Neuroprotective effects of total saponins from Rubus parvifolius L. on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

This study examines the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of action of total saponins from Rubus parvifolius L. （TSRP） on focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury was performed in rats using the suture method. The results indicate that intragastric injection of TSRP, at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, could decrease neurological impairment, reduce cerebral infarct volume, diminish pathological changes, and significantly inhibit the apoptosis of neurons surrounding the ischemic area. In addition, TSRP upregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2, at the protein and mRNA levels, and it downregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax, at the protein and mRNA levels. These findings indicate that TSRP protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and that it may do so by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax.

Total saponins in Rubus parvifolius L.induce lymphoma cells apoptosis through upregulated Bax/Fas and downregulated Bcl-2 in vivo and in vitro

Purpose:To investigate the effect of total saponins of Rubus parvifolius L.(TSRP)on lymphoma Raji cells and further discuss its mechanism.Methods:The model of nude mice bearing Raji cells was established,the volume,weight and inhibition rate of the transplanted tumor were analyzed and compared after different concentrations of TSRP treatment.Cell apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2,Bax,Fas proteins were detected by TUNEL and immunohistochemiscal method respectively.Effects of TSRP on cell proliferation were tested with MTT assay in vitro.Cell apoptosis and expression of Caspase-9,Caspase-3,Bcl-2,Bax and Fas proteins were tested with DAPI staining and Western blot.Results:TSRP significantly reduced the volume and tumor weight of Raji subcutaneous transplanted tumor and induced the apoptosis of Raji cells in vivo.The tumor inhibition rate of high-dose(100 mg/kg)TSRP is 90.84%.The TUNEL test results show that the fluorescence intensity of the tumor issue treated with TSRP is significantly improved.Compared with the control group,the fluorescence intensity of high-concentration TSRP is 82.43 ± 7.81,which is significantly different(P<0.001).The results of immunohistochemistry test showed that the Bcl-2 expression of Raji cell treated with TSRP is obviously reduced,and Bax expression is obviously increased.Meanwhile,compared with that of control group,Fas expression is obviously reduced.MTT assay showed that TSRP can significantly inhibit proliferation of Raji cells with dose dependence.The inhibition rate of 400 μg/mL TSRP is 53.46 ± 4.90%(P<0.001).DAPI staining results showed that TSRP can significantly induce cell apoptosis.According to Western blot results,it is found that TSRP can significantly inhibit activity of Bcl-2 and increase Bax expression,and TSRP can also inhibit Fas expression.Meanwhile,expression of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 is also increased.Conclusion:TSRP could inhibit the proliferation of lymphoma via induction of apoptosis in a time and dose-dependent manner.Apoptotic signaling induced by TSRP was characterized by up-regulating Bax,Fas and Caspase-8 protein expression,and down-regulating of Bcl-2 protein expression.

Total Saponins of Rubus Parvifolius L.Exhibited Anti-Leukemia Effect in vivo through STAT3 and eIF4E Signaling Pathways

Objective： To investigate the anti-leukemia effect of total saponins of Rubus parvifo/ius L. （TSRP） on K562 cell xenografts in nude mice and the mechanisms of action. Methods： The K562 cell xenografts in nude mice were established, and then randomly divided into 5 groups, the control group, the cytosine arabinoside group（Am-c） and 3 TSRP groups （20, 40 and 100 mg/kg）. The tumor volume and mass of each group of nude mice were measured and the anti-tumor rates of TSRP were calculated subsequently. The apoptosis status of tumor cells was detected by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase （TdT）-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） staining analysis. Finally, the activities of apoptosis related signaling of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E （eIF4E） and B-cell lymphoma-2 （bcl-2） were determined with immunohistochemistry tests. Results： Subcutaneous injection of K562 cells induced tumor formation in nude mice, and the TSRP treated group showed a significant inhibitory effect on tumor formation. The nude mice treated with TSRP showed a significant decrease in tumor growth rate and tumor weight in comparison to the control group （all P〈0.05）. The HE staining and TUNEL assay showed that TSRP induced cell death by apoptosis. The immunohistochemical assay showed down-regulation of the bcl-2 gene in the TSRP treated cells. The phosphorylation levels of elF4E and STAT3 were decreased obviously after the treatment of TSRP. Conclusion： TSRP had an excellent tumor-suppressing effect on K562 cells in the nude mice xenograft model, suggesting that TSPR can be developed as a promising anti-chronic myeloide leukemia drug.

Rubus Parvifolius L.Inhibited the Growth of Leukemia K562 Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

Objective：To determine the antiproliferative activity of Rubus parvifolius L.（RP）extract,its medicinal serum and RP total saponins（RPTS）against K562 cells in vitro and in vivo.Methods：Nude mice models bearing leukemia tumors were treated with different concentrations of RP extract.The size,weight and histopathological change of leukemic tumors were determined.Semi-solid agar culture and methylthiazolyl tetrazolium（MTT）assay were used to determine in vitro the inhibition of colony formation and proliferation of K562 cells respectively by different concentrations of RP medicinal serum and RPTS.Results：RP extract had a tumor inhibition rate of 84.8%when administered to mice at a dose of 1.0 g/day of crude RP root equivalent.Semi-solid agar culture of K562cells in the presence of 20%（v/v）of RP medicinal serum and 150 mg/L RPTS demonstrated a 50.8%and 100%inhibition of the colony forming unit（CFU）-K562,respectively.The same doses of RP medicinal serum and RPTS showed a proliferation inhibition of 31.4%and 86.3%,respectively against K562 cells in MTT assay.Conclusion：RP extract and RPTS show effective antiproliferative activity against myeloid leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo.

