Outcomes of early versus late irrigation and debridement of pediatric open long bone fractures

BACKGROUND Open long bone fractures are a major concern for pediatric patients due to the risk of surgical site infection(SSI).Early studies have recommended irrigation and debridement of open fractures within 6 hours-8 hours for the prevention of SSI.According to the American College of Surgeons(ACS)Best Practice Guidelines,in 2015,irrigation and debridement should be done within 24 hours.AIM To identify whether early irrigation and debridement,within 8 hours,vs late,between 8 hours and 24 hours,for pediatric open long bone fractures impacts rate of SSI.METHODS Using retrospective data review from the National Trauma Data Bank,Trauma Quality Improvement Project(TQIP)of 2019.TQIP database is own by the ACS and it is the largest database for trauma quality program in the world.Propensity matching analysis was performed for the study.RESULTS There were 390 pediatric patients with open long bone fractures who were incl-uded in the study.After completing propensity score matching,we had 176 patients in each category,irrigation and debridement within 8 hours and irrigation and debridement between 8 hours and 24 hours.We found no significant differences between each group for the rate of deep SSI which was 0.6%for patients who received surgical irrigation and debridement within 8 hours and 1.1%for those who received it after 8 hours[adjusted odd ratio(AOR):0.5,95%CI:0.268-30.909,P>0.99].For the secondary outcomes studied,in terms of length of hospital stay,patients who received irrigation and debridement within 8 hours stayed for an average of 3.5 days,and those who received it after 8 hours stayed for an average of 3 days,with no significant difference found,and there were also no sig-nificant differences found between the discharge dispositions of the patients.CONCLUSION Our findings support the recommendation for managing open long bone fractures from the ACS:Complete surgical irrigation and debridement within 24 hours.

Water Requirement Rules and Production of Highland Barley in Different Sowing Time and Irrigation Levels

Water requirement rules and production of highland barley in different sowing time and irrigation levels were studied according to the data in field trial of 2016-2017.Based on analyzing the experimental results,the optimal irrigation scheduling and amount in the growth period of highland barley were proposed,which was of great significance to the unification of water saving and high yield of highland barley in the arid agricultural area of Tibet.

Research on Forecasting Water Requirement of Well Irrigation Rice by Time Series Analysis Method

The paper builds up the forecasting model of air temperature according to the data (1994～1998) of Fu Jin area.At the same time,the writer inquires into the relation of water requirement of well irrigation rice (ET) and average air temperature (T).Furthermore,the rice irrigation water requirement (ET) of Fu Jin area has been forecast in 1999.Thus,we can apply the model in irrigation management.

Real-Time Modelling and Optimisation for Water and Energy Efficient Surface Irrigation

The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

Effects of Irrigation Amount on Soil Water Content of Gentiana macrophylla

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation quotas and irrigation times on soil physical and chemical properties and water content in the planting areas of Gentiana macrophylla in dry farming areas of southern Ningxia.[Methods]G.macrophylla planted for three years was selected as the experimental material,and the water content,nutrients,bulk density and total porosity of the soil at different depths(0-20 and 20-40 cm)were measured under different irrigation quotas and irrigation times.[Results]Compared with the CK,different irrigation quotas and irrigation times could significantly improve the water contents of the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers in the planting areas of G.macrophylla.The change trend of water content at the 0-20 cm soil depth was 3 times of irrigation>2 times of irrigation>1 time of irrigation>CK,and that at the 20-40 cm soil depth was 2 times of irrigation>3 times of irrigation>1 time of irrigation>CK.With the increase of irrigation times,soil urease in the 0-20 cm soil showed a trend of decreasing at first and then increasing,reaching a maximum value of 0.415 mg/g·24 h with 1 time of irrigation,which increased by 84.44%compared with the CK,and the value with two times of irrigation was basically the same as that of the CK,but 3 times of irrigation resulted in a value 57.33%higher than the CK.However,the changes of 20-40 cm were the opposite.The change trends of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers with irrigation times was smaller,and the contents of soil organic carbon,available phosphorus and available potassium increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation times,and were generally higher than those in the CK.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical and technical basis for the artificial cultivation of G.macrophylla in dry farming areas of Ningxia.

