Study on the Total Amount Control of Atmospheric Pollutant Based on GIS

To provide effective environmental management for total amount control of atmospheric pollutants. Methods An atmospheric diffusion model of sulfur dioxide on the surface of the earth was established and tested in Shantou of Guangdong Province on the basis of an overall assessment of regional natural environment, social economic state of development, pollution sources and atmospheric environmental quality. Compared with actual monitoring results in a studied region, simulation values fell within the range of two times of error and were evenly distributed in the two sides of the monitored values. Predicted with the largest emission model method, the largest emission of sulfur dioxide would be 54 279.792 tons per year in 2010. Conclusion The mathematical model established and revised on the basis of GIS is more rational and suitable for the regional characteristics of total amount control of air pollutants.

Study on the Environmental Quality Guarantee Ratio on the Basis of Total Air Pollutant Emission Amount Control

The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.

Three-Dimensional Water Quality Model Based on FVCOM for Total Load Control Management in Guan River Estuary,Northern Jiangsu Province

Guan River Estuary and adjacent coastal area(GREC) suffer from serious pollution and eutrophicational problems over the recent years.Thus,reducing the land-based load through the national pollutant total load control program and developing hydrodynamic and water quality models that can simulate the complex circulation and water quality kinetics within the system,including longitudinal and lateral variations in nutrient and COD concentrations,is a matter of urgency.In this study,a three-dimensional,hydrodynamic,water quality model was developed in GREC,Northern Jiangsu Province.The complex three-dimensional hydrodynamics of GREC were modeled using the unstructured-grid,finite-volume,free-surface,primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model(FVCOM).The water quality model was adapted from the mesocosm nutrients dynamic model in the south Yellow Sea and considers eight compartments:dissolved inorganic nitrogen,soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP),phytoplankton,zooplankton,detritus,dissolved organic nitrogen(DON),dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP),and chemical oxygen demand.The hydrodynamic and water quality models were calibrated and confirmed for 2012 and 2013.A comparison of the model simulations with extensive dataset shows that the models accurately simulate the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamics and water quality.The model can be used for total load control management to improve water quality in this area.

Analysis on the Status of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Xinan River Basin

Taking Xinan River basin as research object,the status of agricultural non-point source pollution was analyzed based on field survey,as well as the effect of fertilizer and pesticide leaching and runoff,livestock and poultry breeding and rural domestic pollution on non-point source TN and TP.At last,some technical countermeasures of controlling non-point source pollution were put forward according to the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinan River basin.

Water Quality Monitoring of the Bezerra River （Cascavel, Brazil） Using SR-TXRF Technique

The present study aims to monitor and assess the water quality of the Bezerra River located in the Western Brazilian Parana state. For the monitoring of river waters, six samplings were established per month during one year. As indicators of the water quality, physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and COD （chemical oxygen demand） were chosen, as well as trace and majority element concentrations. It is noteworthy that the mean annual values of conductivity, turbidity and COD have progressively increased along the river with maximum values after the Cascavel western sewage treatment plant. Only 13 elements were found in the six collection points, but the metallic elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn have shown concentrations above the maximum limits recommended by Brazilian environmental legislation, suggesting the presence of highly polluting anthropogenic sources. Correlation analyses were used to determine the spatio-variability of water quality variables. The six collection sites were grouped into two clusters, with the element composition in the first cluster （sites 1, 2 and 6） being due to strong anthropogenic activities. The study of the Bezerra River water quality could help to develop municipal environmental policies and help with the management of water conservation in the Bezerra River basin.

Numerical simulation of pollutant diffusion and decay process after a water pollution incident in the Three Gorges Reservoir

We established a hydrodynamic model to simulate the pollutant transport and decay process in the case of a pollution incident in the sections of the Yangtze and the Jialing passing through the city area of Chongqing. The Boussinesq assumptions and the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible fluid were applied to setting up the pollutant diffusion equations and the equations for the decay process. E. colt was taken as the example pollutant, and chloride dosage, light, temperature and ultraviolet intensity were considered in the equations for bacterial decay process. The calculated values of the fluid velocities in the two rivers agree well with corresponding measured results, indicating an ideal accuracy of the model. In simulation, the concentration of E. colt in water was assumed to be zero before the accident. The and 1.75 m/s for the Yangtze flow, and the downriver boundary was upriver boundary velocity was -1.35 m/s for the Jialing flow water depth set at 0. Simulation results show that the bacteria are transported downstream along the riverbank. A long and narrow pollutant belt develops at 12 h after the start of the accident ascribed to the quick longitudinal transfer. After the pollution sources are cut off, the pollutant concentration decreases slowly, mostly by advection and diffusion, suggesting inadequate self-purification ability of the rivers and the necessity of effective decontaminating measures in the case of a pollution incident, The model can be a useful tool for understanding the polluting situations of an improper discharge incident and evaluating the effects of decontaminating measures for the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Study on Water Pollution Control of Huaihe River and Countermeasures

