Influencing Factors of Total Factor Energy Efficiency in Bohai Rim Region Based on DEA-Tobit Model

Bohai Rim region is an important economic development area and a large carbon emission area in China.It is of great significance to explore the total factor energy efficiency and its influencing factors for the low carbon transformation and high-quality development of the Bohai Rim region.Based on the total factor energy efficiency framework,the DDF-DEA model was used to calculate the total factor energy efficiency,and the internal and external differences of the total factor energy efficiency were further analyzed.The internal and external influencing factors were determined by ML index method and classical endogenous growth theory,and then the Tobit panel model was used to empirically analyze the action mechanism of all influencing factors of total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.The results show that the pure technical efficiency,scale efficiency and technological progress among the internal influencing factors contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.Industrial structure,industrial internal structure and ownership structure inhibit the improvement of energy efficiency.Energy consumption structure and energy endowment also have a negative impact on energy efficiency.Therefore,measures such as promoting technological progress,adjusting economic structure and optimizing energy structure will effectively improve total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.

Do smart city policies improve energy efficiency?Evidence from China

To address air pollution and offer a convenient and comfortable living environment,the Chinese government launched a smart city pilot(SCP)project in 2012,accompanied by a comprehensive set of environmental and energy-related laws and regulations.Although academic interest in smart cities has surged,there remains a notable gap in empirical research exploring the economic,environmental,and energy effects of such initiatives.Taking 232 prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2017 as research subjects,this study measures energy effi‐ciency by using energy consumption per unit of GDP and adopts a difference-in-differences(DID)analysis to investigate the impact of SCPs on energy efficiency.The empirical results indicate that SCPs improved energy efficiency by promoting urban technological innovation capabilities and green total factor productivity,and this effect was more pronounced in cities that were more dependent on traditional fossil fuel energy sources and had more developed fiscal and financial levels.Studying the impact of smart city construction on energy utilization efficiency in developing countries,such as China,is not only significantly enlightening for China’s green and low-carbon transition but also provides reference opinions for constructing smart cities and the path to enhancing energy efficiency in other developing countries.The findings provide valuable insights into the global development of smart cities,urban sustainability,and high-quality economic growth.

Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters

Mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters is a historical problem accompanying DC/DC conversion technology since 1940’s. The traditional mathematical modelling is not available for complex structure converters since the differential equation order increases very high. We have to search other way to establish mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters.We have theoretically defined a new concept-Energy Factor （EF） in this paper and researched the relations between EF and the mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters. EF is a new concept in power DC/DC conversion technology, which thoroughly differs from the traditional concepts such as power factor （PF）, power transfer efficiency （η）, total harmonic distortion （THD） and ripple factor （RF）. EF and the subsequential EFV (and EFVD) can illustrate the system stability, reference response and interference recovery. This investigation is very helpful for system design and DC/DC converters characteristics foreseeing. Two DC/DC converters: Buck converter and Super-Lift Luo-Converter as the samples are analysed in this paper to demonstrate the applications of EF, EFV (and EFVD), PE, SE, VE （and VED）, time constant τ and damping time constant τd.

Urban Energy Efficiency from Cities in China and Policy Implications

Using 1995-2006 panel data for 210 cities,this article firstly measures total factor energy efficiency for Chinese cities with constant return to scale data envelopment analysis model,and then describes the features of regional differences.The results show that the changing trend displays four "reversed U" shapes.A turning point of widening gap occurred among cities in 2000 and there was a certain convergence among four regions.Urban energy efficiency level is unstable.Cities with low efficiency and high energy input will be the focus of energy-saving and reducing emissions.According to Tobit model,resource endowment,temperature,industrial structure,technology level and variety of policy factors should be treated differently in different situations.

OFDI逆向技术溢出对中国能源利用效率的影响

以2003-2013年中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)的数据为样本,运用动态面板GMM方法考察了中国对外直接投资(OFDI)逆向技术溢出与能源利用效率之间的关系,实证结果表明,OFDI逆向技术溢出的增加能够促进能源利用效率的改善,对外直接投资逆向技术溢出增加1%,能源利用效率提高0.06%,能源利用效率的滞后一期、产业结构优化、能源消费结构改善、外商直接投资、地区专业化水平和对外开放度水平都是促进能源利用效率改善的积极影响因素,城镇化水平与能源利用效率之间存在"回弹效应",城镇化水平的提高对能源利用效率的改善具有负向影响。

