved QFT technique is used to synthesize controller of low gain and bandwidth. By choosing a special nominal plant, the improved method assigns relative magnitude and phase tracking error between system uncertainty and nominal control plant. Relative tracking error induced by system uncertainty is transformed into sensitivity problem and relative tracking error induced by nominal plant forms into a region on Nichols chart. The two constraints further form into a combined bound which is fit for magnitude and phase loop shaping. Because of leaving out pre-filter of classical QFT controller structure, tracking performance is enhanced greatly. Furthermore, a cascaded two-loop control strategy is proposed to heighten control effect. The improved technique＇s efficacy is validated by simulation and experiment results.

QFT Robust Control Design for 3-Axis Flight Table Servo System with Large Friction

The 3-axis flight table is an important device and a typical high performanceposition and speed servo system used in the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of flight controlsystem. Friction force and uncertainty are the main characteristics in the 3-axis flight table servosystem. Based on the description of dynamic and static model of a nonlinear Stribeck frictionmodel, and taking account of the practical uncertainties of 3-axis flight table servo system, theQFT controller is designed. Simulation and realtime results are presented.

Far-field vector-diffraction of off-axis parabolic mirror under oblique incidence

Based on a full vector-diffraction theory, a detailed theoretical study is carried out, aiming at providing a clear insight into the effects of different focusing and off-axis parabola parameters on far-field vector-diffraction properties of an offaxis parabolic mirror in the presence of misalignments of the incoming beam. The physical origin of these effects is also explored. The results show that the far-field intensity profile is altered by the distortion-, coma-, and astigmatism-like aberrations, which are caused by oblique incidence rather than inherent aberrations for the off-axis configuration. The radius of 90% encircled energy also increases but does not change monotonically with incident beam size increasing, or rather,it first decreases and then increases. The focal shift strongly depends on the effective focal length and oblique incidence angle, but it is almost independent of the beam size, which affects the focusing spot patterns. The intensity distribution produces a higher astigmatic image with off-axis angle increasing. Coma-like aberration starts to become dominant with beam size increasing and results in larger curved propagation trajectory. The incident polarization also affects the intensity distribution. The variation in the Strehl ratio with oblique incidence angle strongly depends on the misalignment direction and beam size as well. In addition, we find that the difference in locus between the catacaustic and the diffraction focus in the meridian is small. But the locus of the sagittal foci is obviously different from the locus of the meridian foci and the catacaustic focus. Moreover, the peak intensity of the sagittal focus is maximum, and the ratio of the peak intensity to that in the meridian plane is approximately 1.5. Understanding these effects is valuable for assessing a practical focused intensity and describing the motion of charged particles under a strong electric field in ultraintense laser–matter interaction.

The treatment effects of Kaixin Powder on depression through heart-spleen axis

Depression is a kind of mental disorder characterized by conspicuous and persistent low mood, sustained sadness, loss of interest and forgetfulness. In traditional Chinese medicine, heart (different from the concept in Western medicine) control the emotions. Overthinking hinders the function of the spleen. Deficiency of spleen leads to lack of heart-Qi. Deficiency of the spleen also leads to dysfunction of heart. Once the heart is dysfunction, Qi will be stagnated in Danzhong(thoracic center), eventually leads to depression. In Traditional Chinese medicine, the development of depression is a heart-spleen-heart process, which can be called the "heart-spleen axis". Biomedicine studies have found that the progress of depression is mainly caused by long-term adverse stimulation of the central nervous system, which affects the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) to convey monoamine neurotransmitters, such as 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and further damaged the intestinal mucosal barrier, increased its permeability, and produced a large number of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and inflammatory factors. The production of LPS and inflammatory cytokines reduces the synthesis of 5-HT by consuming tryptophan, and the decrease of 5-HT in serum results in the decrease of 5-HT levels in the brain. At the same time, changes in the intestinal microbiota alter the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via the vagal pathway, ultimately creating a vicious brain-gut- brain cycle. Kaixin Powder has the effect of invigorating spleen and eliminating dampness, awaking consciousness and inducing resuscitation, and can adjust the imbalance of gut microbiota and neurotransmitters to achieve the purpose of treating depression.

