Migration routes of the endangered Oriental Stork(Ciconia boyciana)from Xingkai Lake,China,and their repeatability as revealed by GPS tracking

The Oriental Stork(Ciconia boyciana)is listed as'Endangered'on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species and is classified as a first category nationally protected bird species in China.Understanding this species'seasonal movements and migration will facilitate effective conservation to promote its population.We tagged 27 Oriental Stork nestlings at Xingkai Lake on the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province,China,used GPS tracking to follow them over the periods of 2014-2017 and 2019-2022,and confirmed their detailed migratory routes using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS 10.7.We discovered four migration routes during autumn migration:one common long-distance migration route in which the storks migrated along the coastline of Bohai Bay to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for wintering,one short-distance migration route in which the storks wintered in Bohai Bay and two other migration routes in which the storks crossed the Bohai Strait around the Yellow River and wintered in South Korea.There were no significant differences in the number of migration days,residence days,migration distances,number of stopovers and average number of days spent at stopover sites between the autumn and spring migrations(P>0.05).However,the storks migrated significantly faster in spring than in autumn(P=0.03).The same individuals did not exhibit a high degree of repetition in their migration timing and route selection in either autumn or spring migration.Even storks from the same nest exhibited considerable between-individual variation in their migration routes.Some important stopover sites were identified,especially in the Bohai Rim Region and on the Songnen Plain,and we further explored the current conservation status at these two important sites.Overall,our results contribute to the understanding of the annual migration,dispersal and protection status of the endangered Oriental Stork and provide a scientific basis for conservation decisions and the development of action plans for this species.

Relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.)is an important commercial crop with remarkably high catechin concentrations.Tea is popular worldwide given the plant's health benefits.Catechins are the main astringent substance in tea and are synthesized mainly via the phenylpropanoid pathway.In this study,eight cultivars of tea plants harvested both in spring and autumn were used to investigate differences in catechin concentrations by using high-performance liquid chromatography.The expression levels of genes associated with catechin biosynthesis were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The results indicated that the total catechin(TC)concentrations were significantly higher in tea plants harvested in autumn than in those harvested in spring,based on higher concentrations of epigallocatechin(EGC)in autumn tea(P<0.01).The expression of the genes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H),flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H),dihydroflavonol 4-reductase(DFR),and anthocyanidin synthase(ANS)is closely related to the TC content of tea plants in both spring and autumn.Positive correlations between PAL,cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C4H),F3H,and DFR expression and EGC accumulation in autumn tea were identified,with correlation coefficients of 0.710,0.763,0.884,and 0.707,respectively.A negative correlation between ANS expression level and EGC concentrations in tea plants harvested in spring was noted(r=−0.732).Additionally,negative correlations between F3H and ANS expression levels and the catechin content were identified in spring tea,whereas the correlations were positive in autumn tea.Significant differences in the F3H and ANS expression levels between spring and autumn tea indicate that F3H and ANS are potentially key genes affecting catechin accumulation in tea plants.

Spring and autumn living coccolithophores in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea,China

The living coccolithophores （LCs） are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups, and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon, playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle. In this study, we report the two-demensional abundance, composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn, in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. In spring, totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000x magnification. The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, and Calcidiscus leptoporus. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-7.72 cells/mL, and 0-216.09 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 0.21 cells/mL, and 11.36 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea, whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely. Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances. The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths. In autumn, 14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-24.69 cells/mL, and 0-507.15 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 1.47 cells/mL, and 55.89 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area. The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition, LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.

The Occurrence of Migraine Auras and Possible Triggers

Our aim is to determine the cause(s) of migraine auras. Our understanding of how migraines and migraine auras originate is very imperfect. An important observation is that migraines occur more frequently in women at reproductive age than in men at a similar age. This suggests that gonadal hormones may be relevant triggers. The occurrence of classical (typical auras without headache) auras in one author (WB) has been recorded. Every aura in six years (85) has been noted, studied and analysed statistically. The auras occur predominantly in Spring and Autumn, especially in the longer reproductive season of Spring. This association is supported statistically. The results support the idea of gonadal hormones as relevant triggers, the strongest candidate being estrogen. Basic mechanisms underlying the auras are discussed, especially the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression. We also propose that both auras and migraines depend upon previous injury to the head or to the brain, giving rise to a condition of “deafferentation hypersensitivity”.

CORRIGENDUM:Relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants(Camellia sinensis L.)

