Rural labor migration and farmers’arrangements of rice production systems in Central China:Insight from the intergenerational division of labor

Rice production is crucial for food security in China,and its relationship with rural labor migration has been studied extensively.Labor migration in rural China has taken new forms in recent years.There has been a discernible trend wherein adult children have started migrating to cities while their elderly parents return to villages to re-engage in on-farm work.The phenomenon has notably shaped the intergenerational division of labor(IDL)within households.However,it remains to be seen how farmers adjust their rice production systems in response to the IDL.The age of 60 years for employment injury insurance is the eligibility threshold for off-farm employment and is used to obtain a source of exogenous variation in the IDL.Based on a representative household survey of 1,752 rice farmers in the Hubei Province of Central China,our fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis reveals that farmers in IDL households are more likely to adopt ratoon rice(RR)than single cropping rice(SR)or double cropping rice(DR).The effect of the IDL varies under different levels of operational scales and specialized agricultural service availability.Further analysis suggests that farmers’arrangements are associated with two potential mechanisms of downward intergenerational transfer.Monetary transfer for urban housing purchases increases RR in IDL households,and time transfer for intergenerational childcare significantly promotes SR in IDL households.This study enhances the understanding of the relationship between rural labor migration and rice production in China,providing a reference for adjusting rice production systems to ensure food security.

The Practical Path of Labor Curriculum in Compulsory Education in China from the Perspective of Overlapping Influence Domain Theory

Since the new curriculum reform,labor education has gradually shed its marginalized position in the“five educations,”and the labor curriculum has become an independent course officially separated from comprehensive practical activity courses.Exploring the practical path of labor curriculum in compulsory education in China has become the primary task of labor education in China.Based on the practical situation of labor curriculum in compulsory education in China,drawing on the theory of overlapping influence domains,and from the perspective of collaborative education among family,school,and community,this paper proposes a curriculum practical path of“school-led”family-school-community collaboration and a curriculum practical path guided by“student-centered”sentiment,in order to provide references for the practice of labor curriculum in compulsory education in China.

The Dialectical Basis and Ecological Implication of Marx’s Labor Value Theory

Left-wing ecologists generally think that Marx’s theory of labor value is completely opposite to ecology because it ascribes the substance of value to labor.The contemporary Marxist theorists regard this as the lack of true knowledge of the dialectical basis of labor theory of value.Dialectics is a method of studying things in a holistic and relational way,while the method of value analysis is the result of Marx’s study of capitalist mode of production in a holistic and relational way.According to the method of value analysis,the unity of opposites among value,exchange value,and use value constitutes the fundamental contradiction of capitalist mode of production,which inevitably leads to the adversarial relationship of capitalist value form.Marx constantly ascended from abstract to concrete,from part to whole,and then,the meaning of value analysis expanded to the whole material world,thus,the ecological dimension of labor value theory was completely expanded.

The Intemal Implication of the Economic Ethics in the Alienated Labor Theory of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Alienated labor, also known as labor alienation, was a concept with historical creativity, which was first raised in Marx＇ s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. The Manuscripts was important works of Marx, in which the social relations of capitalism private ownership were analyzed by Marx using the concept of alienated labor. A deep analysis was conducted by Marx from the specific historical facts, in which the rational kernel of the alienated problem in the social relations of capitalism was mentioned. Specifically, the alienated labor theory was analyzed from the relationship of laborers with their labor products and labor itself, human＇ s essence, and other people under the condition of the capitalist private ownership; the ＂ought to be＂ ethical characteristics of labors were expounded from the perspective of ethics, and the abnormal labor relations in the process of capitalist production were ethically reviewed and criticized. Therefore, rich economic ethics thoughts were contained in Marx＇ s analysis of the alienated labor theory.

Reflections on,and Improvements of,the Mediation Functions of People's Assessors

Legislatively,the people’s assessors are defined as individuals who share judicial power.However,in the context of dispute resolutions,their role is restricted by the courts,which affects the extent of their assessorial activities.It is imperative to reconsider the implications of the people’s assessors’deep involvement in mediation from the standpoint of societal division of labor.To enhance this division of labor,it is advisable that the people’s assessors relinquish their mediation roles.It is necessary to redefine the distinctions between people’s assessors,judges,and people’s mediators,including specially invited mediators.This would not only make up the deficiencies in the role of professional judges but also relieve the tension between judicial professionalism and popular accountability.

