This article focuses attention on the specification of language expressions in order to express statements having a truth value.Each specified expression(=value expression)introduced can be derived by adding a specifi...This article focuses attention on the specification of language expressions in order to express statements having a truth value.Each specified expression(=value expression)introduced can be derived by adding a specification to an expression of the natural language(“Mario Rossi”—“Mario Rossi born in…on…”)or it can be associated with it without sharing any part of it(“water”-“H2O”).We can imagine different languages and different translation procedures from natural language;each procedure imposes a choice among different value expressions.There are two“windows”that the syntax of the specified expressions“opens up to the world”,so to speak;these are the following formulas:The value of/x/=x',where“x”,“x'”are names,/x/is true iffx',where“x”,“x'”are sentences.In the second formula categorical reductions and compositions of the specified expressions must have been performed.In cases where these passages are not available,we would remain with a syntactic expression of the type of sentences,but not,such as to exemplify the traditional definition of truth.展开更多
In order to study uncertainty reasoning and automatic reasoning with linguistic terms, in this paper, the set of basic linguistic truth values and the set of modifiers are defined, according to common sense; partially...In order to study uncertainty reasoning and automatic reasoning with linguistic terms, in this paper, the set of basic linguistic truth values and the set of modifiers are defined, according to common sense; partially orderings are defined on them. Based on it, a lattice implication algebra model L18 of linguistic terms is built; furthermore, its some basic properties are discussed.展开更多
The concept of truth degrees of formulas in Lukasiewicz n-valued propositional logic Ln is proposed. A limit theorem is obtained, which says that the truth function τ-n induced by truth degrees converges to the integ...The concept of truth degrees of formulas in Lukasiewicz n-valued propositional logic Ln is proposed. A limit theorem is obtained, which says that the truth function τ-n induced by truth degrees converges to the integrated truth function τ when n converges to infinite. Hence this limit theorem builds a bridge between the discrete valued Lukasiewicz logic and the continuous valued Lukasiewicz logic. Moreover, the results obtained in the present paper is a natural generalization of the corresponding results obtained in two-valued propositional logic.展开更多
a-Input resolution and a-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic （ Lv（ n × 2） F（X） ）, which can represent and handle uncerta...a-Input resolution and a-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic （ Lv（ n × 2） F（X） ）, which can represent and handle uncertain linguistic values-based information. Firstly the concepts of a-input resolution and a.unit resolution are presented, and the equivalence of them is shown. Then α-input （a-unit） resolution is equivalently transformed from Lv（ n × 2） F（X） into that of LnP（X）, and their soundness and completeness are also established. Finally an algorithm for a-unit resolution is contrived in LnP（ X）.展开更多
In this peper, we reseach the following form of approximate reasoning.Ant 1: (If x1 is A1 and x2 is A2and… and xn is An then y is B) is t1.Ant 2: (x1 is A’1 and x2 is A’2 and… and xn is A’n) is t2.Cons: (y is。B...In this peper, we reseach the following form of approximate reasoning.Ant 1: (If x1 is A1 and x2 is A2and… and xn is An then y is B) is t1.Ant 2: (x1 is A’1 and x2 is A’2 and… and xn is A’n) is t2.Cons: (y is。B’) is ts.First we put forward two reasonable approximate reasoning principles, then, accordingg tO the two reasoning principles we construct a new kind of approximate reasoning methods. The bole idea which the new kind of approximate reasoning methods is that according to the strength p(A1(x1), …, An(xn) )→B (y) which A1(x1),…, An(xn) implicate B(y) and the degree of A’(x) approximates to A(x), we determine the upper limit and B’(y), then take a definite value B’(y) in between the upper limit and the lower limit, and make the reasoning method satisfied the two reasoning principles.展开更多
The EU market＇s free circulation principle severs the VAT chain at the EU States＇ borders, thus, encouraging VAT fraud. The increased ＂transit traffic＂ from outside the EU with final destination in EU countries al...The EU market＇s free circulation principle severs the VAT chain at the EU States＇ borders, thus, encouraging VAT fraud. The increased ＂transit traffic＂ from outside the EU with final destination in EU countries also contributes to VAT fraud. To examine this issue, we model some different collusive features of these frauds, on which basis we explore their effects on the international trade and the domestic market.展开更多
In[1—3], Wang et al. assume always that the lattice of truth values possesses a weak or strong characteristic formula. It is not difficult to know that one of the essential reasons for which such a strong condition m...In[1—3], Wang et al. assume always that the lattice of truth values possesses a weak or strong characteristic formula. It is not difficult to know that one of the essential reasons for which such a strong condition must be imposed is the definition of 'a model satisfies展开更多
基金I would like to thank my colleague Andrea Bianchi,philosopher of the language of my Department,for discussions and critical remarks.By a coincidence of fate His name is among the most in need of specification,but he does not agree at all,as well as on the bartender’s beard and on the red color.
