Outcomes of early versus late irrigation and debridement of pediatric open long bone fractures

BACKGROUND Open long bone fractures are a major concern for pediatric patients due to the risk of surgical site infection(SSI).Early studies have recommended irrigation and debridement of open fractures within 6 hours-8 hours for the prevention of SSI.According to the American College of Surgeons(ACS)Best Practice Guidelines,in 2015,irrigation and debridement should be done within 24 hours.AIM To identify whether early irrigation and debridement,within 8 hours,vs late,between 8 hours and 24 hours,for pediatric open long bone fractures impacts rate of SSI.METHODS Using retrospective data review from the National Trauma Data Bank,Trauma Quality Improvement Project(TQIP)of 2019.TQIP database is own by the ACS and it is the largest database for trauma quality program in the world.Propensity matching analysis was performed for the study.RESULTS There were 390 pediatric patients with open long bone fractures who were incl-uded in the study.After completing propensity score matching,we had 176 patients in each category,irrigation and debridement within 8 hours and irrigation and debridement between 8 hours and 24 hours.We found no significant differences between each group for the rate of deep SSI which was 0.6%for patients who received surgical irrigation and debridement within 8 hours and 1.1%for those who received it after 8 hours[adjusted odd ratio(AOR):0.5,95%CI:0.268-30.909,P>0.99].For the secondary outcomes studied,in terms of length of hospital stay,patients who received irrigation and debridement within 8 hours stayed for an average of 3.5 days,and those who received it after 8 hours stayed for an average of 3 days,with no significant difference found,and there were also no sig-nificant differences found between the discharge dispositions of the patients.CONCLUSION Our findings support the recommendation for managing open long bone fractures from the ACS:Complete surgical irrigation and debridement within 24 hours.

Water Requirement Rules and Production of Highland Barley in Different Sowing Time and Irrigation Levels

Water requirement rules and production of highland barley in different sowing time and irrigation levels were studied according to the data in field trial of 2016-2017.Based on analyzing the experimental results,the optimal irrigation scheduling and amount in the growth period of highland barley were proposed,which was of great significance to the unification of water saving and high yield of highland barley in the arid agricultural area of Tibet.

Research on Forecasting Water Requirement of Well Irrigation Rice by Time Series Analysis Method

The paper builds up the forecasting model of air temperature according to the data (1994～1998) of Fu Jin area.At the same time,the writer inquires into the relation of water requirement of well irrigation rice (ET) and average air temperature (T).Furthermore,the rice irrigation water requirement (ET) of Fu Jin area has been forecast in 1999.Thus,we can apply the model in irrigation management.

Real-Time Modelling and Optimisation for Water and Energy Efficient Surface Irrigation

The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

Development of a concentration method for detection of tobacco mosaic virus in irrigation water

Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) causes significant yield loss in susceptible crops irrigated with contaminated water. However, detection of TMV in water is difficult owing to extremely low concentrations of the virus. Here, we developed a simple method for the detection and quantification of TMV in irrigation water. TMV was reliably detected at concentrations as low as 10 viral copies/μL with real-time PCR. The sensitivity of detection was further improved using polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG6000, MW 6000) to concentrate TMV from water samples. Among the 28 samples from Shaanxi Province examined with our method, 17 were tested positive after virus concentration. Infectivity of TMV in the original water sample as well as after concentration was confirmed using PCR. The limiting concentration of TMV in water to re-infect plants was determined as 102 viral copies/mL. The method developed in this study offers a novel approach to detect TMV in irrigation water, and may provide an effective tool to control crop infection.