Re-measuring Status of China＇s High-Tech Industries in International Division of Labor： Applying a Non-Competitive Input-Output Model

Based on a refined ＂non-competitive input-output model,＂ this paper proposes a new framework for analyzing the status of a country＇s high-tech industries in the international division of labor, i.e. calculates the index of＂ weighted value-added productivity ＂ by compiling non-competitive input-output tables which distinguish high-tech industries from traditional industries. The new method effectively avoids ＂statistical illusion＂ which stems from a biased focus on gross exports under intra-product specialization. The empirical study shows that since 1995, the status of China＇s high-tech industries has grown quickly as a result of enhanced labor productivity, but still lags behind those of major developed countries. In addition, the study also suggests that the status of China＇s high-tech industries has been over-estimated using the traditional gross export statistical method.

Safeguard and Protection of Migrant Workers' Interests from the Perspective of Game Theory

The status quo of the violation of migrant workers' interests is analyzed,the results are not so optimistic.The overall situation of migrant workers' training rights is poor;migrant workers 'rights to enjoy legal holiday are seriously violated;the working conditions and health protection measures are weak;migrant workers' rights to get legal payment are damaged to different degree;the social security mechanism for migrant workers is imperfect and there are still large gap between supply and demand.Combining with the relevant theories of Game theory,migrant workers' interests obtained under the situation of entering right protection organizations and do not entering the organizations are analyzed,the results show that entering right protection organizations is reasonable choice.The positive functions played by the improvement of the reputation of labor union in solving the problems of right protection are proved from the perspective of the Game Theory.Through the analysis on the operational effects of the right protection organizations of migrant workers,it can be detected that the functions of organizations owned by migrant workers themselves is mediocre but the labor union plays an important role in migrant workers' right protection.The protection of migrant workers' interests tends to legalization,so in order to further perfect the right protection of labor union,the labor union should legalize the protection of migrant workers rights.In the end the specific measures on improving the reputation of labor union are put forward.

Differing Effects of Intra-Product International Division of Labor on Technological Progress:Comparing Proactive Participation with Passive Inclusion

This paper has identified two models of intra-product international division of labor:the model of passive inclusion and the model of proactive participation.Their difference is essentially whether participation in international division of labor is dominated by multinational firms or by local firms.At the level of representative sectors,some characteristic variables of participation in international division of labor demonstrate significant industry differences.Models of division of labor affect technology progress.According to the empirical analysis result at the micro-level of four sectors,no matter for export or the contribution of learning by doing to corporate technology progress,the model of proactive participation is superior to the model of passive inclusion;under the model of passive inclusion,the technology spillover effect of import is smaller than "learning by doing " effect;under the model of proactive participation,technology spillover effect is over two times the "learning by doing" effect.

Division of labor, perceived labor-related stress and well-being among European couples

Background: The objective of this study was to analyze how involvement in paid and unpaid work and perceived labor-related stress are related to the well-being of married or cohabiting men and women in Europe. Methods: Data from the European Social Survey round two has been used. The sample consists of 5800 women and 6952 men, aged between 18-65 years. Exposure variables were divided into labor involvement, time spent on paid and unpaid work, and labor-related stress. Multiple logistic regressions with 95 % confidence interval were used. Results: Women spent more hours on housework than men did, but fewer hours on paid work. Women tended to perceive higher degrees of housework-related stress than men did. Furthermore, women who experienced houseworkrelated stress tended to have higher odds of reporting a low level of perceived well-being than men, while men had higher odds of reporting a low level of perceived well-being when they experienced work/family conflicts. Conclusion: For both men and women, the perceptions of labor involvement are of more importance for the well-being than the actual time spent on paid and unpaid work. This implies that, when studying the relationship between labor involvement and well-being, perceived stress should be considered.

Causes of the exchange rate with the U.S. trade deficit

With debate that the U.S. trade deficit is due to overestimate exchange rate of RMB, the paper pointed out that exchange rate is not the main factor for the formation of balance of payments on trade. U.S. trade deficit is largely due to the current international monetary system, international division of labor and the trade structure determined by it, low savings rates and other factors.