Huaihe River is one of three major rivers in China with a large population and developed economy. By the 1970s, the water quality of Huaihe River was deteriorating daily and more than a hundred serious pollution accidents of water quality happened and caused the inestimable losses in the production, life and health of residents along the river and terribly damaged the ecological system of the river. Through the continuous large-scale treatment for more than 10 years, the deterioration of water quality in Huaihe River has been basically inhibited. Nevertheless, the water pollution in Huaihe River is, on the whole, still very serious for many reasons, including special climatic conditions, terrible lack of water resource, obsolete industrial structure and unsound management system for the river, etc. This essay deeply analyzes the rea- sons why the water pollution of Huaihe River is ＂chronic＂ and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures for how to continuously improve the water quality of the river. In the end, this essay argues that it still takes 30-50 years or even a longer period, even if every measures are implemented smoothly and strictly, to actually make the water of Huaihe River clean and gradually restore its normal ecological and environmental functions.

How Do Power Enterprises Deal with Total Quantity Control

This paper describes the relation and difference of "emission up to standards" and "total quantity control" ofmain atmospheric pollutants, as well as their legal status. It points out that the total quantity control is a good approachto solve a problem that environmental quality do not yet reach the requirements in an area where emission concentrationhas came up to standards, or to solve a problem that the interregional transportation of pollutants (e. g. acid rain) arises.And further, it put forward five proposals for the total quantity control.[

Total pollution effect of urban surface runoff

For pollution research with regard to urban surface runoff, most sampling strategies to date have focused on differences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runoff pollution effect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runoff pollution effect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed off from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD （chemical oxygen demand）, TSS （total suspend solid）, TP （total phosphorus）, TN （total nitrogen） and BOD （biochemical oxygen demand）. The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very different. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters： rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runoff pollution, the values of MFF30 （mass first flush ratio） and FF30 （first 30% of runoff volume） can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more effective and economical design of structural BMPs （best management practices） facilities.

Study on heavy metal concentrations in river sediments through the total amount evaluation method

A quantitative method to evaluate the amounts of heavy metals in river sediments is established. Using the BT Drainage River in North China as a study object, six representative cross sections were selected for measurement of heavy metal indicators in sediments, and then the main contamination indicators were determined by performing a potential ecological risk assessment. Using a section of this river as an example, the total amounts of the main pollution indicators and those of their harmful forms are estimated by the Surfer software, which simulates the pollution status within the downstream sediments of the outfall at this section. The calculation results could provide a theoretical guideline and data support for pollution treatment of the BT Drainage River.

Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of S_2 in Winter over Lanzhou in China:A Case Study

The total emission control method based on atmospheric environmental capacity is the most effective in air pollution mitigation. The atmospheric environmental capacities of SO2 on representative days over Lanzhou are estimated using the numerical models RAMS, HYPACT and a linear programming model, according to the national ambient air quality standard of China （NAAQSCHN）. The results show that the fields of meteorological elements and SO2 simulated by the models agree reasonably well with observations. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2 over Lanzhou is around 111.7 × 10^3 kg d^-1, and in order to meet the air quality level Ⅱ of the NAAQSCHN, SO2 emissions need to be reduced by 20%.

STUDY ON THE POLLUTION OF URBAN SCENIC WATER BODY BY MUNICIPAL DRAINAGE IN FLOOD SEASON AND ITS CONTROL PLANNING

In this article, based on river quality simulation and system optimization, a water quality model was established for scenic river after rainfall discharge in flood season, with the target of making water pollutants meet the standard in priority and saving expenditure on pollution control. With the principle of reducing sewage from combined sewage pumping station and heavily polluted initial rainwater, a mathematical multiobjective planning model was constructed for rain sewage pollution control in flood season, and one scenic river in a northern city was taken for simulation example. The results show that： the optimization result meets the requirements of planning, among which, sewage reduction from the combined pumping station accounts for 17.38% in the total reduction of rain sewage, and the reduction in the heavily polluted rain water accounts for 77.24% in the total reduction of rainwater pumping station. The planning scheme can provide theoretical basis for pollution control of scenic river in flood season, and for rational reconstruction and layout of outfalls along two banks of the river.