Effects of Irrigation Amount on Soil Water Content of Gentiana macrophylla

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation quotas and irrigation times on soil physical and chemical properties and water content in the planting areas of Gentiana macrophylla in dry farming areas of southern Ningxia.[Methods]G.macrophylla planted for three years was selected as the experimental material,and the water content,nutrients,bulk density and total porosity of the soil at different depths(0-20 and 20-40 cm)were measured under different irrigation quotas and irrigation times.[Results]Compared with the CK,different irrigation quotas and irrigation times could significantly improve the water contents of the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers in the planting areas of G.macrophylla.The change trend of water content at the 0-20 cm soil depth was 3 times of irrigation>2 times of irrigation>1 time of irrigation>CK,and that at the 20-40 cm soil depth was 2 times of irrigation>3 times of irrigation>1 time of irrigation>CK.With the increase of irrigation times,soil urease in the 0-20 cm soil showed a trend of decreasing at first and then increasing,reaching a maximum value of 0.415 mg/g·24 h with 1 time of irrigation,which increased by 84.44%compared with the CK,and the value with two times of irrigation was basically the same as that of the CK,but 3 times of irrigation resulted in a value 57.33%higher than the CK.However,the changes of 20-40 cm were the opposite.The change trends of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers with irrigation times was smaller,and the contents of soil organic carbon,available phosphorus and available potassium increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation times,and were generally higher than those in the CK.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical and technical basis for the artificial cultivation of G.macrophylla in dry farming areas of Ningxia.

Water Dynamics Combined with a Supply of NPK Solutes and Urea in a 3-Layer Soil Profile under Drip Irrigation

The intensive and inappropriate use of water, fertilizers and phytosanitary products is sources of water and soil pollution. It is thus necessary to improve the management of irrigation water in order to optimize its use and productivity, especially in regions where water resources are becoming increasingly scarce. The water flow and non-reactive solutes’ transport simulation under drip irrigation were carried out in a 3-layered soil profile distributed from top to bottom i.e., sandy, sandy-silty, silty-sandy-clay. The aim of this study was thus, to provide a good practice of water management associated with solutes’ application, in order to retain as much solute as possible in the root zone, which will increase the residence time of the solutes. Three treatments of water flux corresponding to 100% ETc, 75% ETc, 50% ETc, combined with 100 mmol /L/ m2 of NPK and 246 mmol/L/m2 of urea applicable in two doses, were carried out over a period of 110 days corresponding to the duration of the cropping cycle for the intermediate variety of maize. The 100% ETc and 75% ETc treatments cause more loss of water and solutes, because of the sandy texture of the soil. However, a 50% ETc water flux would reduce more water loss through drainage, and solutes’ loss due to leaching beyond the root zone, which would increase the residence time of solutes in the soil profile. Application tests of the NPK solute on different days before the 15th day after sowing were also carried out according to the technical itinerary for maize production in Burkina Faso, in order to find a favorable day for application of the solute. For the different dates of solute’s application, there was more loss of the solute as we approach the 15th day after sowing. To limit this loss and increase the residence time of the NPK solute, one could apply the solute without first supplying water, the day before and the day after the date of solute’ injection. Or, one could amend the soil with organic matter to improve its retention capacity of water, and the solutes’ residence time in the soil.

河套灌区不同播期向日葵生长状况评述

[目的]明确河套灌区向日葵的适宜播期。[方法]以内蒙古三瑞农业科技股份有限公司自主中熟杂交向日葵品种SH363为参试品种,通过不同播种期试验结合生育期气象条件,并综合商品性、产量等因素进行了分析。[结果]5月29日至6月5日为河套灌区向日葵SH363最佳播种期。[结论]结果为河套灌区向日葵提质增效提供了依据。

灌溉时间和灌溉量对杏李裂果率与果实品质的影响

以杏李(Prunus domestica×armeniaca)品种味帝为研究对象,设置双因素试验,研究灌溉时间和灌溉量对果实裂果率与品质的影响。其中,灌溉时间设为转色期、始熟期、成熟期;灌溉量(以小区计)分设为80 m3和120 m3。在果实成熟后,检测裂果率与果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、钙含量、钾含量、纤维素含量、果胶含量、游离脯氨酸含量等品质指标。结果表明,转色期灌水80 m3的处理的裂果率最低。相关性分析结果显示,果皮、果肉钙含量与裂果率呈显著(P<0.05)负相关。基于测定的品质指标,运用主成分分析法对不同处理的果实品质进行综合评价,发现以转色期灌水80 m3处理的杏李果实品质最优。