OFDI、逆向技术溢出与全要素能源效率——基于PVAR模型分析

在中国企业大规模“走出去”的背景下,探讨了对外直接投资(OFDI)逆向技术溢出对全要素能源效率的作用机制。以2003-2017年中国29个省份的面板数据为样本,运用SBM方向距离函数方法对样本期内各省份的全要素能源效率进行了测算,通过构建包含技术创新在内的面板向量自回归(PVAR)模型系统阐述了OFDI逆向技术溢出对全要素能源效率的动态影响路径。研究结果发现:在样本期内,中国各省全要素能源效率空间分布较为稳定,但存在显著的空间异质性,即东部沿海地区最高,中部地区次之,西部地区最低;OFDI逆向技术溢出能够一定程度上促进全要素能源效率的提高,但目前该作用效果还尚小且存在滞后性特征;OFDI逆向技术溢出与技术创新之间存在良性互动,OFDI逆向技术溢出能够有效促进技术创新,反之,技术创新也能促进对OFDI外溢技术的吸收。

OFDI逆向技术溢出对长三角地区全要素能源效率的影响

为长三角地区以开放促转型、培育经济增长新动力提供依据和参考,本文尝试探究对外直接投资对全要素能源效率的系统性影响.以2005—2014年长三角24个城市为样本,基于模拟退火和NLS法的面板平滑转换模型,以人力资本和技术差距为吸收能力变量,考察OFDI逆向技术溢出对全要素能源效率的影响.结果显示:两者之间具有显著的单一门槛特征,且二者关系随吸收能力高低发生转换.具体来看,随着人力资本的提高,前者对后者的影响由轻微负向逐渐变为正向显著,而当技术差距变小,该影响则由正向不显著逐渐变为正向显著.同时,各样本城市呈现明显区域差异,跨越各自门槛值的样本比例偏低,且人力资本方面仅上海、南京及杭州处于高体制,技术差距方面则未有样本城市进入高体制.

Total Factor Productivity in China's Manufacturing Sector in the Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis

This paper improves the estimation of firm-level total factor productivity(TFP)by considering energy use and including small-and medium-sized enterprises using data from the Chinese National Tax Survey Database(2008-2011).It analyzes the production efficiency of Chinese manufacturing firms using the improved TFP data and finds that(i)the TFP data frequently used in previous studies overestimated firms'real production efficiency;(i)the TFP of manufacturing firms decreased from 2008 to 2011 due to declines in both technical efficiency and allocation efficiency,(ii)the lower capacity utilization of production factors led to lower technical efficiency;and(iv)allocation efficiency decreased more in provinces and industries with higher shares of state-owned enterprises.The findings have policy implications for enhancing growth potential in the long run.

城镇化、技术创新影响全要素能源利用效率的中介效应研究——来自黄河“几”字弯的实证

采用全局参比Malmquist模型测算黄河“几”字弯都市圈城市2006—2021年的全要素能源利用效率,分析GML指数变化与全要素能源利用值的变化,利用三阶段中介效应模型分析城镇化、技术创新对黄河“几”字弯都市圈城市全要素能源利用效率的影响效应。研究表明:黄河“几”字弯大部分城市的全要素能源利用效率值呈现增长态势,且资源型城市高于非资源型城市,省会城市低于非省会城市;产业结构高级化是城镇化促进全要素能源利用效率的部分中介;经济增长是技术创新促进全要素能源利用效率的完全中介;降低环境污染是技术创新促进全要素能源利用效率的部分中介。黄河“几”字弯都市圈各城市应构建现代经济能源体系,加速产业升级与城市转型,建设低碳零碳负碳工程,推动技术创新与经济增长、绿色发展齐头并进。

新能源在高质量发展中的全要素生产率贡献研究

新能源作为具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征的新质生产力,催生能源领域的新产业、新模式、新动能,带动全要素生产率提升。在测度中国全要素生产率、全要素能源效率和绿色全要素新能源效率及其变化率基础上,分析新能源技术效率对全要素生产率变化的贡献。研究表明,提升新能源效率不仅有利于增强新能源对传统能源的竞争优势,助推能源结构绿色市场化转型,而且有利于提高全要素生产率,因此有必要以持续创新加快新能源技术进步和技术效率提升,以更高的新能源效率促进能源结构绿色转型,助力经济高质量发展。

家用空调器产品监督检验中常见不合格项目解析

制冷量、制冷消耗功率、全年能源消耗效率(APF)和制冷季节能源消耗效率(SEER)、接地措施、连续骚扰(端子电压)这五个项目是家用空气调节器产品在监督检验中常见的不合格项目,本文通过列举具体案例,从标准要求和实测数据等方面,重点分析了导致不合格产生的客观及主观原因,并给出了相应的整改方案,为企业提升认识、完善设计、加强质控、规范制造提供了有效的改进建议,助力企业生产出符合国家标准要求的合格产品。