Intrafloral differentiation of stamens in heterantherous flowers

Flowers that have heteromorphic stamens （heterantherous flowers） have intrigued many researchers ever since the phenomenon was discovered in the 19th century. The morphological differentiation in androecia has been suggested as a reflection of ＂labor division＂ in pollination in which one type of stamens attracts pollinators and satisfies their demand for pollen as food and the other satisfies the plant＇s need for safe gamete dispersal. The extent and patterns of stamen differentiation differ notably among taxa with heterantherous flowers. Seven species with heteromorphic stamens in three genera were sampled from Leguminosae and Melastomataceae, and the morphological difference of androecia, pollen content, pollen histochemistry and viability, pollen micro- morphology, as well as the main pollinators were examined and compared. Pollen number differs significantly between stamen sets of the same flower in most species investigated, and a correlation of pollen number and anther size was substantiated. Higher pollen viabilities were found in the long （pollinating） stamens of Senna alata （L.） Roxb. and S. bicapsularis （L.） Roxb. Dimorphic pollen exine ornamentation is reported here for the first time in Fordiophytonfaberi Stapf. The height of stigma and anther tips of the long stamens in natural conditions was proved to be highly correlated, supporting the hypothesis that they contact similar areas of the pollinator＇s body.

Analysis of Social Integration Models of Tourism Labor Migrants——A Case Study of Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China

The grounded theory of qualitative methods was applied to researching the social integration of tourism la-bor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China. The research was conducted based on the in-depth in-terviewing of 15 samples, open-consultation and the analysis of secondhand data. The integration models of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain were formed through four processes including theoretic sampling, cod-ing-analysis, cross-tabulation and contextualization. The result shows that modes of production and life styles decide self-integration orientation of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain. Cultural differences are fundamental dis-similarity between tourism labor migrants and natives. There are three kinds of integration models including rapid, free and gradually advancing integration. The differences among different types of migrants’ integration models are re-markable. Taking the working integration as the abscissa and taking the life integration as the coordinate, an "S" model of integration matrix appears in the gradually advancing integration of intermediate and high administers from the working to the life which should be paid special attention to.

Effect of Larval Topical Application of Juvenile Hormone on Caste Determination in the Independent-Founding Eusocial Wasp <i>Mischocyttarus consimilis</i>(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Eusocial wasps are excellent models for understanding polyethism and division of labor among castes in social insects. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling caste determination in eusocial wasps. Evidence suggests that the phenotype of queens in independent-founding (IF) eusocial wasps of the subfamily Polistinae can be partly fixed in the larval stage;however, this hypothesis has not yet been investigated. In this study we evaluate whether juvenile hormone (JH) affects pre-imaginal caste determination in the IF eusocial wasp Mischocyttarus consimilis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Analyzing morphometric and behavioral data, we demonstrated experimentally that females emerging from larvae that were treated with JH in the third instar had a significantly larger body size, spent more time in the nest, and were subject to less physical aggression from nestmates compared with females emerging from untreated control larvae. These results indicate that phenotype differences among castes in IF eusocial wasps can be partly fixed in the pre-adult stage and influenced by variations in the JH titer.

An Interpretation of The Song of the Lark From the Marxist Feminism

The Song of the Lark tells the story of young girl Thea who doesn’t give up and achieves her wish when faced with all sorts of setbacks. Based on the Marxist feminism, this paper is going to study the differences that the female and male characters have experienced both in family and society in order to find out the root of females’oppressed status and reveal Cather’s writing in? tention—provide a possible way of improving the dilemma of women caused by capitalist ideology and the patriarchal ideology.

The Optimum Sowing Time for Plastic-film Corn and the Application of Two Related Theories

There are two main theories, the 'temperature-raising' theory and the 'precipitation-based regulation' theory, which guide the optimum sowing time of the plastic-film corn. The former was applied in the humid or semi-humid ecotope and on irrigated or half-shaded land in the arid and semi-arid ecotopes, while the latter was suitable for the dry-farming land in the semi-arid ecotope. The results of experiments and investigations for many years showed that the corn output was increased by 69.2% when the former theory was applied to guide the optimum sowing time for plastic-film corn in the semi-humid ecotope, and by 60. 0% when the latter theory was applied in the semi-arid ecotope. In the semi-arid ecotope, however, the output was increased only by 15.7% when the former theory was applied, and even dropped by 14.4% when the latter theory was applied.