变化环境下河套灌区秋浇适宜模式的思考

秋浇是河套灌区特有的灌水制度,是河套地区沿用多年的传统习惯和群众丰产经验的总结。河套灌区秋浇,一方面是针对河套灌区土壤长期处于积盐状态的现象,在作物收割后进行淋盐、脱盐的一次灌水;另一方面可在土壤中贮存一定的水分,为来年春季幼苗生长提供必要的水分条件。研究了变化环境下河套灌区秋浇适宜模式,旨在为河套灌区合理利用水资源,促进农业生产稳步发展提供依据。

适时一次灌溉对8个冬小麦品种产量和生理特性的影响

为了探讨适时一次灌溉的灌溉效果和增产机制,以黄淮海麦区主推的8个小麦品种为材料,在大田和池栽条件下,设置适时一次灌溉和无灌溉(自然降雨)2种处理,测定抽穗期、灌浆前期、灌浆中期、灌浆后期旗叶生理指标和成熟期籽粒产量,研究适时一次灌溉对冬小麦产量和旗叶生理特性的影响。结果表明,适时一次灌溉改善了4个生育时期的旗叶生理特性。大田、池栽条件下适时一次灌溉处理旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别较无灌溉处理增加23.63%~39.07%、27.82%~54.53%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增加16.39%~53.76%、16.93%~38.62%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加33.74%~51.59%、26.13%~45.06%,可溶性糖含量增加27.73%~46.34%、24.75%~37.31%,脯氨酸含量增加26.29%~37.84%、21.41%~41.33%,可溶性蛋白含量增加16.56%~42.06%、14.85%~31.69%,净光合速率增加11.51%~47.25%、24.36%~43.33%,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降12.32%~18.64%、14.85%~22.79%,小麦籽粒产量平均增加17.95%和29.27%。适时一次灌溉条件下,不同品种间比较,以周麦32和周麦36较无灌溉增产幅度较大,分别为31.50%和28.23%,可作为丰产抗旱性品种在有限灌溉旱作区进行推广。本研究结果为冬小麦适时一次灌溉研究及品种优化布局提供了参考。

Osteotomy Protocol for Implant Insertion of One Day Biotech: One Drill, One Implant

Background: Four factors determine the quality of an implantology kit: 1) Heat generated by the drills;2) Morphology of the osteotomy according to the diameter of the implant;3) Efficiency of collecting autologous bone;and 4) Osteotomy execution time. Materials and Methods: This article examines the heat produced by drills during osteotomy, focusing on the effect of the following factors: drilling technique;volume of autologous bone harvested;drilling time;implant primary stability;and the percentage of osseointegrated implants after primary healing. Discussion: The four factors mentioned above are analyzed based on the data obtained for sequential, biological, and One Drill milling techniques. Conclusions: 1) One Drill is the fastest technique for performing the osteotomy;2) All techniques stay within the biological temperature range of living bone, with the lowest increase in temperature achieved using One Drill with irrigation;3) The bone harvested showed no statistically significant differences between biological milling and the One Drill technique, both far superior to the sequential technique;and 4) There is no statistically significant difference in the number of osseointegrated implants among the three techniques analyzed.