茅莓总皂苷对黑色素瘤的抗肿瘤作用研究

目的:评价茅莓总皂苷对黑色素瘤的体内、外抗肿瘤药效作用。方法:A375人恶性黑色素瘤细胞体外常规传代培养,随机分5组,分别加入环磷酰胺,茅莓总皂苷高、中、低(0.01,0.001,0.000 mg.mL-1)3个质量浓度,以不加药作阴性对照,MTT法检测茅莓总皂苷的体外抗肿瘤作用;用B16黑色素瘤细胞移植小鼠,随机分阳性药(环磷酰胺)组,茅莓总皂苷高、中、低(100,50,25 mg.kg-1)剂量组及阴性药(生理盐水)组,观察体内抑瘤效果、荷瘤小鼠生存时间和生命延长率;同时采用TUNEL法检测茅莓总皂苷对B16黑色素瘤细胞凋亡的影响。结果:体外抑瘤试验显示,高、中质量浓度茅莓总皂苷组与阴性对照组比较,P<0.05,有统计学意义;体内抑瘤试验显示,高剂量组平均瘤体积明显低于阴性对照组(P<0.05),抑瘤率37.02%;荷B16黑色素瘤小鼠用茅莓总皂苷治疗后存活时间增加;茅莓总皂苷高、中、低剂量组黑色素瘤细胞凋亡指数分别为32.5%,20.5%和5.5%,与阴性对照组(3.5%)比较差异有统计学意义。结论:茅莓总皂苷对体内、外黑色素瘤细胞有抑制作用,并呈量效依赖关系,能通过促进黑色素瘤细胞凋亡而发挥抗肿瘤活性。

茅莓总皂苷对大鼠海马神经元细胞缺氧损伤后胞内钙超载的影响

目的研究茅莓总皂苷对原代培养大鼠海马神经元缺血损伤后胞内钙超载的影响。方法大鼠海马神经元培养后,用Fluo-2/AM负载培养的神经细胞,氧糖剥夺30min,在激光共聚焦显微镜下监测加入茅莓总皂苷后海马神经元的[Ca2+]i的变化。结果茅莓总皂苷10-5,10-4,10-3g·L-1和Nim10-5mol·L-1组能不同程度地降低大鼠海马神经元细胞内[Ca2+]i。结论茅莓总皂苷可通过减轻细胞内的钙超载来对缺血神经元进行保护。

茅莓总皂苷对三种皮肤肿瘤的体外抗肿瘤作用

目的评价茅莓总皂苷对三种皮肤肿瘤的体外抗肿瘤药效作用。方法用A375黑色素瘤细胞、Hut-78人皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤细胞和A431人表皮癌细胞为癌细胞株,观察茅莓总皂苷的体外抗肿瘤作用。结果茅莓总皂苷对A375黑色素瘤细胞和Hut-78人皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤两种皮肤肿瘤细胞的增殖有明显的抑制作用,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);对人表皮肤癌细胞无明显抑制作用。结论茅莓总皂苷对A375黑色素瘤细胞和Hut-78人皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤两种皮肤肿瘤细胞有明显的抗肿瘤活性。

茅莓总皂苷的含量测定

目的:建立茅莓总皂苷的含量测定方法。方法:通过对样品采用不同溶剂及不同提取方法所得的提取液显色后,以分光光度法测定总皂苷的含量。结果:本法测定的线性范围为22-176μg(r=0．9997);平均回收率为102．1％,RSD=2．82％ (n=6);样品以70％乙醇回流提取所得的总皂苷含量最高。结论:该方法灵敏、可靠,显色后的样品比较稳定,可用于茅莓药材的质量控制及品质评价。

大孔吸附树脂富集纯化茅莓总皂苷工艺研究

目的 :研究大孔吸附树脂富集、纯化茅霉总皂苷的工艺条件及参数。方法 :以茅莓总皂苷的洗脱率和纯度为考察指标 ,研究大孔吸附树脂富集、纯化茅莓总皂苷的吸附性能和洗脱参数。结果 :茅莓提取液 1 9.3mL(0 .77mg·mL- 1 )上大孔吸附树脂柱 (干重 2 .68g ,1cm× 2 0cm) ,用蒸馏水 1 0 0mL、50 %乙醇 1 0 0mL依次洗脱 ,茅莓总皂苷富集于 50 %乙醇洗脱液部分 ,且除杂质效果好。结论 :通过大孔吸附树脂富集、纯化后 ,茅莓总皂苷的洗脱率在 79.2 %以上 ,总固物中茅莓总皂苷含量可达 55 .3 %。说明采用本法富集。