绿色金融改革创新的节能效应研究

设立绿色金融改革创新试验区是中国开启绿色金融区域探索的典型实践,也是促进节能降耗、减污降碳和绿色发展的重要手段。本文以绿色金融改革创新试验区实践为绿色金融政策的切入点,采用双重差分方法考察绿色金融改革创新政策的节能效应、作用机制和异质效应。研究结果表明,绿色金融改革创新政策的推行有助于降低试验区的能源强度,并提升试验区的绿色全要素能源效率,从而产生节能效应。机制检验结果表明,绿色金融改革创新政策能够通过推动产业结构升级和绿色技术创新来促进节能效应的产生。异质性分析结果显示,绿色金融改革创新政策有助于改善非资源型城市和中西部城市能源强度和绿色全要素能源效率,从而产生节能效应。本文的研究结论能够为促进绿色金融政策的制定和推广、挖掘节能效应的驱动力提供经验证据。

煤炭开采企业绿色全要素能源效率研究

煤炭开采行业是高碳能源的生产行业,提升煤炭开采企业的绿色全要素能源效率对促进我国“双碳”目标的实现具有重要作用。基于影子价格模型,对企业的二氧化碳边际减排成本进行测算,进而构建DEA-Malmquist指数模型计算煤炭开采企业绿色全要素能源效率。实证结果表明:样本企业绿色全要素能源效率水平参差不齐,但均呈现不同程度的上升趋势;相对于综合技术效率,技术进步对企业绿色全要素能源效率水平上升做出了更多贡献。基于上述结果,从企业内部、外部2个视角对影响企业绿色全要素能源效率的因素进行分析,通过专利分析企业自主研发能力及技术选择、分析外部政策环境,提出完善碳交易市场形成有效监管、适当扩张企业规模提高规模效率、加强自主研发走内涵式发展道路等对策建议。

数字要素配置、绿色全要素能源效率约束与城市韧性

选取2011—2021年中国244个地级以上城市的面板数据,引申压力—状态—响应模型,运用面板向量自回归模型和动态平衡面板模型对数字要素配置、绿色全要素能源效率约束与城市韧性三者之间的互动关系进行实证分析。结果表明:第一,数字要素配置水平对城市韧性存在正向影响而绿色全要素能源效率对城市韧性存在负向影响,城市韧性对数字配置水平存在正向影响,城市韧性对绿色全要素能源效率存在负向影响。第二,数字要素横向配置调节效应分析表明,数字要素制度供给水平、数字要素产业发展水平和数字要素技术发展水平起负向调节作用;数字要素纵向配置调节效应分析表明,数字要素配置水平起负向调节作用。基于研究结论,提出吸收数字经济发展及绿色节能创新发展过程中产生的新技术、新制度以创新韧性城市建设理念,并制定差异化、动态化的政策措施。

数字技术创新、能源偏向型技术进步与城市全要素能源效率

数字技术创新通过改变资本和能源要素的配置,对能源偏向型技术进步产生影响,并且这种偏向型技术进步可能进一步影响全要素能源效率。本文采用2006—2021年中国275个地级及以上城市数据,利用双向固定效应模型实证检验数字技术创新对能源偏向型技术进步的影响效应及机制,并拓展分析能源偏向型技术进步的能源效率提升效应。研究发现:样本期内,我国城市的数字技术创新水平呈现逐年上升趋势;我国城市技术进步主要偏向资本,但偏向资本的程度在减弱,且我国城市能源和资本之间总体呈现替代关系。数字技术创新能够促进能源偏向型技术进步。数字技术创新能够通过促进能源消费绝对规模增加和相对规模增加,从而促进能源偏向型技术进步。数字技术创新对能源偏向型技术进步的影响在中部和西部地区显著,而在东部和东北部地区不显著。除数字产品服务业外,数字技术创新其他维度均能显著促进能源偏向型技术进步。拓展分析发现,当资本和能源为替代关系时,能源偏向型技术进步对全要素能源效率提升存在不利影响。