基于时变非线性特征和状态变量的农田灌溉节水控制方法

常规的农田灌溉节水控制,主要采用影响因子分析模拟农田灌溉精度得出农田灌溉节水控制方案,忽略了实际农田土壤的液限和塑限变量对控制方案造成的影响,导致节水控制结果的节水系数较低。提出了基于时变非线性特征和状态变量的农田灌溉节水控制方法。该方法计算农田土壤的基础参数分析时变非线性特征,根据分析所得的特征计算约束条件,建立目标约束函数,构建出农田灌溉的节水控制模型,计算农田土壤液限和塑限的状态变量重新演化模型的目标约束条件,得出最终的农田灌溉节水控制方案。试验结果表明,所提方法应用后得出的节水控制结果,表现出节水系数较高,均值达到0.477,节水效果较好,满足农田灌溉的现实应用需求。

水肥气灌溉智能控制技术研究

针对传统农业灌溉效率低、浪费多等问题,根据农作物生长需求,综合应用传感器技术、智能控制技术、计算机网络技术和恒压变频技术等,设计高效的水肥气灌溉智能控制系统。通过传感器、检测仪对天气、土壤等实时数据采集,结合农作物各生长期的营养需求,智能控制系统进行综合采集、分析和处理,进而实现灌溉控制的智能决策与精准灌溉。该系统能够满足水肥气灌溉所需的高精密监测系统和动态过程中表现出来的性能,能够为智慧农业发展提供有效的技术支撑。

不同降水年型水分运筹对冬小麦产量及其构成的影响

为明确不同降水条件下实现小麦产量及构成提高的灌水策略,以冀麦585为试验材料,于2010—2017年小麦季设置W0 (雨养)、W1 (拔节)、W2 (拔节、开花)、W3 (拔节、开花、灌浆)和W4 (越冬、拔节、开花、灌浆) 5种灌水处理,分析了不同降水年型下降水、灌水与小麦产量及构成的关系。结果表明:(1)不灌水条件下多数年份的小麦产量在6400~6800kghm^(–2),穗数与产量显著正相关(r=0.860*);增加灌水,产量、穗粒数和千粒重增加,但每增1水增产率显著下降(由13.8%下降到1.7%)。(2)生育期总降水量及阶段降水量与产量无明显相关关系,总降水量对千粒重的影响高于其他因素;W0和W1条件下,总降水量对穗粒数的影响>穗数,增加灌水后反之,而该条件下穗粒数与拔节前降水呈显著正相关且W0下与2月1日至拔节前降水的相关性>播种到拔节前,但随灌水增加其相关性降低;除W4灌水与穗粒数和千粒重相关性>降水且相关显著以外,W1~W3条件下其相关性降水>灌水,这表明灌水缓解降水不足对穗粒数的影响。(3)前多后少年型(拔节前后降水88.2 mm+29 mm)穗粒数和千粒重最高,且3水产量最高,但与2水无差异;相对均衡年型(拔节前后降水<60mm,30~80mm)的小麦产量及构成总体偏低但相对稳定,灌水后穗粒数和千粒重增加,但影响相对较小,2~3水产量差异显著(后期降水<36mm)(增产率为10.5%和22.9%);前少后多年型(拔节前后降水<25 mm, 40~90 mm)增加灌水最高穗粒数增加1.5~7.1粒,多水处理下千粒重差异较小, 4月无有效降雨时灌溉3水较2水产量显著增加13.4%。因此,本区域小麦拔节前降水量低于60mm时(尤其低于25mm)灌溉拔节水对穗粒数增加作用明显;相对均衡年型拔节后降水低于36mm、前少后多年型4月份无明显有效降水年度灌溉3水,其他年度灌水2次可实现有限灌水下的产量最大化。

引黄灌区夏玉米-冬小麦连作实时灌溉制度研究

为研究夏玉米-冬小麦连作模式下的节水灌溉制度,针对现有实时灌溉预报忽略了实际生产中复种连作的问题,统筹考虑复种连作时上下季作物生育期间隔时段内土壤水分的收支变化,建立了作物连作的实时灌溉预报模型,以三刘寨引黄灌区2014-2017年夏玉米-冬小麦连作为例进行模型的应用。结果表明:与传统灌溉制度相比,采用该模型所确定的实时灌溉制度其灌溉定额年均减少20.4%,灌区的灌溉用水量年均节省1470万m3,各年度夏玉米-冬小麦总产量分别增加2.4%、2.2%、0.8%,各年度水分利用效率分别提升13.6%、12.3%、18.3%。