茅莓总皂苷诱导HL-60白血病细胞凋亡机制研究

目的:明确茅莓总皂苷(TSRP)在体外对HL-60细胞抑制增殖和诱导凋亡作用。方法:MTT法检测不同浓度TSRP对HL-60细胞的增殖抑制;使用DAPI和Annexin V-FITC/PI法观察TSRP诱导凋亡作用;RT-PCR法检测TSRP对HL-60细胞Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-9和Fas mRNA表达的影响。结果:MTT显示TSRP在浓度200、400、800 mg/L对HL-60细胞生长抑制呈剂量依赖性,浓度800mg/L时吸光度为(0.232±0.030),与空白对照组比较差异显著(P<0.01)。DAPI显示TSRP在一定浓度内干预HL-60细胞后出现明显凋亡现象;Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测显示经不同浓度TSRP处理后,HL-60细胞的早期凋亡率明显增加;RT-PCR检测到在一定浓度范围内,TSRP显著抑制细胞Bcl-2和Fas mRNA表达,同时Bax、Caspase-9和Caspase-3 mRNA表达明显增加,以上均呈剂量依赖性。结论:在体外TSRP是通过Bcl-2和Fas途径诱导HL-60细胞凋亡,具有较好的临床应用前景。

四种悬钩子属植物不同部位总皂苷含量的比较

[目的]比较4种悬钩子属药用植物茅莓、蓬蘽、高粱泡和红腺悬钩子不同部位总皂苷含量。[方法]采用比色法测得4种药用植物不同部位总皂苷的含量。[结果]茅莓不同部位总皂苷平均含量分别为:根为8.71%,叶为1.65%,茎为1.58%;高粱泡不同部位总皂苷平均含量分别为:根为3.33%,叶为1.23%,茎为0.86%;蓬蘽不同部位总皂苷平均含量分别为:根为1.59%,叶为1.41%,茎为1.01%;红腺悬钩子不同部位总皂苷平均含量分别为:根为1.64%,叶为1.18%,茎为0.86%。[结论]不同植物其总皂苷含量依次为茅莓>高粱泡>蓬蘽>红腺悬钩子;4种植物不同部位总皂苷含量依次为根>叶>茎。

红梅消总皂苷分离纯化及体外抗凝血活性研究

目的优选红梅消总皂苷纯化工艺,并对其进行体外抗凝血实验研究。方法以红梅消总皂苷吸附率和转移率为指标,考察大孔吸附树脂型号、上样液质量浓度与上样量等因素,优化纯化工艺,再通过研究凝血酶原时间和抗凝血酶作用进行体外抗凝血实验。结果红梅消总皂苷最佳纯化工艺为采用D101型大孔吸附树脂,用2 BV(60 ml)的0.5 g/ml上样液(以原药材计),以3 BV/h的流速进行上样,静态吸附30 min,再用4 BV的50%乙醇以3 BV/h的流速洗脱。红梅消总皂苷对凝血酶原时间和抗凝血酶作用影响较大。结论优选工艺稳定可靠,可用于红梅消总皂苷纯化及抗凝血实验研究。

茅莓提取物及有效部位的药理作用研究进展

茅莓Rubus parvifolius为蔷薇科悬钩子属落叶小灌木,其提取物及有效部位具有抗肿瘤、保护神经、保护肝损伤等药理作用。抗肿瘤是其研究热点,在体内外实验中,茅莓提取物对人恶性黑色素瘤、白血病、肝癌均表现出明显的抗肿瘤作用,可显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭和迁移,以及诱导细胞凋亡,其抗肿瘤的主要有效部位为茅莓总皂苷。茅莓提取物对脑缺血-再灌注损伤也有神经保护作用,作用机制为增加Bcl-2表达和降低Bax表达,主要有效部位为茅莓总皂苷。茅莓提取物的抗氧化能力与清除羟自由基、超氧负离子、有机自由基及抑制丙二醛等有关,主要有效部位为茅莓总黄酮。茅莓提取物对肝脏损伤也有保护作用,与清除自由基活性相关,主要有效部位为酚类化合物。茅莓提取物及有效部位的其他药理作用还有抗炎、抗骨吸收、抗菌、抗疲劳等。综述了茅莓提取物及有效部位的药理作用及研究现状,以期为茅莓的进一步研究及新药开发提供参考。

线性约束的混料设计优化双水相提取红梅消总皂苷工艺

目的:优化双水相提取红梅消总皂苷的工艺条件。方法:以齐墩果酸为指标成分,采用超声耦合乙醇-硫酸铵双水相体系提取红梅消总皂苷,采用线性约束的混料设计,优化双水相体系中硫酸铵、无水乙醇和水的质量分数,运用多元线性回归及二项式拟合建立指标与因素间的数学模型,预测红梅消总皂苷最佳提取条件。结果:最优双水相提取条件为硫酸铵11%,无水乙醇37%,水52%;总皂苷提取率3.10%,与预测值3.14%的相对误差-1.27%。结论:线性约束的混料设计适用于双水相提取红梅消总皂苷工艺的优化,建立的数学模型预测性良好。