The Impact of Turnover Ratios on Jordanian Services Sectors＇ Performance

Profitability ratios are a group of financial ratios that indicate how much profit a business is earning within a certain context, while asset utilization ratios indicate how efficient a business is in operating its assets to generate cash. The difference between profitability ratios and turnover ratios is the fact that turnovers are more specific. While profitability ratios measure overall performance in terms of profits, asset utilization ratios focus on specific measurements within the business） We conduct this study to verify the impact of turnover ratios on Jordanian services sectors＇ performance during the period from 2009 to 2012. The study showed that there is no significant impact of turnover ratios on Jordanian services sectors＇ profitability, and by testing the main and sub hypotheses, the study revealed that there is no significant impact of turnover ratios on Jordanian services sectors＇ return on assets （ROA）, there is no significant impact of working capital turnover on Jordanian services sectors＇ ROA, there is no significant impact of total asset turnover on Jordanian services sectors＇ ROA, and there is no significant impact of fixed asset turnover on Jordanian services sectors＇ ROA. Also, the study showed that there is no significant impact of turnover ratios on Jordanian services sectors＇ return on equity （ROE）, there is no significant impact of working capital turnover on Jordanian services sectors＇ ROE, there is no significant impact of total asset turnover on Jordanian services sectors＇ ROE, and there is no significant impact of fixed asset turnover on Jordanian services sectors＇ ROE. Moreover, the study concluded that the educational services sector has the lowest working capital turnover and healthcare services sector has the highest. In addition, we find that the hotels and tourism sector has the lowest total asset turnover ratio, while the utilities and energy sector has the highest and that the hotels and tourism sector has the lowest fixed asset turnover, while the utilities and energy sector has the highest. The transportation sector has the lowest ROA and technology and communication sector has the highest. Finally, we find that transportation sector has the lowest ROE and the technology and communication sector has the highest.

Effects of China's BT-to-VAT Reform on Listed Companies' Turnover Tax Burden

Using the data of China's listed companies during 2010-2014 as samples, this paper employs the PSM and DID methods to respectively investigate the effects of BTto-VAT reform on the turnover tax burden for companies in pilot regions(Shanghai and eight other provinces and municipalities) and the rest of China. Our study arrived at the following findings: Compared with pilot sectors in non-pilot regions, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effect on the turnover tax burden of pilot companies in pilot regions; compared with non-pilot companies, BT-to-VAT reform slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden for pilot companies in the long run. Further differentiation of ownership nature led to the discovery that BT-toVAT reform somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden of SOEs and central SOEs, slightly increased the turnover tax burden for non-SOEs and local SOEs in pilot regions, slightly increased the turnover tax burden in the short run and somewhat reduced the turnover tax burden in the long run after nationwide pilot programs were introduced; BT-to-VAT reform has more significant effects on non-SOEs and local SOEs. In general, BT-to-VAT reform has no significant effects on the turnover tax burden of companies and after differentiating pilot regions, pilot sectors and ownership nature, we did not discover any significant effect, which is generally consistent with policy expectations.

A Study on the Privatization Decisions of China Concepts Stock Based on the Tax Shield Effect

In this paper, we construct a company value model based on the tax shield effect for overseas listing and privatization scenarios. The trade-off process of privatization decisions is simulated in the context of China concept stock companies’ reality. The results indicate that the value of tax shields, the degree of undervaluation, the ability to obtain cash flows, the risk of short selling, the cost of listing transactions, and fraud penalties are critical factors influencing the choice of privatization. The company value analysis shows that tax shield effect positively affects the probability of privatization. Furthermore, the weaker the ability of a company to obtain cash flow when listed overseas, the lower the WACC, the higher the risk of being shorted, and the higher the cost of listing transactions, the higher the probability that a company will choose to go private. Finally, numerical simulations are adopted to validate the validity of the theoretical model and the findings using SINA’s privatization as a case study. The findings can provide academic guidance and a decision-making basis on trading arrangements for CCS companies.

Stock Market Turnover and China’s Real Estate Market Price: An Empirical Study Based on VAR

Our analysis used the monthly data of the average sales price of commodity houses and stock turnover in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from January 2016 to December 2020. We selected this data to establish a Vector Autoregression(VAR) model using the Granger causality test to investigate the correlation between the stock market and the real estate market. We found that there is a significant positive correlation between the stock market and the real estate market. We also found that the real estate market price is the one-way Granger cause for the stock market turnover, and that changes in the real estate market price have a significant role in forecasting changes in stock market turnover. Therefore, the linkage between the two markets should be considered in macro regulations, and the impact on one of the markets should be considered when regulating the other.

