Innovation and Practice of the Cultivation Mode of Application-Oriented Undergraduate Talents in Agricultural and Forestry Colleges under the Guidance of the Spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness

Heilongjiang reclamation area has made great progress since its development and construction, among which the agricultural and forestry colleges in China have played a key role in the input of talents for the production of reclamation area, and the spirit of the Great Wilderness has important strategic significance for the cultivation of agricultural and forestry talents. Taking Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University as an example, this paper analyzes the ways of the Great Northern Wilderness Spirit for cultivating application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges, improving the curriculum system of undergraduate talents through innovation, strengthening the cultivation of students’ innovative ability, leading students’ scientific research and academic level, and enhancing students’ practical ability. To innovate the cultivation mode of application-oriented undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges under the guidance of the spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness, and to provide a reference mode for the cultivation of undergraduate talents in agricultural and forestry colleges in China.

The Research on the Battle of Yanmen Pass

During the war between Liao Dynasty(907-1125)and Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127),there was a classic battle that happened in Yanmen Pass(located in today’s Dai County,Xinzhou,Shanxi Province,China).It was a well known battle of ancient China because a commander of the Song army named Yang Ye(?-986)was really famous in both classical Chinese fictions and Chinese war history.He is the early protagonist of a famous Chinese classic fiction named The Romance of the Yang family’s generals(written in the 16th century,Ming Dynasty of China).The story of his family also appears in other novels.Besides,in history,he was a general who was active in the early stages of the war between Liao Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty.The battle of Yanmen Pass(980)was one of the most important battles of Yang’s military career.His combat style especially his cavalry tactic can be summarized through researching this battle.

The Research on the Psychological Tactic of the Northern and Southern Dynasties

Psychology’s military use was discovered by ancient Chinese strategists in a very early time.In the Spring and Autumn period(770 B.C.-476 B.C.),psychological tactics were put into practice.After coming to the Northern and Southern Dynasties(420-589),psychological tactics had become the required course of strategists.Therefore,many generals of this period could use it adroitly.There were many classic examples which could help us analyze the psychological tactics of this era.The purpose of this paper is to introduce a few classic examples and summarize their characteristics.Then,we can better understand the psychological tactics of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Analysis of Buddhist sculpture art in Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties

The emergence and development of Buddhist sculpture has completely changed the original Chinese ancient sculpture, rich China sculpture theme, greatly promote the development of the Chinese sculpture, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhist sculpture received considerable development, the art form is abundant, representative of the ＂ slim but clear appearance＂ and＂ images of noble figures ＂two kinds of modeling features. From the perspective of historical background and aesthetic orientation, this paper analyzes and studies the overall features of the art of carving art in this historical period, as well as its profound influence on the development of Chinese Buddhist statues.

Nature as Harmony： The Foundation of Chinese Poetry

This paper argues for the very foundation of Chinese poetry, that is, nature itself. To this end, I have chosen three well-known poets, Wang Wei （706-761） in Tang Dynasty （618-907）, Su Shi （1037-1101） and Zhou Dunyi （1017-1073） in Northern Song Dynasty （960-1127）. All three poets were also high ranking governmental officials. They were leaders of high personal integrity.

The Concept and Nature of Northern Ethnic Dynasties from the Historical View on the Chinese Nation

In recent years,the concept"northern ethnic dynasties"has been widely used when referring to dynasties established by ethnic groups from northern China,including Liao,Jin,Yuan,and Qing dynasty.When it comes to the prolonged debates on the relation between ethnic groups and state,the traditional narrative of the dynastic history of Central Plains,which holds"sinicization"as its principal line,has been challenged;and the academia has been focusing on how to elaborate features and state forms of these northern ethnic dynasties.This article argues that,only by returning to the dynasty-based narrative of the evolvement of northern ethnic regimes,can we break the shackle of western-style"nation state"narrative;can we understand the fact that dynasticity transcends ethnicity in Chinese history;and can we thereby establish the correct view of history on the Chinese nation.