Water Dynamics Combined with a Supply of NPK Solutes and Urea in a 3-Layer Soil Profile under Drip Irrigation

The intensive and inappropriate use of water, fertilizers and phytosanitary products is sources of water and soil pollution. It is thus necessary to improve the management of irrigation water in order to optimize its use and productivity, especially in regions where water resources are becoming increasingly scarce. The water flow and non-reactive solutes’ transport simulation under drip irrigation were carried out in a 3-layered soil profile distributed from top to bottom i.e., sandy, sandy-silty, silty-sandy-clay. The aim of this study was thus, to provide a good practice of water management associated with solutes’ application, in order to retain as much solute as possible in the root zone, which will increase the residence time of the solutes. Three treatments of water flux corresponding to 100% ETc, 75% ETc, 50% ETc, combined with 100 mmol /L/ m2 of NPK and 246 mmol/L/m2 of urea applicable in two doses, were carried out over a period of 110 days corresponding to the duration of the cropping cycle for the intermediate variety of maize. The 100% ETc and 75% ETc treatments cause more loss of water and solutes, because of the sandy texture of the soil. However, a 50% ETc water flux would reduce more water loss through drainage, and solutes’ loss due to leaching beyond the root zone, which would increase the residence time of solutes in the soil profile. Application tests of the NPK solute on different days before the 15th day after sowing were also carried out according to the technical itinerary for maize production in Burkina Faso, in order to find a favorable day for application of the solute. For the different dates of solute’s application, there was more loss of the solute as we approach the 15th day after sowing. To limit this loss and increase the residence time of the NPK solute, one could apply the solute without first supplying water, the day before and the day after the date of solute’ injection. Or, one could amend the soil with organic matter to improve its retention capacity of water, and the solutes’ residence time in the soil.

基于AquaCrop和WinSRFR组合的夏玉米沟灌方案优化

确定作物合理的灌溉制度和灌水技术要素组合是科学管理农业水资源的基础,可有效缓解水资源短缺矛盾和保障区域粮食安全。基于此,该研究利用在陕西省杨陵区(2022年)和武功县(2017年)进行的夏玉米田间试验,分别对AquaCrop模型和WinSRFR软件进行校准和验证,确定了研究区夏玉米典型水文年(丰水年、平水年和干旱年)的灌溉制度;通过反演沟灌土壤入渗参数和田面糙率,结合确定的灌溉制度,优化了沟灌灌水技术要素组合(入沟流量和灌水时间),并量化评价了优化灌溉制度和灌水技术要素组合对夏玉米的增产能力。结果表明,AquaCrop模型能准确模拟研究区夏玉米生长过程,其中产量模拟值与实测值的相对误差绝对值均值分别为1.85%(校准)和7.47%(验证);研究区夏玉米丰水年(灌浆期)和平水年(拔节期)需灌水1次,干旱年(拔节期和灌浆期)需灌水2次,单次灌水量均为55 mm;反演所得研究区沟灌土壤入渗参数k和α取值范围分别为是55.416~98.437 mm/h^(α)和0.351~0.858,田面糙率n均值为0.056;合理的入沟流量和停水时间取值范围分别为2.2~3.3 L/s和35~16 min,可获得高灌水质量(综合灌水质量指标C_(i)≥85%);以2022年夏玉米优化的灌溉制度和灌水技术要素优化组合为基础,模拟所得夏玉米产量为7.819 t/hm^(2),与无灌溉(5.972 t/hm^(2))、现状条件(7.424 t/hm^(2))和仅对灌溉制度优化(7.659 t/hm^(2))情景相比较,分别提高了30.9%、5.3%和2.1%,且所需灌水量较现状条件可减少59 mm。研究结果可为研究区域夏玉米灌溉制度制定和沟灌方案设计提供理论基础和技术支撑。

串联网式过滤器拦截特性和过滤时间分析

针对网式过滤器在实际灌溉水源条件下易堵塞、使用寿命短等问题,该研究将泵前和泵后网式过滤器串联组合,通过室内原型试验分析各级过滤器对泥沙和木屑的拦截规律。结果表明:过滤器拦截泥沙和木屑的分布情况与各级滤网孔径有关,当水源杂质以泥沙为主时,建议选取0.32和0.20 mm孔径滤网的泵前和泵后过滤器进行过滤,当有机物杂质含量较高时,采用0.25~0.32 mm滤网孔径的泵前过滤器有利于延长过滤时间。对水头损失随过滤时间的变化规律进行分析,明确了水源条件和滤网孔径对过滤时间的影响,极差和方差分析结果表明:不同进水流量条件下,初始水头损失和水头损失峰值分别集中在2.43~5.87和13.92~28.92 m,杂质含量对水头损失影响较小;进水流量越大,过滤器过滤时间越短。建立水头损失计算公式和过滤时间拟合经验公式,拟合与试验结果误差小于7%。各因素对过滤时间影响程度由大到小依次是杂质含量、滤网孔径、含沙量、进水流量。基于多层感知机(multilayer perceptron,MLP)神经网络模型对过滤时间进行预测,预测值与实测值误差基本在10%以内,均方误差和平均相对误差分别为0.32%、5.85%,该模型适用于对复杂水源条件下过滤时间的预测。研究结果可为灌溉工程中串联网式过滤器各级滤网参数的合理配置提供参考。