Min Liu,Heng-lu Tian,Jian-Hua Wu,Ren-Rong Cao,Run-Xian Wang,Xiao-Hua Qi,Qiang Xu and Xue-Hao Chen.Horticulture Research(2015)2,15023;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.23;published online13 May2015.Correction to:Horticulture Research(2015)2,11;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.11;published online 13 May 2015 Since the publication of this article,the authors have noticed an error in the author list.Author“Ren-Rong Cang”should be“Ren-Rong Cao”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience it may have caused.

Analysis on the Ecological and Climatic Advantages of Tea Production in Western Guizhou

The ecological and climatic conditions in the main tea areas of western Guizhou were analyzed,and the comparison with Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas in Guizhou Province was conducted. The results showed that spring,summer and autumn tea can be picked in western Guizhou Province;spring tea can be picked for about 100 d,and summer and autumn tea can be picked for about 50 d. The average content of amino acids in tea from western Guizhou was 0.9%-2.9% higher than the national average,and the average content of polyphenols was 10.9% lower than the national average maximum,while the average content of caffeine was 1.4% lower than the national average maximum. In the first ten days of February,the temperature in the western tea area began to rise,which was earlier than Meitan,Duyun,Leishan tea areas and had a larger warming range,which was conducive to the germination of tea trees. The average temperature of ten days in the western tea area from middle May to early July was lower than that of Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas,and the temperature rise was not violent,which was conducive to the growth of summer shoots and vigorous growth of tea buds. The ten-day average temperature of the western tea area from the first ten days of August to the last ten days of September was lower than Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas,and its precipitation was more than Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas,and the number of rainy and foggy days was more. The climate conditions are favorable for the formation of tea quality.

Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan and Yellow Emperor School

To which school Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan belongs is the base of carrying out the study of its thoughts and philosophy,which has always caused controversy.This question should be answered not from the narrowperspective of a certain school,but from the perspective of academic integration. Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan is a consummate work of YellowEmperor School. There are four reasons for this conclusion: firstly,it shares the same ideological system and basic thoughts with YellowEmperor School. Secondly,from the perspective of ideological views,it carries on the development trend of thoughts of YellowEmperor School. Thirdly,from the perspective of integration of ideological factors of various schools,it carries on the development trend of YellowEmperor School. Fourthly,it raises the banner of"YellowEmperor",and inherits many words from works of YellowEmperor School.

High-grade Cocoon Filament Silkworm Chuanshan ×Shushui for Spring and Autumn Rearing

Chuanshan × Shushui is a highgrade cocoon filament silkworm variety for spring and autumn rearing bred by Nanchong Silkworm Eggs Farmthrough systematic breeding method. The characteristics of stock seed and F1 hybrid of silkworm variety Chuanshan × Shushui and their breeding technical points and precautions were introduced in the paper. Laboratory identification and rural breeding results showed that Chuanshan × Shushui wascharacterized by physical strength, high cocoon weight, good cocoon quality and superior neatness, and the cocoons produced could reel 5A6A classraw silk. The variety was suitable for breeding in silkworm areas in Sichuan, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces. The variety was approved by Sichuansilkworm breeding committee in 2005, and more than one million boxes of silkworm eggs have been cumulatively bred in silkworm areas in Sichuan,Yunnan, Shaanxi and Hainan provinces.

伍子胥治国理政思想述论

伍子胥不仅是春秋时期杰出的政治家、军事家,也是一位思想家,在治国理政方面提出了一系列的思想主张,包括顺应天道、和谐自然,德政为首、刑罚为辅,爱民安民、关爱民生,举贤与能、强调官德,发展经济、轻赋缓征,“从近制远”、破楚服越六个方面,并在吴国进行了具体实践,给社会、经济、军事各方面带来了深刻变化,从而为吴国参与争霸战争奠定了较为雄厚的物质基础。

史传文体之“作”与“修”的矛盾

史传与诸子在《汉书·艺文志》中属于文献分类,而在《文心雕龙》里则属于文体分类,当然纪昀对此早就提出质疑。从文体论看,史传必须保持求真实和树大义的文体特点,以《春秋左氏传》为例,其间“《春秋》大义”与“因鲁史”就构成孔子之《春秋》的文体应有之标准,即使实录也离不开善恶是非等大义之表达,若《春秋》无大义,则一部《春秋》将黯淡无光。因而衍生出历史上存在的孔子“作《春秋》”与“修《春秋》”两种不同叙事,从经学和史学两个角度辨析其所指。从史传文体特征而论,一方面孔子作《春秋》,凸显其当一部大法的原创性价值;另一方面孔子修《春秋》却是兼顾史家思想和史料的最佳结合,以至于达到游夏之徒不能赞一辞的绝对高度。然而,从孔子到左丘明以降,以至《史记》《汉书》,史家和史料之因缘际会,却都存在着因人而异性,或不确定性,因而由宋儒请传统《春秋》学走下神坛。于是《史记》《汉书》等史书,因其人为作品之性质,显示了史家、史料诸端局限性的史学困境,这也正是史传文体所遭遇永恒的矛盾和困惑。