北宋粮食储备与流通对当前我国粮食安全的启示

当前,我国仍存在耕地数量降低、农民务农数量减少和种粮收益不高等问题,需要从国家到个人、思想到行动两个层面上采取措施,才能有效缓解。我国宋代粮食市场突出特点是地区间转运贸易发达,随着北宋粮食贸易的日渐活跃,百姓获得粮食渠道的拓宽,在一定程度上缓解了国家的粮食储备压力,影响了当时的粮食安全标准。北宋农民的赋税负担十分繁重,富民、地主粮食储备较为可观,官方与民间的粮食储备总量存在差距,具备藏粮于富民的特征。宋朝廷利用制度性和市场性的手段,将粮商作为国家的后备粮仓,灵活地缓解了官民粮食储备差距悬殊的矛盾。粮食流通在不同区域呈现出明显的地域性特征,不同的粮食来源和运输距离揭示了政治力量与经济力量在南、北救荒上的不同分配,北方地区的灾荒救济以官方力量为主,南方地区则以民间力量为主,粮食的性质、流通方式存在较大区别,影响着救荒效果。以北宋时期为鉴,当前我国应切实关注民生问题,构建多种形式的土地耕种格局;合理统筹全国区域性粮食流通,完善重大灾情下的粮食供给体系;树立科学粮食储备观,全方位增强社会戒奢从俭意识。

山西大同金茂园遗址人群颅骨的形态学

本文对金茂园遗址人颅骨形态学的研究后发现,该墓地居民颅骨特征属于现代亚洲蒙古人种的范畴,并表现出不同程度与东亚和东北亚类型接近的特点。种系纯度检验显示,男女两性均有同种系倾向,但女性各项指标变异范围更大。金茂园组与华南组、华北组关系最近,与通古斯组关系最远。在与古代组比较中,金茂园与以东亚类型为主的新丰组、水泊寺组等古代人群接近,与以北亚类型为主的东大井组、叭沟组等古代人群距离较远。金茂园遗址代表的北魏平城时期人群应是继承了大同地区原住民的遗传学特征,同时也受到了来自北方人群交流与迁徙的影响,尤其在金茂园女性人群中的表现似乎更加强烈。北魏平城时期是我国历史上各民族融合的重要阶段,北魏孝文帝主动汉化的举措,极大程度地推进了拓跋鲜卑与汉族的融合,对大同地区考古遗址出土人骨的研究有助于我们认识鲜卑人群的汉化进程。

从“水引,挼如箸大”看魏晋南北朝时期箸的形制与使用

《齐民要术》作为魏晋南北朝时期重要农书,不仅记载了重要的农业生产技术以及食物加工方式,而且记载了一些饮食器具的形制,其中“水引,挼如箸大”是对当时筷子的直接描述。本文通过这条文献记载来考证与勾勒魏晋南北朝时期箸的形态规制,并由此探讨当时箸的使用情况,进一步考证魏晋南北朝时期饮食生活的历史状况以及饮食文化特征。

从北魏胡人墓志录文的华夏祖源叙述看民族交往交流交融

北魏时期,大量胡人通过“假借”华夏祖源的墓志书写方式,将家族历史融入华夏民族范畴,形成了内容丰富、形式多样、汉化鲜明的祖源叙述文本。通过分析这类文本,可知北魏胡人普遍秉持华夷共祖观念,主动认同华夏祖源和华夏文化。这是秦汉魏晋以来各民族交往交流交融的必然结果,也是中古时期民族交往交流交融的鲜活体现。同时,胡人对华夏祖源的认同有一个由浅入深、逐步发展、漫长复杂的过程。华夷共祖观念进一步推动了各民族交往交流交融,为隋唐时期“大一统”繁荣盛世奠定了重要的心理基础,为中华民族共同体意识的形成与发展奠定了历史文化根基,体现了中华文明的包容性、统一性,在各民族交往交流交融史上具有突出的典范意义。

肃北五个庙石窟北朝遗迹考述——五个庙石窟研究之一

肃北五个庙石窟的西夏壁画在敦煌石窟艺术中颇具特色,但是这个石窟群的始建年代并不是西夏时期,而是可以追溯到敦煌石窟营建的早期阶段。五个庙石窟现存6个有壁画的编号洞窟,在这些洞窟内都保留着一些北朝时期的建筑和造像遗迹。这些遗迹与敦煌莫高窟和西千佛洞北朝石窟遗存既存在相似性,又有其独特之处。

从北魏国家认同迭变看中华民族共同体发展

北魏在发展进程中,形成了以正统认同、文化认同、政治认同为核心的国家认同。具体表现为:其一,盛乐时代新旧国号的议定及汉族士人对北魏王朝的支持、合作与依附;其二,平城时代寻根炎黄的华夏谱系开列、汉族士人的归附、对国家热爱与忠诚的诠释;其三,洛阳时代自命“中国”与正统建构以及助推汉化改革。北魏国家认同的形成与演变,反映了北魏鲜卑贵族与汉族士人相互交融、心向中华的必然趋势,体现了“大一统”思想的力量。北魏三个时代的国家认同既是一个不断深化的过程,也是中华民族共同体不断发展和巩固的过程。

论北朝的文学竞争与创作精神

北朝以文学评比引领优秀作品的产生,以“文人相轻”激励文学创作竞争,批评不良风气倡导正当竞争,与南朝文学既竞争又学习、融合。北朝的文学竞争既是推动文学事业发展的动力之一,又是其积极向上的文学创作精神的表现。