河套灌区不同播期向日葵生长状况评述

[目的]明确河套灌区向日葵的适宜播期。[方法]以内蒙古三瑞农业科技股份有限公司自主中熟杂交向日葵品种SH363为参试品种,通过不同播种期试验结合生育期气象条件,并综合商品性、产量等因素进行了分析。[结果]5月29日至6月5日为河套灌区向日葵SH363最佳播种期。[结论]结果为河套灌区向日葵提质增效提供了依据。

灌溉时间和灌溉量对杏李裂果率与果实品质的影响

以杏李(Prunus domestica×armeniaca)品种味帝为研究对象,设置双因素试验,研究灌溉时间和灌溉量对果实裂果率与品质的影响。其中,灌溉时间设为转色期、始熟期、成熟期;灌溉量(以小区计)分设为80 m3和120 m3。在果实成熟后,检测裂果率与果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、钙含量、钾含量、纤维素含量、果胶含量、游离脯氨酸含量等品质指标。结果表明,转色期灌水80 m3的处理的裂果率最低。相关性分析结果显示,果皮、果肉钙含量与裂果率呈显著(P<0.05)负相关。基于测定的品质指标,运用主成分分析法对不同处理的果实品质进行综合评价,发现以转色期灌水80 m3处理的杏李果实品质最优。

都江堰“乘势利导、因时制宜”工程科技内涵解析与现实启示

2000多年来,都江堰以其科学的设计理念和治水实践,创造了人与自然和谐共生的生态文明典范,研究了“乘势利导、因时制宜”的核心理念。“乘势”,体现了建造都江堰对自然的尊重和敬畏;“利导”,体现在尊重自然规律的基础上对自然进行利用和改造。“乘势利导”是都江堰建造设计的核心理念,都江堰建设者师法自然,利用山势、地势与水势,实现了人、地、水三者高度协调统一。“因时制宜”是都江堰长效运行的制胜法宝,其工程一直处于与岷江河道演变相协调的动态平衡中,根据岷江流量变化趋势、内外江摆动情况、上游浅滩沙丘分布,相应地调整工程布局,增减辅助工程;同时,也要根据时局不同,调整管理体制和运行机制。在现代水利工程建设管理中,需古为今用,历史传承和时代创新相统一。以“乘势利导”为理念把顺应自然、改造自然和利用自然巧妙地融为一体,以顶层设计集合供水、防洪、灌溉、航运等多种服务功能;以“久久为功”保持工程的生命活力;以“因时制宜、全面创新”顺应时代发展与人民需求。

变化环境下河套灌区秋浇适宜模式的思考

秋浇是河套灌区特有的灌水制度,是河套地区沿用多年的传统习惯和群众丰产经验的总结。河套灌区秋浇,一方面是针对河套灌区土壤长期处于积盐状态的现象,在作物收割后进行淋盐、脱盐的一次灌水;另一方面可在土壤中贮存一定的水分,为来年春季幼苗生长提供必要的水分条件。研究了变化环境下河套灌区秋浇适宜模式,旨在为河套灌区合理利用水资源,促进农业生产稳步发展提供依据。

