Power is a constantly discussed phenomenon in international relations.In this direction,the definition of“power”has been interpreted differently from past to present.Among these definitions,the theory of realism exp...Power is a constantly discussed phenomenon in international relations.In this direction,the definition of“power”has been interpreted differently from past to present.Among these definitions,the theory of realism explained the complex and dynamic international system in the simplest way,especially according to the conditions of the Cold War period.The theory of realism has often helped guide government policy.It also indicated the issues that states should focus on.During the Cold War period,especially the neo-realist approach of Hans Morgenthau,the element of national power formed an important guide for the characteristic policies of states.The elements of national power,which Hans Morgentha diversifies as political uncertainty,economic doubt,science and technology,demography,geography,military as a whole,are all internationally wide-ranging.However,it gives an incomplete answer to the international system of the 21st century.In the 21st century,states have increased their focus on intelligence.Many states,especially America,have examined the intelligence scientifically.Today,it is accepted as a scientific field.The study tries to explain that the lack of Hans Morgenthau’s understanding of power is“intelligence”.展开更多
The three mainstream International Relations theories that have arisen in the past thirty years, structural realism, neo-liberal institutionalism and structural constructivism, have all missed an important dimension, ...The three mainstream International Relations theories that have arisen in the past thirty years, structural realism, neo-liberal institutionalism and structural constructivism, have all missed an important dimension, i.e., the study relational complexity in international society. of processes in the international system and of This paper, informed by social constructivism and Chinese philosophical traditions, aims to make up for this missing link and develop a theoretical model of processual constructivism by incorporating and conceptualizing two key Chinese ideas - processes and relations. ＂Process,＂ defined as relations in motion, can stand on its own, has its own dynamics, and plays a crucial role in international relations. The core of process, by definition, consists in relations. If ＂rationality,＂ rooted in individuality, has been a key concept for Western society, then its counterpart in Chinese society can be ＂relationality.＂ Conceptualizing relationality and treating it as the theoretical hard core, processual constructivism holds that relational networking in international society helps nation-states form their identities and produces international power. Processual constructivism is an evolution theory at systemic level, focusing on interactive practices among states and emphasizing the independent ontology of social processes which play a meaningful role in constructing international norms and state identities.展开更多
In recent years,the Chinese leadership has openly argued that the inter- national community has to exceed the dominance of the Western-based rules in international relations,since in the last two centuries these rules...In recent years,the Chinese leadership has openly argued that the inter- national community has to exceed the dominance of the Western-based rules in international relations,since in the last two centuries these rules have become globally accepted,China's claim seems to be a hardly imaginable vision.However, according to some scholars'view,there is a possible historical alternative for the international order,the so-called Chinese Tributary System,which once bounded the East and Southeast Asian states together.The present study examines whether the mainstream schools of the International Relations Theory provide an appropriate tool to understand the characteristics of this system.The study argues that the culturally based "guanxi model"can supply a better explanatory framework to understand the inner logic and the working mechanism of the Tributary System.展开更多
The topic of the paper is the Chinese view of world order and the concept of Tianxia （all under heaven ）. The objective is to analyze how contemporary Chinese scholars currently discuss and perceive this concept. In...The topic of the paper is the Chinese view of world order and the concept of Tianxia （all under heaven ）. The objective is to analyze how contemporary Chinese scholars currently discuss and perceive this concept. In fact, several Chinese scholars are proposing to replace the existing international system with an updated version of the Tianxia system. This paper will describe the salient characteristics of Tianxia as an ideal and practice in China since early times, and examine recent Chinese literature on this subject. It will also analyze the related debate on the existence of a Chinese International Relations Theory（IRT）. The formation of an autonomous IRT would epitomize a new and clearer definition of the Chinese role in the international framework.展开更多
The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the ...The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics ＆ Germanic, Slavic, Asian ＆ African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.展开更多
文摘Power is a constantly discussed phenomenon in international relations.In this direction,the definition of“power”has been interpreted differently from past to present.Among these definitions,the theory of realism explained the complex and dynamic international system in the simplest way,especially according to the conditions of the Cold War period.The theory of realism has often helped guide government policy.It also indicated the issues that states should focus on.During the Cold War period,especially the neo-realist approach of Hans Morgenthau,the element of national power formed an important guide for the characteristic policies of states.The elements of national power,which Hans Morgentha diversifies as political uncertainty,economic doubt,science and technology,demography,geography,military as a whole,are all internationally wide-ranging.However,it gives an incomplete answer to the international system of the 21st century.In the 21st century,states have increased their focus on intelligence.Many states,especially America,have examined the intelligence scientifically.Today,it is accepted as a scientific field.The study tries to explain that the lack of Hans Morgenthau’s understanding of power is“intelligence”.
文摘The three mainstream International Relations theories that have arisen in the past thirty years, structural realism, neo-liberal institutionalism and structural constructivism, have all missed an important dimension, i.e., the study relational complexity in international society. of processes in the international system and of This paper, informed by social constructivism and Chinese philosophical traditions, aims to make up for this missing link and develop a theoretical model of processual constructivism by incorporating and conceptualizing two key Chinese ideas - processes and relations. ＂Process,＂ defined as relations in motion, can stand on its own, has its own dynamics, and plays a crucial role in international relations. The core of process, by definition, consists in relations. If ＂rationality,＂ rooted in individuality, has been a key concept for Western society, then its counterpart in Chinese society can be ＂relationality.＂ Conceptualizing relationality and treating it as the theoretical hard core, processual constructivism holds that relational networking in international society helps nation-states form their identities and produces international power. Processual constructivism is an evolution theory at systemic level, focusing on interactive practices among states and emphasizing the independent ontology of social processes which play a meaningful role in constructing international norms and state identities.
文摘In recent years,the Chinese leadership has openly argued that the inter- national community has to exceed the dominance of the Western-based rules in international relations,since in the last two centuries these rules have become globally accepted,China's claim seems to be a hardly imaginable vision.However, according to some scholars'view,there is a possible historical alternative for the international order,the so-called Chinese Tributary System,which once bounded the East and Southeast Asian states together.The present study examines whether the mainstream schools of the International Relations Theory provide an appropriate tool to understand the characteristics of this system.The study argues that the culturally based "guanxi model"can supply a better explanatory framework to understand the inner logic and the working mechanism of the Tributary System.
文摘The topic of the paper is the Chinese view of world order and the concept of Tianxia （all under heaven ）. The objective is to analyze how contemporary Chinese scholars currently discuss and perceive this concept. In fact, several Chinese scholars are proposing to replace the existing international system with an updated version of the Tianxia system. This paper will describe the salient characteristics of Tianxia as an ideal and practice in China since early times, and examine recent Chinese literature on this subject. It will also analyze the related debate on the existence of a Chinese International Relations Theory（IRT）. The formation of an autonomous IRT would epitomize a new and clearer definition of the Chinese role in the international framework.
文摘The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics ＆ Germanic, Slavic, Asian ＆ African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.