基于Sentinel-2破碎化地块灌区作物种植结构的提取

【目的】探究基于Sentinel-2遥感影像的决策树分类模型提取破碎化地块灌区作物种植结构的适用性。【方法】选取新疆阿拉沟灌区为研究区,以2021年覆盖作物全生育期的Sentinel-2遥感影像为数据源,结合田间调查和Google高清影像目视解译采样,基于主要作物物候信息、NDVI时序特征等分析确定作物识别的关键期阈值,构建决策树模型进行灌区主要作物分类,并对分类结果精度验证。【结果】基于Sentinel-2提取的灌区种植结构分布图地块纹理清晰,能够满足灌区用水管理需要;构建的决策树分类模型可在灌区尺度实现作物分类,方法简便易行,总体精度达到81.56%,Kappa系数为0.716 6。【结论】采用Sentinel-2遥感影像和决策树分类方法识别破碎化地块灌区复杂作物分类是可行的,可为灌区输配水决策和农业用水精细化管理提供基础信息。

灌溉时期和次数对胡麻产量和品质的影响

【目的】明确灌溉时期和灌溉次数对胡麻产量和品质的影响,为胡麻产区节水灌溉提供参考。【方法】设置3个生育期(枞型期、初花期和灌浆期)不同灌溉次数(各时期1次、以上任意2个时期各灌溉1次、3个时期均灌溉)的灌溉处理,评估不同时期、灌溉次数对胡麻产量、品质和抗倒伏性状的影响。【结果】在年降雨量220 mm左右的干旱地区,灌溉对胡麻生长具有积极促进作用。各灌溉处理比不灌溉对照增产2.5%~75.1%;单次灌溉处理平均产量为1321.5 kg/hm^(2),二次灌溉平均产量为1375.5 kg/hm^(2),三次灌溉平均产量为1870.5kg/hm^(2),比对照(1068.0 kg/hm^(2))分别增产23.7%、28.8%和75.1%;枞型期灌溉处理(含单次和多次灌溉)比枞型期不灌溉处理均表现为植株更健壮、抗折力更高。各灌溉处理下胡麻粗脂肪和α-亚麻酸含量均低于不灌溉对照,降幅分别为2.22%~6.96%和0.21%~9.44%。【结论】从灌溉次数看,灌溉3次(枞型期、初花期和灌浆期各灌1次)是该地区胡麻种植的有效灌溉措施,纯收益最高,比不灌溉增收4807.5元/hm^(2);从灌溉时期看,枞型期灌1次的灌溉产投比最高、为4.06,增产效益好,可达3次灌溉处理收益的97%,可作为该地区节水灌溉的备选方案。

汾河灌区降水量多时间尺度分析与预测

本文基于小波分析方法,分析了汾河灌区介休灌溉区域1954—2022年降水量变化趋势,进而通过模型的筛选与检验,确定选用ARMA(2,0)模型对研究区降水量进行拟合与预测。结果表明,研究区降水量在1954—2022年存在4个主周期:5年、10年、15年、25年,且降水量的变化趋势与时间尺度存在密切的关系,其未来降水呈增多趋势;ARMA(2,0)模型的模拟结果基本能够反映介休灌溉区域1954—2022年间降水量的波动特征和演变规律,采用Static Forecast方法求得的介休灌溉区域2023年降水量预测值为641.21mm。

自动灌溉系统设计与实现

智慧农业灌溉系统将是解决我国农业水资源供需矛盾的主要手段之一,为了进一步提升农业上水的利用率,基于传感器和自动控制技术设计了自动灌溉系统。自动灌溉系统的应用,将实现灌溉过程的无人值守,减少人员的工作强度,提高灌溉效率,具有良好的适应性、易使用、高可靠性,有一定的推广价值。