Analysis of the Water Environmental Capacity of Zhongba-Nyingchi Section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River

The Yarlung Tsangpo River,the longest river in Tibet,houses most of the population and economy in Tibet Autonomous province.Under the rapid development of economy and society in Tibet,the pollution in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin has rapidly increased.Evaluating water quality and water environmental capacity is needed for water resource management in Tibet.This study used a single factor evaluation method to evaluate water quality of the Zhongba-Nyingchi section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River based on measured data of CODcr, NH3-N and TP in the study area.Based on these data,determinations of ideal water environmental capacity, emissions of pollutants and remaining water environmental capacity of the study area were made by a one-dimensional steady water quality model under either section-head control or cross-section control.The data indicate that most of the monitoring sections in the study area experienced good water quality.The three pollutants all had large remaining water environmental capacity generally,but TP exceeded state levels in the two upstream functional areas,and levels above state standards of CODcr and TP were found in several calculation cells of the two downstream functional areas.Therefore,emissions of pollutants need to be reduced to protect the water environment quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

贵州裸露型岩溶地下河系统污染防治技术——以遵义坪桥地下河系统污染防治工程为例

裸露型岩溶区岩溶强发育、水文地质条件复杂,受污染的地下河系统通道隐蔽性强、污染防治难度大。本文以坪桥地下河系统污染防治工程为例,在近污染源的主径流通道实施“地下水防渗帷幕+污水抽排”工程措施实现近源截排。施工面临岩溶破碎地层易掉块卡埋钻、钻效低及岩溶强发育段浆液扩散距离远等难题。通过配备适宜的钻进工艺,采取纯压式灌浆、水泥砂浆灌填溶洞、低压限量及速凝浆液灌注等灌浆控制措施,保证了工程进度质量,实现了源头治理污染地下水的目的。“近源截排”对类似水文地质条件下地下水污染防治提供可借鉴的地学治理模式。

莱州湾入海河流总氮来源及季节性变化成因解析:以弥河为例

入海河流携带的陆源总氮污染是近岸海域无机氮的重要来源,为探究莱州湾入海河流总氮污染内因,本文以弥河为例,分析其2020-2022年生态环境保护部门常规监测及2023年补充调查的加密监测数据,核算各行业总氮污染负荷,系统解析弥河总氮污染来源及季节性变化成因,并提出总氮管控治理措施建议。结果表明:①弥河流域总氮浓度呈现明显的季节性变化规律,即秋冬高、春夏低。②弥河干流总氮浓度呈“上游相对较低、中下游高”的特征,其中,以农业用地(60.6 mg/L)和居民用地(20.4 mg/L)为主的洗耳河、龙岗河和黄龙沟河等支流流域总氮浓度较高,以山地(6.3 mg/L)、荒地(7.6 mg/L)和湿地(6.9 mg/L)为主的五井石河和南阳河等支流流域总氮浓度较低。③弥河流域总氮来源主要为农业面源(49.3%)、工业与城镇生活源(43.3%),其中农田大棚施肥量高、灌溉水量大、氮磷流失系数高等因素,是弥河农业种植源在农业面源中占比较高(45.4%)的主要原因。④弥河流域总氮季节性变化主要与流域内降雨量、农业面源、污水处理厂工艺效率和河道生态系统自净能力相关。研究显示,弥河流域总氮高值区最主要的污染源为农业面源污染,管控重点是洗耳河流域的地下水和农田大棚种植。

全球“限塑令”对我国东部沿海省份的影响预测及对策建议——以浙江省为例

塑料产品应用广泛,同时也是重要的环境污染源。联合国环境大会拟在2024年底形成全球“限塑令”,旨在控制塑料消耗总量,结束塑料污染,这将是自《巴黎协定》以来最重要的环境多边协议。浙江省是塑料生产、消费和出口大省,面对日益收紧的国际形势,如何落实习近平总书记考察浙江省时指出的“主动适应国际经贸规则重构走向,在环境保护等方面先行先试”,将全球“限塑令”转变为浙江省的发展机遇是亟需思考的问题。在分析全球“限塑令”主要行动指向和各国实践基础上,系统性研判浙江省在传统企业转型升级、生物可降解行业发展、全生命周期管理体系建立以及海洋塑料污染治理经验输出等方面面临的契机和挑战,提出了传统行业绿色转型、可替代行业高质量发展、提升塑料污染治理国际参与度和完善绿色消费制度体系等相关政策建议。