全面展现清代《春秋左传》学研究的整体成就

《清代春秋左传学论著提要》将268部著作分类系年,勾勒出清代《春秋左传》学的起点、学术方法的确立、学术范式的建立、学术与政治的纠葛、精英文化与下层通俗文化的沟通交流等多个面相,全面展现了清代《春秋左传》学在经学、史学、文学方面的成就。清代学者受制于王权,经史考辨虽精,但难以在义理上有所建树,也难有超出时代的史论、史识,但在文章学上,清人对于行文贯通、不平的要求,以及对文章诵读的领会,对现今《左传》文章学研究大有助益。

《春秋》三传所见体育元素及其文化特征

《春秋》三传以史学和经学双重视野对中国古代体育进行了记载,具有重要研究价值。文章运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,深入分析了《春秋》三传中的体育活动及其文化特征。研究认为:《春秋》三传是“蒐苗狝狩”四时狩猎、投壶、跳远和跳高等体育项目的最早文献记载,还记载了射箭、徒手搏击、弈棋、骑马、养生等体育活动。反映出来的文化特征表现为5个方面:一是初步体现出体育健身性的基本特征;二是从礼仪性发展出审美娱乐性;三是用于区分优劣的竞争性日趋明显;四是体现出体育在技术与精神方面的双重教育性;五是通过体育交流和体育外交,消弭战争,维护和平。三传对各国交往及其所涉及到的体育元素的记载,在丰富书写文化功能和意义的同时,也成为中华体育精神形成的重要知识和观念来源。

春秋时期的共同性思想刍议——以《左传》《国语》为中心的探讨

春秋时期是早期中国社会大转型的前奏阶段,在共同性思想上既有对上古三代依据血缘、亲情的祖先神信仰、礼法制度、德行教化等的继承,又呈现出从重血缘、亲情的礼法向重才能、相对平等的法治等新思想演进的趋势。就传世文献看,春秋时期所关注的共同性思想一方面是源于反思人类重大伦理政治生活中的共同性问题,另一方面是源于反思人类饮食、音乐等日常生活中的共同性问题。就春秋时期达到共同性的路径而言,主要是依据血缘、亲情的礼治和依据功利、能力的法治两大类。前者是规范社会生活、达到人际亲和关系的基本路径;后者更多是春秋时期社会变革的产物,它是一种新的更有效的达到共同性的路径。春秋时期开启了关于共同性思想本身内涵的讨论,比如辨析“同”“和”“比”“党”等标志共同性思想的观念之间的差别,这些围绕共同性思想内涵的讨论是对思想观念本身的反思,亦是先秦诸子相关思想的源头。

郑伯克段:破坏人伦秩序是大恶——公羊家亲亲尊尊复杂个案的辞法辨义

郑庄公杀死亲弟共叔段一案因为渗透着亲亲尊尊的纠结、政治与伦理的对冲而常被后世所议论,但《春秋》诠释史上却罕有论及郑伯大恶的根本原因是破坏人伦秩序。经文书“伯”而非“侯”,已有贬义,称“克”、书“段”则表明兄弟已宛若“途之人然,亲亲之义绝”。对兄弟关系诉诸武力,有违亲亲原则。不弟之辞是谴责庄公蔽于昆仲一伦。叔段是自取灭亡,其不遵臣道,当国、僭制,本就该杀。兄弟一伦崩溃,弟而不弟,兄而不兄。庄公也需要母爱,故对弟弟得宠始终心存芥蒂,明知母亲更爱其弟却依然杀之,视同间接施虐于其母,不孝之至。分析《春秋公羊传》多种辞法,可以辨析此案包含的义理来重新理解罪责的判定,进而论证郑庄公破坏血亲人伦基本秩序已构成大恶的道理,指出公羊家评价之不足。