A Simplified Approach for Implementing Capital Gain Tax in Stock Marketing

The sustainability of a country inevitably depends on proper taxation system. To date, there are many taxes implemented by the ruling authorities of a country. The taxes that are sourced from stock markets or share markets are paramount to better govern a country. The capital gain tax (CGT), which is incurred in disposing the shares or stocks owned by an investor or an institution, is one of the taxes implemented in stock markets. Though in the past many attempts have been made to properly streamline the CGT, the methodologies or the approaches used in the implementation of CGT, even in the United States, are not well-grounded from a scientific point of view. Therefore, in this paper, a simplified approach based on the assumption that the CGT is implemented on a yearly basis is proposed. The CGT is calculated for each stock owned by an investor or an institution. The approach is implemented using an open access platform: AMP (Apache-MySQL-PHP). Subsequently, the proposed approach is tested using some hypothetical data. The proposed approach, which is easy-to-use, practical and un-biased, is of use to any country that is willing to progress towards the sustainability. Moreover, the proposed approach with the current technology will enhance the developing nations which have large size of informal economy, on designing and implementing effective tax policies and administrations.

Turnover Based Illiquidity Measurement as Investment Strategy on Zagreb Stock Exchange

This paper deals with illiquidity measurement of stocks on Croatian Stock market. Illiquidity measures used in this paper are daily ratio of absolute stock return to its dollar volume (ILLIQ) and RCT (Relative change in turnover). Aim of this paper is to show that illiquidity measure RCT makes clear distinction between liquid and illiquid stocks that should be reflected through investment strategy where investment in RCT based illiquid portfolios outperforms investment in ILLIQ based portfolios and CROBEX index. Research was carried out on eighteen stocks from Zagreb Stock Exchange (ZSE) which are constituents of CROBEX index. Portfolios of liquid and portfolios of illiquid stocks based on results of illiquidity measurement were constructed. Behaviour in terms of return and volatility of these portfolios in following one-year period was observed. Results showed that portfolios formed using RCT as measure of illiquidity constantly outperformed CROBEX index and ILLIQ based portfolios. Returns of RCT based portfolios had lower standard deviation and were more stable than ILLIQ based portfolios in whole period. RCT as a measure of illiquidity produces valuable information on stock liquidity that can be exploited as investment strategy reflecting itself in larger expected returns of RCT portfolios in future period than expected returns of ILLIQ based portfolios and market.

CEO变更是降低股价崩盘风险的“灵药”吗?——基于财务困境公司的实证研究

结合财务困境的特殊背景,从CEO的角度探讨2007—2020年我国财务困境公司CEO变更对股价崩盘风险的影响。研究发现,财务困境公司的CEO变更与股价崩盘风险之间呈显著负相关关系。将CEO变更分为正常变更和非正常变更后发现,这种负相关关系在非正常变更的情况下更为显著。机制检验显示,CEO变更能够降低财务困境公司的融资约束和代理成本,进而作用于股价崩盘风险。进一步分析发现,CEO变更和非正常变更对股价崩盘风险的降低效应仅在非国有公司、股权制衡度较高以及外部审计质量较低的情况下存在,而正常变更的降低效应却在国有公司更加显著。

空气污染、管理者行为与股价崩盘风险

本文基于管理者行为视角,研究了空气污染对公司股价崩盘风险的影响及作用机制.利用秦岭淮河政策这一准自然实验形成的空气污染地理断点,本研究引入空间断点回归设计,研究发现:1)空气污染加剧了上市公司的股价崩盘风险;2)其潜在影响机制是空气污染提高了公司管理者的离职率,以及管理层的更替导致了公司积累的“坏信息”被披露.对管理者离职情况的进一步分析发现,位于污染地区公司中由于身体健康原因而离职的管理者比例显著高于非污染地区;3)异质性检验的结果表明,对于管理者薪酬水平更低、位于医疗资源匮乏地区、信息披露质量较差以及非国有的公司,空气污染对其股价崩盘风险的影响更为显著.本研究为外部自然环境通过影响公司管理者行为传导到金融市场这一特殊机制提供了经验证据,为完善环境治理和金融市场发展提供了理论依据.