Impact of Labor Mobility and College Volunteers' Fixed-position Teaching Experience on Rural Households——Based on Survey Data about Teaching Sites and Volunteer Teachers

With the continuous deepening of reform and opening up,the gap between urban and rural areas continues to widen,and many farmers in rural areas have chosen to work in cities in order to get out of poverty. At the same time,in the context of the policy of precise poverty alleviation and rural rejuvenation,various helping and supporting measures for rural areas have also emerged. Supporting education in universities is one of the most important ones. With the Graduate Teaching Fellowship of Huazhong Agricultural University and the students and parents in the teaching sites as research objects,the impact of labor mobility and fixed-position supporting education in rural areas on rural families was explored in this paper using economics,sociology and other relevant theories and analytical methods. The results showed that labor mobility can promote the increase of rural household economic income. Outbound industries and regions have a major impact on the entire family development. However,the outflow of labor can also lead to various problems such as staying behind. The fixed-position supporting education in colleges and universities can,on the one hand,promote the improvement of the academic performance of the students in the teaching areas. On the other hand,it can help students develop good habits. Fixed-position supporting education of colleges and universities can be seen as a way to make up for the outflow of labor in rural areas. Combining the flow of labor force with the teaching support of colleges and universities can better promote the development of the entire family of farmers in rural areas.

Media Narratives and the Conceptualization of Tea： A Case Study of Teavana＇s Oprah Chai Tea

More than just a drink, tea embodies social, cultural, economic and political meanings through time and across cultures. There is an essential tie between media and this meaning-making process. Media often create and carry the visions of health, nature, tranquility, and prosperity offered by tea. This mediated imaginary seems to persist even in the face of vast human inequalities and suffering and irreversible negative environmental impacts through the current practice of tea production under global conglomerates. Through textual analysis of media narratives of Teavana, a well-known tea brand, this project explores how media＇s mythic narratives potentially naturalize and celebrate the current production practice and the conspicuous consumption of tea, and silence the human suffering and environmental destruction endured, in order to gratify the very practice and consumption promoted by media.

Learning by Doing Effect in North South Trade under the Global Value Chains： An Empirical Analysis of Various Industries in the U.S.

This paper studies the division of labor and economic development under global value chains in North South trade by mainly investigating the changes of production hours and cost per unit along with more and more output and increasing trade value in several industries in the U.S., because the U. S. is at the leading position in the division of labor by global value chains. The empirical evidence reveals that more international outsourcing, there will be more detailed division of labor, and the industry unit production time and production cost will show more declining trend year by year. This is consistent with that the global value chains and the outsourcing play more and more important roles in the international division of labor and economic growth in both developed and developing countries, and helps explain the integration of workforce across countries in the global value chains.

Piercing the Veil of the Disharmony of Edna's Marriage and Family

The paper aims mainly at deploring the reasons of the disharmony in marriage and family life of Edna, the heroine of Kate Chopin's The Awakening by analyzing the traditional social labor division and procreation concept. And it is the unbalanced social labor division and the patriarchal procreation conception that caused the alienation between the husband and wife rather than the capriciousness of female.

低压电力线OFDM载波通信系统符号定时同步方法

正交频分复用(OFDM)技术用于低压电力线载波通信可以有效克服电力线弥散信道的多径、频率选择性衰落特性的影响。但OFDM系统对同步误差的影响相当敏感,准确的符号定时和频偏估计是实现OFDM系统的关键。文中采用改进的延迟相关符号定时同步方法实现了低压电力线OFDM载波通信系统的准确符号同步。对比分析了双滑动窗功率比值法、延迟相关算法、改进的延迟相关算法应用于实际低压电力线弥散通信环境中的效果,结果表明采用改进的延迟相关算法更稳定可靠,精度更高。实际低压电力线信道实验网络测试表明,改进的延迟相关算法可以更准确有效地进行OFDM系统符号定时,且符号定时同步不受频偏影响,具有很强的鲁棒性。