卫操与拓跋力微及其子孙——《桓帝功德颂碑》考释

卫操撰写的《桓帝功德颂碑》既是北魏早期有文字记载的信史资料,又是北魏拓跋氏集团早期文章的代表作,具有重要的史料价值和文学意义。以《桓帝功德颂碑》为研究对象,具体考察了卫操的生平事迹、碑文的真伪等问题,得出的结论是卫操与拓跋力微、拓跋禄官以及拓跋猗■、拓跋猗卢三代部落首领都有交往,他对北魏早期的历史比较熟悉。解读《桓帝功德颂碑》对北魏早期历史及文学史的深入研究有一定的推进作用。

十六国、北朝长安城遗址出土建筑材料简论

十六国时期的前赵、前秦、后秦和北朝时期的西魏、北周都是利用汉长安故城营建新都,后赵也在长安城内做过较大规模的建设。本文利用十六国、北朝长安城遗址出土的建筑材料,参考其他遗址及墓葬资料,分别对长条砖、板瓦、筒瓦和瓦当进行了类型学研究,并对它们的时代做了推定。

“方割”与“融合”:北魏洛阳城的社会空间研究

北魏在扩建都城平城时,为应对大规模移民的聚居问题,采用“方割”为名的规划建设方式,后在北魏洛阳城推行。“方割”的初衷是保证不同社会阶层的居住隔离,但北魏洛阳城的社会空间却表现出“融合”趋势。目前规划史研究并未关注。根据历史文献,将北魏洛阳城的居民划分为胡汉士庶四个等级阶层,以《洛阳伽蓝记》为数据来源。研究发现,各城区都有不同程度的阶层混居;里坊间的阶层差异虽然高于城区间的差异,但里坊内也有民族、士庶、南北朝等不同社会阶层的混居现象。北魏洛阳城的社会空间在统一的“方割”底图上,总体上呈现出城区尺度的居住混合与里坊尺度的居住隔离相交织的结构特征。长期推行的汉化政策是主要原因;汉化政策又通过影响阶层认知和城市规划建设方式,进一步影响了社会融合。其中“方割”而成的里坊,以统一的形制对社会空间分异起到了消弭作用。研究能够丰富中国城市发展与规划建设史,并为认识城市规划与社会发展之间的关系提供历史启示。

简论丧葬习俗对魏晋南北朝挽歌的影响

魏晋南北朝的俭葬习俗淡化了死亡的神秘感,使挽歌作者能够理性平和地看待死亡,保持一种较为超然客观的态度,促成了自挽作品的出现。各种丧葬仪式为挽歌创作提供了丰富的意象,成为挽歌描写的重要内容。挽歌正式纳入礼制,得到官方书面形式的认可后更受重视更为普及,促进了献赠挽歌作品的创作,激发了欣赏挽歌、演唱挽歌的兴趣,对名士风流的形成产生了一定影响。

《唐乔梦松墓志》相关问题考

志主乔梦松,其墓志与其家族成员的另外几方墓志应为同出洛阳北邙山乔氏家族旧茔。由该志考得,至迟北魏汉化之际,本为南匈奴旧姓的北朝乔氏已经攀附或改姓为汉姓“桥”氏,至西魏、北周时期又改“桥”为“乔”。志主有关事迹对于全面了解开元九年以来唐朝在宇文融的奏请之下分设劝农判官、摄御史巡查天下事大有裨益,为确定《唐御史台精舍题名碑》的追书时间提供了佐证,为开元十六年志主出使西域册立于阗、疏勒二国事及相关问题提供了新资料。

北魏赐客制及其对民族交融的影响

拓跋珪恢复代国之时,实行使归顺者能够获得客身份的做法。北魏建国后,道武帝拓跋珪使赐客的规定制度化。北魏国家使“归国”少数族首领能够成为授客对象;而对“归国”汉人而言,只有上层群体,可以获得“客”身份。北魏国家对客实行了优待的措施,使少数族和汉族的客能够受封爵位和受任职官,并且,还能获得物质赏赐。尤其对少数族人的客,北魏国家实行赐婚的做法。因为北魏赐客制的实行,使客阶层与拓跋鲜卑统治者建立起牢固的君臣关系,并在“归国”群体中占据主导地位,因而,也就促使“归国”群体的独立性逐渐泯灭。而且,随着孝文帝汉化措施的推行,使代人与汉人的交融不断深化,从而在社会、文化价值观的取向上日趋一致,因此,北魏实施的赐客制对促进北方民族交融,无疑产生了重要影响与推动作用。