Axis Problem of Rough 3-Valued Algebras

The collection of all the rough sets of an approximation space has been given several algebraic interpretations, including Stone algebras, regular double Stone algebras, semi-simple Nelson algebras, pre-rough algebras and 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebras. A 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebra is a Stone algebra, a regular double Stone algebra, a semi-simple Nelson algebra, a pre-rough algebra. Thus, we call the algebra constructed by the collection of rough sets of an approximation space a rough 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebra.In this paper,the rough 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebras, which are a special kind of 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebras, are studied. Whether the rough 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebra is a axled 3-valued Lukasiewicz algebra is examined.

基于点-轴理论的东北亚旅游空间结构优化研究

东北亚涵盖朝鲜、韩国、日本、蒙古国4个国家全境和中国的东北3省与内蒙古自治区及俄罗斯的远东与西伯利亚2个联邦管理区,是世界经济的重要板块。本文根据点—轴理论从旅游资源、城市布局、自然地理环境、人口规模、交通线路与地域关系等角度探析了东北亚旅游空间结构的优化布局。结果显示:东北亚旅游空间结构优化形成“点—线—面”的布局,构建9核26心78点的三级旅游节点与4纵2横的旅游发展主轴线以及6大旅游发展组团的空间布局;东北亚旅游空间结构优化的轴线分为主轴线、辅助线和外联轴线,其中主轴线包括4纵2横;东北亚旅游空间可进一步划分为6大组团;东北亚旅游空间结构优化有利于区域经济健康持续发展。

“枢经学说”的哲学思考

中医“枢经学说”源自经典著作《黄帝内经》中的“开阖枢”理论,该理论最初用于解释三阴三阳的作用和相互关系,经引申、衍化、发展、升华后,用来分析、阐释、推演中医现象,指导中医临床。通过探讨“开阖枢”与经络之气、脏腑功能、五官九窍、肢体关节的关系,阐释了枢经学说的关系本体论内涵;通过探讨认识客体的历史客观性、认识主体的主观能动性、科学的实践观,阐释了枢经学说之辨证的认识论内涵;并且提出了下一步的研究愿景和初步构想。

基于肠肾轴理论探讨耳穴压豆对尿毒症透析患者肠源性尿毒素的影响及相关机制探讨

目的:探讨基于肠肾轴理论耳穴压豆对尿毒症透析患者肠源性尿毒素的影响。方法:通过便利抽样法选取广东省第二中医院2021年01月—2022年01月住院的52例尿毒症透析患者,均给予基于肠肾轴理论耳穴压豆法治疗,比较治疗前后肾功能指标、血清肠源性尿毒症毒素硫酸对甲酚(PCS)、硫酸吲哚酚(IS)、便秘症状积分,使用16S rDNA测序分析观察微生态指标肠道菌群变化。结果:治疗后、随访4周血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血清肠源性尿毒症毒素PCS、IS、便秘症状积分均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。尿毒症透析患者治疗后肠道菌群多样性明显增加,尿毒症透析患者治疗后肠道菌群仍旧以变形杆菌、厚壁菌门为主,其中拟杆菌门相对比治疗前丰度增下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于肠肾轴理论耳穴压豆可有效减轻尿毒症血液透析患者肾功能受损程度,降低PCS、IS水平,调节大便性状,改变肠道菌群结构。