适时一次灌溉对8个冬小麦品种产量和生理特性的影响

为了探讨适时一次灌溉的灌溉效果和增产机制,以黄淮海麦区主推的8个小麦品种为材料,在大田和池栽条件下,设置适时一次灌溉和无灌溉(自然降雨)2种处理,测定抽穗期、灌浆前期、灌浆中期、灌浆后期旗叶生理指标和成熟期籽粒产量,研究适时一次灌溉对冬小麦产量和旗叶生理特性的影响。结果表明,适时一次灌溉改善了4个生育时期的旗叶生理特性。大田、池栽条件下适时一次灌溉处理旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别较无灌溉处理增加23.63%~39.07%、27.82%~54.53%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增加16.39%~53.76%、16.93%~38.62%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加33.74%~51.59%、26.13%~45.06%,可溶性糖含量增加27.73%~46.34%、24.75%~37.31%,脯氨酸含量增加26.29%~37.84%、21.41%~41.33%,可溶性蛋白含量增加16.56%~42.06%、14.85%~31.69%,净光合速率增加11.51%~47.25%、24.36%~43.33%,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降12.32%~18.64%、14.85%~22.79%,小麦籽粒产量平均增加17.95%和29.27%。适时一次灌溉条件下,不同品种间比较,以周麦32和周麦36较无灌溉增产幅度较大,分别为31.50%和28.23%,可作为丰产抗旱性品种在有限灌溉旱作区进行推广。本研究结果为冬小麦适时一次灌溉研究及品种优化布局提供了参考。

塔里木灌区多泥沙明渠测流设备比测与精度分析

为探究新疆塔里木灌区含沙水流对测流设备精度的影响,选取灌区测流条件较好且具有代表性的明渠水流为研究对象,以电磁流量计为基准,在室内明渠水槽测试了时差法超声流量计、旋桨式流速仪、多普勒流速仪,在不同含沙量(最大含沙量55 kg/m^(3),塔里木灌区明渠天然沙,中值粒径0.034 mm)下的测流精度.结果表明:在含沙量范围内测流平均意义上,时差法超声流量计在含沙量S≤33 kg/m^(3)下测流误差为-0.66%~7.92%,符合明渠量水误差规范要求,能够满足塔里木灌区最高含沙量(29 kg/m^(3))下的量水精度;旋桨式流速仪在低流速下测量结果偏低,随着含沙量的增大其测量结果逐渐偏大,误差最大达93%;多普勒流速仪在低含沙量下测量结果比清水条件下更精准,但高含沙量下测量误差较高,达140%~190%.研究结果可为塔里木灌区明渠测流设备选用提供借鉴,继而促进推广与应用.

Osteotomy Protocol for Implant Insertion of One Day Biotech: One Drill, One Implant

Background: Four factors determine the quality of an implantology kit: 1) Heat generated by the drills;2) Morphology of the osteotomy according to the diameter of the implant;3) Efficiency of collecting autologous bone;and 4) Osteotomy execution time. Materials and Methods: This article examines the heat produced by drills during osteotomy, focusing on the effect of the following factors: drilling technique;volume of autologous bone harvested;drilling time;implant primary stability;and the percentage of osseointegrated implants after primary healing. Discussion: The four factors mentioned above are analyzed based on the data obtained for sequential, biological, and One Drill milling techniques. Conclusions: 1) One Drill is the fastest technique for performing the osteotomy;2) All techniques stay within the biological temperature range of living bone, with the lowest increase in temperature achieved using One Drill with irrigation;3) The bone harvested showed no statistically significant differences between biological milling and the One Drill technique, both far superior to the sequential technique;and 4) There is no statistically significant difference in the number of osseointegrated implants among the three techniques analyzed.

前列腺电切术后综合护理干预对膀胱冲洗时间的影响

目的 分析将综合护理干预应用于前列腺电切术后对膀胱冲洗时间的影响。方法 选取我院2022年9月至2023年12月开展前列腺电切术患者,入组对象共92例。全体患者依据随机数字表法被划分成两个组别,每组46例。对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用综合护理干预。从膀胱冲洗指标、并发症、舒适度、前列腺症状方面综合评价两组患者干预效果。结果 对比膀胱冲洗时间、膀胱冲洗量、术后留置导尿管时间、住院时间结果,观察组相比对照组用时、用量更少(P <0.05)。对比并发症结果,观察组相比对照组其总发生率更少(P <0.05)。对比Kolcaba术式状况量表(GCQ)评分结果,两组干预后心理、生理、环境、社会各维度评分与各组干预前对比均升高(P <0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P <0.05)。对比国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)结果,两组干预后量表总分与各组干预前对比均降低(P <0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P <0.05)。结论 将综合护理干预应用于前列腺电切术后有助于减少膀胱冲洗时间和膀胱冲洗量,缩短术后留置导尿管时间及住院时间,降低并发症发生风险,提高舒适度,加快术后症状改善。