环境规制对城市全要素能源效率的影响及其机制研究

提升能源效率已成为中国绿色转型发展的必然选择。本文采用非期望产出的Dynamic Network SBM模型测算了2006-2021年中国261个地级市的全要素能源效率,并采用地级市面板数据和上市公司面板数据实证检验了环境规制对全要素能源效率的影响效应及其作用机制。研究结果显示:样本期内中国城市全要素能源效率总体呈略微下降趋势,距离有效前沿面还有69.75%的提升空间;环境规制与城市全要素能源效率之间存在显著的“U”型关系;机制分析表明环境规制对技术创新具有先下降后上升的影响,对企业融资成本具有先上升后下降的影响;环境规制对不同资源禀赋的城市具有显著的异质性影响。进一步研究发现,环境规制对全要素能源效率具有较强的空间溢出效应。以上研究结论对于不同城市如何因地制宜实施不同的环境规制强度以及提升我国城市全要素能源利用效率具有重要的现实意义。

我国“一带一路”节点城市全要素能源效率空间分异研究

利用含非期望产出的SUPER-SBM-DEA模型测算2005—2019年我国“一带一路”17个节点城市的全要素能源效率,并从时间和空间两个维度分别进行对比分析,借助Tobit模型探究其影响因素。研究表明:各节点城市全要素能源效率总体水平较低,城市间全要素能源效率差异较大,存在不平衡性;“一路”节点城市全要素能源效率始终高于“一带”节点城市,但两者均呈收敛之势;各节点城市Malmquist指数均大于1,技术进步对“一带”节点城市能源效率增长贡献较“一路”节点城市更为显著,“一路”节点城市技术效率差异较大;生产要素比例、对外开放程度、科技研发和能源价格对节点城市全要素能源效率提高有积极影响,经济发展水平和工业污染则对其有消极影响;经济发展水平对“一带”节点城市能源效率的影响显著为正,生产要素比例、能源消费结构却抑制其发展,而这三个要素对“一路”节点城市能源效率的影响与之相反。

中国省际全要素能源效率测度及动态解构

为降低单位GDP能耗,实现中国经济高质量发展,提高全要素能源效率是实现经济增长和能源消耗之间脱钩的有效路径之一。选取2010-2021年中国省际面板数据,借助于SuPer-SBM模型从静态角度对中国全要素能源效率进行测度,并对测度结果进行区域异质性分析。进一步使用GML指数从动态角度分析我国全要素能源效率的时空演变特征。研究表明,中国全要素能源效率的整体水平较低,且存在区域异质性,其增长动力主要来自技术进步,而技术效率的贡献率相对不足。各省份应因地制宜,积极开发利用当地能源资源,实现区域优势互补;同时持续推进科技自主创新,加强对新能源和清洁能源的研究和开发,改善能源利用结构,从而实现全要素能源效率的提高。

Regional characteristics of industrial energy efficiency in China： application of stochastic frontier analysis method

This paper analyzed regional industrial energy efficiency in China with Total-Factor Energy Efficiency （TFEE）. The East region has the best energy efficiency and the Central and the West regions stand as the second and the third respectively. However, it is found that industrial energy efficiency of all regions increased from 1998 to 2006. This result is consistent with level of economic development of every region. The industries of all provinces in China are not yet at the frontier efficiency position, therefore, to the frontier as target, their technol- ogy levels and production processes should be adjusted accordingly. Compared with the conventional energy efficiency, the inverse of energy intensity, which is defined as the ratio of actual output to energy input, is regarded as Single-Factor Energy Efficiency （SFEE） index. Although TFEE ranks are not changed for each region, they are different for each province. The comparative result also shows that the substitution among inputs （labor, capital stock, and energy） to produce the output is significant. The SFEE scores could be over-estimated if energy is taken as the single input in the production. Finally, we identified determining factors affecting industrial energy efficiency using Tobit model. The results indicate that an increase of per capita Gross Domestic Product （GDP）, the percentage of output value of industry invested by Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and abroad, energy price and investment of scientific and technological activities for industry could be possible contributors and drivers to the industrial energy efficiency. However, increasing of heavy industry will lead to worse industrial energy efficiency.

东北三省全要素能源效率测算及影响因素分析

从地级市层面出发,将废水排放量和工业烟(粉)尘排放量作为非期望产出指标,利用DEA模型测算2009~2014东北三省35个地级市的全要素生产率(TFP),计算能源目标投入量与实际投入量之比,测算东北三省真正全要素能源效率(TFEE);通过Malmquist指数分解得到全要素能源效率的内部影响因素;基于Tobit模型分析全要素能源效率的外部影响因素.结果显示:东北三省中黑龙江省的全要素能源效率最高,吉林省次之,辽宁省最低;部分城市的全要素能源效率与全要素生产率差距较大;纯技术效率变动和规模效率变动对东北三省能源效率有显著正影响,技术进步影响不显著;第二产业比重、第三产业比重对东北三省能源效率有负影响,工业所有制结构对东北三省能源效率有正影响.