面向金融风险预测的时序图神经网络综述

金融风险预测在金融市场监管和金融投资中扮演重要角色,近年来已成为人工智能和金融科技领域的热门研究主题.由于金融事件的实体之间存在复杂的投资、供应等关系,现有的金融风险预测研究常利用各种静态和动态的图结构来建模金融实体间的关系,并通过卷积图神经网络等方法将相关的图结构信息嵌入金融实体的特征表示中,使其能够同时表征金融风险相关的语义和结构信息.然而,以前的金融风险预测综述仅关注了基于静态图结构的研究,这些研究忽视了金融事件中实体间关系会随时间动态变化的特性,降低了风险预测结果的准确性.随着时序图神经网络的发展,越来越多的研究开始关注基于动态图结构的金融风险预测,对这些研究进行系统、全面的回顾有助于学习者构建面向金融风险预测研究的完整认知.根据从动态图中提取时序信息的不同途径,首先综述3类不同的时序图神经网络模型.然后,根据不同的图学习任务,分类介绍股价趋势风险预测,贷款违约风险预测,欺诈交易风险预测,以及洗钱和逃税风险预测共4个领域的金融风险预测研究.最后,总结现有时序图神经网络模型在金融风险预测方面遇到的难题和挑战,并展望未来研究的潜在方向.

Value-Added Tax(VAT)Development and Reform History—A Study of VAT Evolution Around the World and in China

Value-added Tax(VAT),a turnover tax levied on the value appreciated in commodities production,circulation and sale,has been widely practiced by economies worldwide for its neutrality.From the international perspective,European Union VAT and New Zealand VAT stand out as characteristic models of VAT development and reform history.With changing economic development models and the growth of e-commerce businesses,VAT systems have been upgraded to meet taxation challenges brought about by the digital economy.Recently,VAT policies and measures have been introduced particularly to combat the COVID-19 impact.In China,the VAT system has been reformed constantly over the past 40 years and has been converging with international practice.China now needs to address emerging VAT issues through legislation,tax incentives,and tax-rate grades so as to meet challenges in VAT collection and management and to suit the“new normal”of economic development.

Estate Tax Reforms in Taiwan： A Simulation Approach

This study uses the new classical Ramsey growth model to analyze the impacts of lowered estate tax rates in Taiwan. Simulation results indicate a decrease in capital stock and economic growth when post-adjusted estate tax rate falls below 28.22%, which resembles the optimal estate tax rate to keep capital stock unchanged. The results also show that estate tax rate cuts have caused changes in relative prices, resulting in excess burden （EB）. The implication of our simulation results is that Taiwan＇s current estate tax rate cut to 10% will not be able to increase capital stock and promote economic growth.

Deflation and Stock Prices

While the literature on inflation and stock prices is plentiful,there is little literature on deflation and stock prices.This paper explores the empirical data and makes a theoretical analysis of the likely impact on stock prices when expectations change from inflation to deflation.Deflation has a bad name among some economists and most investors.However,from a stock market perspective,deflations’bad name may not be well-deserved.Several observations support this:1)The 1930s was a statistical outlier and not representative for a deflationary period and deflation does not seem to create recessions,causality goes the other way;2)real stock returns are positive and around average in the periods leading up to and following the onset of deflation;3)when moving from low inflation to mild deflation,P/E ratios are virtually unchanged;and 4)peak P/E ratios seem to be reached at inflation rates close to zero.The author proposes three possible explanations for the seemingly disconnect between the empirical data and the“default”ex ante belief of most economists and investors:availability heurist,deflation illusion,and tax related issues in connection with the tax hypothesis.

Land Credit Cooperatives Help Construction of New Countryside

This article introduces the experience of Pingluo County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, where "land credit cooperatives" have thrived. Based on a survey of the background, function, business scope, structure, supportive policy and the performance of "land credit cooperatives", the author believes that the essence of the cooperative is a "land joint-stock cooperation organization" whose experience may be of particular relevance to the building of a "new socialist countryside".