基于“脑-肠轴”理论探讨运脾消食颗粒对厌食模型大鼠CCK、Ghrelin的影响

目的基于“脑-肠轴”理论,通过观察运脾消食颗粒对厌食模型大鼠血清、下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中胆囊收缩素(CCK)、促生长素(Ghrelin)的影响,探讨其分子机制。方法建立厌食大鼠模型,选取72只Wistar日龄30 d大鼠,SPF级,雌雄各半,体质量(60±10)g,随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性组(儿宝颗粒,1.75 g/kg)、运脾消食颗粒高剂量组(4.20 g/kg)、运脾消食颗粒中剂量组(2.10 g/kg)、运脾消食颗粒低剂量组(1.05 g/kg),每组12只;模型建立后灌胃给药,容量10 mL/kg,空白组和模型组灌胃等量0.9%氯化钠溶液,连续14 d,最后1次给药结束禁食禁水24 h,采集标本,ELISA法检测大鼠血清、下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中CCK、Ghrelin含量,Western Blot法检测大鼠下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中CCK、Ghrelin蛋白水平。结果对比空白组,模型组血清中CCK含量增加,Ghrelin含量下降,下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中CCK含量及蛋白水平增加,Ghrelin含量及蛋白水平下降(P<0.05);对比模型组,运脾消食颗粒高、中、低剂量组和阳性组血清中CCK含量明显下降,Ghrelin含量明显增加,下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中CCK含量及蛋白水平明显下降,Ghrelin含量及蛋白水平明显增加(P<0.05);对比阳性组,运脾消食颗粒高剂量组血清中CCK含量明显下降,Ghrelin含量明显增加,下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中CCK含量及蛋白水平明显下降,Ghrelin含量及蛋白水平明显增加(P<0.05)。结论运脾消食颗粒高剂量组可显著降低厌食模型大鼠血清、下丘脑、胃窦和小肠组织中CCK含量及蛋白表达,增加Ghrelin含量及蛋白表达,进而调节“脑-肠轴”的分泌异常,改善大鼠的胃肠功能。

基于多项式混沌的机床几何误差灵敏度分析

为解决目前灵敏度分析方法普遍存在的样本需求量大且计算效率不高的问题,提出了一种基于多项式混沌展开的全局灵敏度分析方法。首先,以AC型双转台五轴数控机床为研究对象,根据旋量理论建立了完备的空间误差模型。其次,构建了机床几何误差的多项式混沌展开模型,采用正交匹配追踪实现模型的稀疏化,并给出了基于该方法的Sobol灵敏度指数。进而,对五轴数控机床几何误差进行了实例分析,测量并统计出41项误差的近似概率分布,分析了影响各方向位姿误差分量的关键几何误差。通过与蒙特卡洛法和拉丁超立方法进行对比,多项式混沌展开方法的正确性得到验证,且在不降低计算精度的前提下,样本量从1×10^(5)降低到1×10^(3),计算时间分别减少96.8%和98.1%,计算效率显著提高。

从络病探析功能性肛门直肠痛

络病广泛存在于各类外感重症及内伤疑难杂病之中,功能性肛门直肠痛作为肛肠科非器质性难治性疾病,往往缠绵难愈,给患者的身心健康以及日常生活带来极大困扰,其契合络病“久病入络”的病程演变规律。现代医学认为其主要与肠-脑互动异常、盆腔神经肌肉功能紊乱、精神心理等因素相关。本文重点阐述从络病论治功能性肛门直肠痛的理论,认为本病的病位在肠络,络中气血升降失常,清阳浊阴交争导致络脉绌急是本病发生的关键。对于功能性肛门直肠痛的治疗策略应当以复通络脉中气血升降有序为着眼点,病在局部而治在整体,采用补虚以荣络、辛温以通络、祛瘀以通络、藤虫以搜络等法,充分展现中医辨证论治以及络病学说的特色,以期对临床诊疗提供进一步导向。

“双轴”理论在产后风湿中的应用特色探析

产后风湿的发病涉及中医脏腑功能和神经内分泌系统的多个方面。“双轴”包括脏腑功能轴,即心肝脾肾之间的相互作用;神经内分泌轴,即下丘脑、垂体及其与靶腺之间的相互作用。中医脏腑功能的失调会影响气血阴阳的平衡,而神经内分泌轴的异常变化可能导致免疫系统的功能失调,这两个维度相互关联、相互作用,共同参与产后风湿的发病过程。本文通过阐述脏腑功能轴与神经内分泌轴与之间的相关性,探析产后风湿中医理论的现代医学内涵,以期为产后风湿的临床诊疗提供新的思路。

Diet and physical activity influence the composition of gut microbiota,benefit on Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease with complex etiology.Gut microbiota influences the gutbrain axis,which may affect pathways related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Additionally,diet and physical activity are likely to affect the pathology of Alzheimer's disease as well as the gut microbiota.This demonstrates that it may be possible to prevent or halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease by regulating the gut microbiota using diet and physical activity strategies.Therefore,the present study reviews the association between these two interventions and gut microbiota in the human body.It also summarizes how these two interventions benefit Alzheimer's disease.Furthermore,the primary limitations of these two interventions are discussed and promising strategies are proposed,which may be beneficial to further study and develop the intervening measure for the progression of Alzheimer's disease.