文摘This article focuses attention on the specification of language expressions in order to express statements having a truth value.Each specified expression(=value expression)introduced can be derived by adding a specification to an expression of the natural language(“Mario Rossi”—“Mario Rossi born in…on…”)or it can be associated with it without sharing any part of it(“water”-“H2O”).We can imagine different languages and different translation procedures from natural language;each procedure imposes a choice among different value expressions.There are two“windows”that the syntax of the specified expressions“opens up to the world”,so to speak;these are the following formulas:The value of/x/=x',where“x”,“x'”are names,/x/is true iffx',where“x”,“x'”are sentences.In the second formula categorical reductions and compositions of the specified expressions must have been performed.In cases where these passages are not available,we would remain with a syntactic expression of the type of sentences,but not,such as to exemplify the traditional definition of truth.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No.60474022)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No.20060613007)
文摘In order to study uncertainty reasoning and automatic reasoning with linguistic terms, in this paper, the set of basic linguistic truth values and the set of modifiers are defined, according to common sense; partially orderings are defined on them. Based on it, a lattice implication algebra model L18 of linguistic terms is built; furthermore, its some basic properties are discussed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No．10331010)
文摘The concept of truth degrees of formulas in Lukasiewicz n-valued propositional logic Ln is proposed. A limit theorem is obtained, which says that the truth function τ-n induced by truth degrees converges to the integrated truth function τ when n converges to infinite. Hence this limit theorem builds a bridge between the discrete valued Lukasiewicz logic and the continuous valued Lukasiewicz logic. Moreover, the results obtained in the present paper is a natural generalization of the corresponding results obtained in two-valued propositional logic.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 60875034,No. 61175055)
文摘a-Input resolution and a-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic （ Lv（ n × 2） F（X） ）, which can represent and handle uncertain linguistic values-based information. Firstly the concepts of a-input resolution and a.unit resolution are presented, and the equivalence of them is shown. Then α-input （a-unit） resolution is equivalently transformed from Lv（ n × 2） F（X） into that of LnP（X）, and their soundness and completeness are also established. Finally an algorithm for a-unit resolution is contrived in LnP（ X）.
文摘In this peper, we reseach the following form of approximate reasoning.Ant 1: (If x1 is A1 and x2 is A2and… and xn is An then y is B) is t1.Ant 2: (x1 is A’1 and x2 is A’2 and… and xn is A’n) is t2.Cons: (y is。B’) is ts.First we put forward two reasonable approximate reasoning principles, then, accordingg tO the two reasoning principles we construct a new kind of approximate reasoning methods. The bole idea which the new kind of approximate reasoning methods is that according to the strength p(A1(x1), …, An(xn) )→B (y) which A1(x1),…, An(xn) implicate B(y) and the degree of A’(x) approximates to A(x), we determine the upper limit and B’(y), then take a definite value B’(y) in between the upper limit and the lower limit, and make the reasoning method satisfied the two reasoning principles.
文摘The EU market＇s free circulation principle severs the VAT chain at the EU States＇ borders, thus, encouraging VAT fraud. The increased ＂transit traffic＂ from outside the EU with final destination in EU countries also contributes to VAT fraud. To examine this issue, we model some different collusive features of these frauds, on which basis we explore their effects on the international trade and the domestic market.
文摘In[1—3], Wang et al. assume always that the lattice of truth values possesses a weak or strong characteristic formula. It is not difficult to know that one of the essential reasons for which such a strong condition must be imposed is the definition of 'a model satisfies