横向税收竞争、官员更替与城市绿色全要素生产率——基于长三角41个城市的面板证据

文章基于2008—2020年长三角41个城市的面板数据,采用超效率SBM模型测度41个城市绿色全要素生产率,并从税收总量和税制结构双重视角,构建面板Tobit模型和门槛效应模型,实证检验横向税收竞争、官员更替对长三角城市绿色全要素生产率的多重影响。研究表明:从税收总量来看,横向税收竞争促进了长三角城市绿色全要素生产率的提升;从税制结构来看,增值税竞争和企业所得税竞争均显著促进了长三角城市绿色全要素生产率的提升。调节效应检验显示,官员更替能够显著增强横向税收竞争对长三角城市绿色全要素生产率的促进作用;而门槛效应实证结果表明,政府公共支出规模扩大弱化了横向税收竞争对长三角城市绿色全要素生产率的促进作用。

基于微分博弈的政府企业污染控制与最优环境政策分析

在考虑污染容量动态变化基础上,建立了政府与企业间环境政策选择的微分博弈模型,得到排放标准、排污税、排污权交易以及排污税与减排补贴混合政策四种情形下反馈纳什均衡并进行对比分析。结论表明,若企业间减排成本相同,排放标准、排污税与排污权交易具有等价性,且环境效益优于混合政策,仅当环境受到的伤害小于一定值时,混合政策下的社会福利才优于其他政策;当企业间减排成本不同时,排污税与排污权交易同样等价,排放标准下的环境效益低于排污税和排污权交易,混合政策下的环境效益最低。最后,通过数值仿真分析了污染容量与社会福利的动态轨迹,为政府有效治理污染提供了科学依据。

共同富裕背景下完善限售股个人所得税的思考

限售股是资本性所得的重要内容,进一步完善限售股个人所得税征管,对于合理调节收入差距、推动新时代共同富裕有着十分重要的意义。针对当前限售股清算制度不明确、征管漏洞较多、税收竞争导致税款流失等问题,提出了明确限售股法规界定、完善限售股征管制度、加强完善部门协作机制等建议,以期完善自然人限售股税收征管。

医院药品库存的最佳控制探讨

目的:探讨医院药品库存管理的经济性。方法:利用数据库技术及电子表格软件,统计、分析1999年～2003年我院药品销售和库存数据,并以库存周转率来衡量库存管理的效率。结果:5年中我院药品库存周转率在不断提高。结论:应结合医院实际提高库存周转率,以实现医院药品库存量的最佳控制。

“营改增”是否降低了所得税税负——来自中国上市公司的证据

以2010—2014年中国上市公司的数据为样本,运用PSM和DID方法分别考察了北京、上海等8省市及全国性"营改增"对公司所得税税负的影响。研究发现:与非试点公司相比,"营改增"使得试点公司的所得税税负在上海、8省市试点地区均略有上升,而在全国性试点地区略有下降;与非试点地区试点行业相比,"营改增"使得交通运输业和现代服务业试点公司所得税税负在上海略有上升,而在其他试点省市中略有下降;整体而言,"营改增"对试点公司所得税税负无显著影响。对区分产权性质、是否处于优惠区和关系型交易影响的进一步检验发现:"营改增"对试点公司所得税税负仍无显著影响;但考虑金字塔层级后,"营改增"使得试点国有企业和地方国企的所得税税负显著降低。"营改增"对试点公司所得税税负的影响基本符合政策预期。

证券流转税:现状分析、国际趋势与改革思路

我国目前的证券税制以证券交易印花税为主体税种。从长远来看,我国应逐步完善证券流转税制,实行证券交易税和印花税兼征制度。改革我国的证券流转税,在证券交易环节用证券交易税代替印花税,不能仅限于更名,而应有实质性的改变。

中国营业税改征增值税试点政策实施效果研究

文章采用案例研究方法,从交通运输业入手讨论营业税改征增值税试点的实施效果。采用事件研究法研究营改增对交通运输企业股价波动的影响机制,并分析企业税负的变化,为营改增在全国范围内推广及完善提出相应建议。结果表明:(1)营改增试点的公布影响了上海市交通运输企业的股票收益,政策发布前后股票具有正价格效应,但各子行业股价波动程度不一。由于"板块效应"的存在,营改增也引起非试点范围内同行业样本组企业股价一定正向波动。(2)整体上看,营改增有效减轻了交通运输业的税收负担,但由于地域限制和进项税抵扣不充分等也导致小部分企业税负暂时增加。