基于流域分区的鄱阳湖流域入湖总磷负荷估算

随着江西省和环鄱阳湖经济带的快速发展,鄱阳湖湖区总磷超标且浓度日益上升。针对鄱阳湖流域内主要磷污染来源成因问题,基于污染源普查的流域分区技术方法,开展全流域总磷污染负荷核算和入湖磷污染源系统定量解析。结果表明:2021年鄱阳湖入湖总磷污染负荷为1.49万t,主要污染来源于陆域输入,其贡献占比为87.73%,湖体内污染源主要来自于内源释放(5.52%)和水土流失(4.60%);污染源按贡献权重大小排序依次为畜禽养殖(48.63%)>城镇生活(20.01%)>种植业(9.71%)>水产养殖(7.37%)>内源释放(5.52%)>水土流失(4.6%)>工业企业(1.12%)>农村生活(0.89%)>候鸟粪便(0.46%)>旅游业(0.12%);在空间分布上,总磷入湖负荷高贡献流域主要集中在赣江集水区和滨湖区,贡献占比分别为50.67%、25.92%,抚河和信江集水区总磷产生量集中,贡献率分别为7.64%、8.34%;各分区的总磷污染源贡献结构类似,主要呈现为农业源为主,城镇源为次要来源。研究显示,鄱阳湖总磷污染来源具有明显的空间差异性,但不同区域对总磷入湖主控污染源具有相似性,建议优先管控滨湖区和赣江集水区等高贡献流域,并针对农业源、城镇生活等主控贡献源提出相应的防控削减措施,以改善鄱阳湖流域生态环境。

海绵型建筑与小区年径流污染控制率计算方法探讨

【目的】年径流污染控制率是海绵城市建设中的核心控制指标,对指导海绵设施设计具有重要意义。但其设计计算过程中的计算方法与公式存在不统一或不合理的问题,须探究更适用于实际工程的计算公式。【方法】梳理了国内外对于海绵设施污染物去除率的取值来源与计算方法,分析了目前工程设计中单一海绵设施对污染物去除率的取值和地块污染平均去除率计算方法存在的问题,并对比不同地区雨水管理径流控制指标,从定义出发推导更适用于建筑与小区小尺度流域的计算方法。【结果】在建筑与小区等小尺度流域的设计中,与其他三种地块海绵设施对悬浮物的平均去除率的算法相比,采用海绵设施的有效汇水面积进行加权平均计算会更加合理;而在年径流污染控制率的计算中,引入累积污染物负荷率与累积径流体积率比例,将其转化为年平均径流污染量控制率与污染物平均去除率的乘积进行计算会更加合理。【结论】对于年径流污染控制率的计算应该积极开展试验或数值模拟,并形成适合国内实际情形的数据库。应该提高设计人员对源头海绵设施污染物去除过程的认知,避免在建筑与小区等小尺度流域的设计计算中采用不合适的公式而引起的误差。

基于污染物总量控制的资源环境承载力监测预警研究

当资源需求和环境破坏超过资源环境承载力时,后果不堪设想。因此,文章设计基于污染物总量控制的资源环境承载力监测预警,通过测算大气、水、土壤的污染物总量,结合资源承载力指标,构建监测指标体系。利用层次分析法确定各指标权重。根据承载力数值,划分预警等级和污染物排放量控制等级。研究显示:2个区域为红色预警区,需控制污染物排放;1个区域为橙色预警区,可少量排放低污染物;6个区域为黄色预警区,需稍加控制污染物排放;8个区域为蓝色预警区,暂不需控制污染物排放;4个区域为绿色预警区,当前不需控制污染物排放。

面向绿洲安全和干旱区可持续发展的农业节水潜力研究

为确保用水总量控制下绿洲安全及干旱区可持续发展目标的实现,以新疆开孔河流域为例,提出基于用水总量控制指标、地下水安全等约束条件的干旱区灌溉节水潜力计算新方法。结果表明:1)开孔河流域现状年(2020年)地下水开采量为12.97亿m^(3),灌溉用水总量为34.85亿m^(3);传统节水模式下,流域中期规划年(2030年)节水潜力为0.74亿m^(3),远期规划年(2050年)节水潜力为5.02亿m^(3)。2)在节水潜力新内涵下,开孔河流域中期规划年没有节水潜力,且需要休耕18667 hm^(2),远期规划年节水潜力为1.77亿m^(3)。3)为防止干旱区次生盐渍化,实现水资源短缺的干旱区可持续发展,在节水后应控制绿洲地下水位在3.5~4.0 m之间。对于水土不均衡的干旱区灌区而言,传统节水思路对绿洲安全的重视程度不够,对节水潜力评价过高。