《春秋》的“早期书写”特征与中国史学精神

作为中国现存传世最早的编年体史书,《春秋》虽然仅有2万余字,以极其简要的文字辑录了春秋时期242年的历史大事,但是因其有着悠久的历史传承和深厚的文化内容,被列入儒家“六经”。它以“元年,春,王正月”为开头的大纲式书写,包含了自三代以来形成的中华民族大一统的文化意识。《春秋》简明扼要的书写形式,包含着中华民族从早期书写中所积累的丰富的写作经验,在长久的实践中所形成的高度的思想认识和逻辑思维能力。它那“笔则笔,削则削”的书写原则和文字技巧,蕴含了丰富的《春秋》大义,体现了鲜明的中华民族史学精神。

杨简《慈湖春秋解》的宋学旨趣

杨简的《慈湖春秋解》具有鲜明的心学印记,其内容、解经方式以及思想内涵呈现出较为显著的宋学旨趣。杨简认同并高扬《春秋》宋学中的尊王共识,力倡“王命至上”,并通过对“君位继承”和“征讨侵伐”事件的讨论来表达自己对帝王的尊崇以及对王权的维护。同时,杨简认为以尊王为代表的众“道”具足于《春秋》,故他视《春秋》为明“道”之书,并揭示其“是非不相掩”的特点。在挖掘《春秋》之“道”时,杨简采取“以心释《春秋》”的方式创通经义,不但对三传及历代研治《春秋》之人皆有评判取舍,而且他摆脱“理”的约束,径以“心”为评判是非之标准。《慈湖春秋解》作为宋学中心学一派鲜有的《春秋》经解著作,一定程度上反映了心学一派的《春秋》诠释取向和《春秋》宋学的时代特色,在宋代《春秋》学史上具有重要意义。

浓墨重彩,独树一帜:黄震研究《吕氏春秋》探析

在理学盛行的南宋,黄震作为朱子理学东发学派的创始人和代表人,能够对杂家著作《吕氏春秋》做深入系统的研究,独树一帜,实属难能可贵。黄震《黄氏日抄》对《吕氏春秋》160篇都有研究,这是中国古代《吕氏春秋》学史上浓墨重彩的一笔。

春秋时期与忠的道德内涵的定型——中国传统忠德溯源之三

经历了原始氏族社会和夏、商、西周的发展,忠由一种道德意识发展为一种道德观念,并在春秋时期完成了道德化的进程,成为一种内涵丰富、践行主客体及对象明晰的道德规范,实现了传统忠德基本内涵的定型。春秋时期,忠德的内涵十分丰富,既包括为上者对社稷和人民的利国利民之忠,也包括涵盖公平正义内涵的公忠精神,更包括与人忠、为人谋忠的尽心竭力之忠。春秋时期的忠德内涵型范了传统忠德基本内涵,以后无论忠德如何变迁,其基本内涵没有突破春秋时期确定的忠德内涵的范畴。

春秋时期鲁公室公族作家群体与世族文学考论

在春秋时期政治生态逐渐完成由“王权”政治向“霸权(君权)”政治、“族权”政治、“庶人”政治渐次变革的历史进程中,就公族作家群体的构成成分而言,“孝族”“桓族”皆为春秋前期逐渐形成的早期世族,至春秋中期开始,“桓族”不仅在政治上逐渐开始专权,而且在文学创作方面成果亦非常突出,而“孝族”“庄族”“文族”及其他公族不仅在政治上被边缘化,在文学创作方面则亦渐次淡出;就公族作家群体的创作动机而言,完成了从维护公室为基本宗旨向认为公室“天禄不再”的转变,进而认可“三桓”专权;就其创作话语而言,以“礼”“德”“孝”为中心话语,彰显出“周礼尽在鲁矣”的文化氛围;就其理论体系建构而言,提出了“鬼道”“人道”之别说、“二德”说、“三德”说、“六德”说、“七德”说、“飨义以昭德”说、“吉德”“凶德”之别说、“男”“女”之别说、“立德”“立功”“立言”为“三不朽”说;就散文体类而言,以“议”体、“对”体为主,兼及“上书”体、“讼辞”体、“载书”体等文体。

《春秋繁露》“道”论疏解

《春秋繁露》中,董仲舒对于“道”的使用,主要表现在四个方面:《春秋》之道、先王之道、天地之道以及圣人之道。作为《春秋》学的大师,董氏的立论根基即是从“《春秋》之道”出发的,“《春秋》之道”奠定了整个董氏政治哲学的基础;而“先王之道”则是“《春秋》之道”的基本内涵,其实质就是王者配天;由此,“天地之道”就是董氏所有政治哲学讨论的依据,无论是原则还是具体措施,都是依据“天地之道”而展开的;而“圣人之道”则是董氏之“道”在教化成善上的一个具体的表现。董氏以政治哲学的建构为基础,形成了一个非常完善的“道”的阐释系统。