基于时变非线性特征和状态变量的农田灌溉节水控制方法

常规的农田灌溉节水控制,主要采用影响因子分析模拟农田灌溉精度得出农田灌溉节水控制方案,忽略了实际农田土壤的液限和塑限变量对控制方案造成的影响,导致节水控制结果的节水系数较低。提出了基于时变非线性特征和状态变量的农田灌溉节水控制方法。该方法计算农田土壤的基础参数分析时变非线性特征,根据分析所得的特征计算约束条件,建立目标约束函数,构建出农田灌溉的节水控制模型,计算农田土壤液限和塑限的状态变量重新演化模型的目标约束条件,得出最终的农田灌溉节水控制方案。试验结果表明,所提方法应用后得出的节水控制结果,表现出节水系数较高,均值达到0.477,节水效果较好,满足农田灌溉的现实应用需求。

滴灌追肥次数对冬小麦产量形成的影响

为探讨小麦-玉米轮作体系下,滴灌追氮次数对小麦群体特征和旗叶碳同化能力差异的影响。以青麦7号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,小麦季氮肥基追比为3∶7,按滴灌追肥次数设5个处理,分别为滴灌追肥2次(F37-2)、追肥3次(F37-3)、追肥4次(F37-4)、追肥5次(F37-5),以传统灌溉施肥方式为对照(漫灌,追肥1次,CK)。结果表明,在拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和收获期,滴灌处理F37-3、F37-4、F37-5的群体总茎数均显著大于CK。花后的叶面积指数大小关系均表现为F37-4>F37-5>F37-3>F37-2>CK,而花后18 d冠层中部和底部群体透光率大小关系则表现为CK>F37-4>F37-5>F37-3>F37-2。花后0~36 d(每6 d测定一次)叶绿素SPAD值大小关系均表现为F37-4>F37-5>F37-2≥F37-3>CK,且各滴灌处理的叶绿素SPAD值均显著大于CK;花后24~30 d,CK、F37-2、F37-3、F37-4和F37-5的叶绿素SPAD值下降幅度分别为13.89%、11.36%、11.90%、8.33%和10.87%。各滴灌追肥处理(F37-2、F37-3、F37-4和F37-5)的蒸腾速率、气孔导度、产量及产量构成要素均显著大于CK,F37-4处理的产量最高达10381.1 kg/hm^(2),而胞间CO_(2)浓度,特别是在花后30 d和36 d,均小于CK。因此,滴灌追氮对小麦合理群体建立和光能利用具有显著的促进作用,且分别在返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期追肥4次(F37-4)时效果最佳。

水肥气灌溉智能控制技术研究

针对传统农业灌溉效率低、浪费多等问题,根据农作物生长需求,综合应用传感器技术、智能控制技术、计算机网络技术和恒压变频技术等,设计高效的水肥气灌溉智能控制系统。通过传感器、检测仪对天气、土壤等实时数据采集,结合农作物各生长期的营养需求,智能控制系统进行综合采集、分析和处理,进而实现灌溉控制的智能决策与精准灌溉。该系统能够满足水肥气灌溉所需的高精密监测系统和动态过程中表现出来的性能,能够为智慧农业发展提供有效的技术支撑。

基于ET和水量平衡的日光温室实时精准灌溉决策及控制系统

为提高日光温室的灌溉水利用效率,充分发挥现有灌溉决策理论的指导作用,该文构建了基于ET和水量平衡方法的实时精准灌溉决策及控制系统。以句容布戴庄村樱桃番茄温室为试验对象,给出了利用ET和水量平衡方法的灌溉决策实施过程,即当田间蒸发蒸腾总量大于土壤中可供作物利用水分时触发灌溉,灌水量等于自上一次灌溉起蒸散量的总和。采用Java语言开发了灌溉决策软件ETSch,可实现以温室内气象数据为基础对不同地点的灌溉决策项目进行管理;设计了温室精准滴灌系统并研制了基于单片机的灌溉控制器软硬件,通过ETSch软件与控制器的连接,建立了从田间气象信息获取到灌溉决策软件运行,再到灌溉及控制系统的集成化自动精准灌溉模式。试验结果表明,该实时精准灌溉决策及控制系统的平均灌水总量控制平均误差为1.1%,系统运行稳定,节约人工;尽管采用ET和水量平衡方法低估了实际土壤含水率,但总体趋势一致,能实现合理有效的灌溉决策。该研究可为实现灌溉决策和控制系统的集成提供参考,为进一步提高灌溉效果和用水效率提供借鉴。