A Comparative Study of the Value Orientations of Foreign Language Education Policies in China and the United States in the 21st Century

Since the 21 st century, both Chinese Mainland and the United States have formulated foreign language education policiesbased on their national needs. This paper makes a comparative study of the value orientations of foreign language education poli-cies in Chinese Mainland and the United States in the 21 st century and finds that both China and the United States have regardedtheir national interests as the essential value orientation of their foreign language education policies. To be specific,the core valueorientation of foreign language education policies in China is to enhance its cultural soft power.In contrast,the core value orienta-tion of foreign language education policies in the United States is to safeguard its national security. Through the comparison of thedifferent value orientations of foreign language education policies of the two countries, the paper provides some reference for the for-eign language education policy-making in Chinese Mainland.

Development of Chinese Medicine Education in the United States:Two Examples of Pacific College of Health and Science New York and Eastern School of Acupuncture and Traditional Medicine

Chinese medicine originated in China and has taken root all over the world.In the United States,Chinese medicine belongs to the category of complementary and alternative medicine and has a history of over 50 years as a recognized profession.The education of Chinese medicine is undoubtedly the foundation for the development and growth of Chinese medicine practice.In this article,we briefly introduced the history of acupuncture profession and its development in the United States.Pacific College of Health and Science New York and Eastern School of Acupuncture and Traditional Medicine were discussed and analyzed.This article aims to discuss two examples of acupuncture schools in the United States to provide an overview of the history and current development of Chinese medicine education in the United States.

Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Between China and the United States

It is well-known that the United States,a highly developed country whether in high-tech.or higher education,is in a leading position in the world.Based on the comparison and analysis of higher education between China and the U.S.,this article highly affirms the advantages of American higher education,offers an objective comment on China's higher education reform in recent years,and earnestly indicates that China's higher education needs to be improved in order to facilitate greater development.

Comparison of RN licensure examination: China and the United States

Having the two largest nursing workforces across the globe,both China and the United States have implemented licensure examinations to standardize the qualifications of registered nurse.China established the National Nursing Licensure Examination(NNLE)in 1995.Like the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses(NCLEX-RN)in the United States,the NNLE has become an important link in the nurse registration process and contributed a lot in quality assurance and development of nursing profession.It may be necessary for the NNLE to learn from NCLEX-RN in several aspects,including increasing the frequency of exam,providing examinees with individualized services,and continuing reforming exam content and format.By better aligning the content and format of the examination with the current nursing paradigm and clinical requirements,nurses may enter the healthcare field better prepared to care for patients.Considering the magnitude of their nursing workforce,both China and the United States have great potential to serve as a role model for other developing countries as they look towards establishing national nursing education programs.As new policies around standardized nurse education in China take form,we urge that the NNLE be included alongside curricular reforms.As these reforms are implemented,continued research will be needed to evaluate the effectiveness of curriculum and licensure exam regulations upon nurse preparedness and quality of nursing care in China.

Undergraduate nursing education in the United States

Nursing education in the United States began in the 1870s with hospital training schools modeled after the Nightingale plan. Presently there are three educational paths that students may take to become a registered nurse （RN）. These are the baccalaureate degree （BS）, the associate degree （AD） and the diploma. Accelerated nursing programs are also available for people who have a baccalaureate degree in another field. Nursing education and nursing practice in the United States is regulated by each of the 50 states. The focus of nursing education is the preparation of nurses who use critical thinking skills to provide comprehensive patient-centered care to a variety of clients. It is expected that nurses will function using evidence-based practice in a culturally competent, safe manner. Nursing schools must be approved by the state in which they exist. In addition to this, most nursing schools are also accredited, a voluntary process that is done by a non-governmental association. All graduates take the same licensing exam, a computer adaptive test that is from 75 to 265 items long educated graduates were first time test takers; 85.5% passed the exam. Trends in nursing education In 2008 almost 120,000 US include a focus on evidence based practice, an emphasis on safety and quality, patient education and management of chronic conditions, genetics and genomics and the use of simulation in nursing education

Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to United States emergency departments:An updated ten-year study

BACKGROUND Glenohumeral dislocation is a common injury that may predispose patients to chronic pain and instability.However,there is a paucity of current data available regarding the epidemiological trends of this injury.AIM To provide an updated,comparative assessment of the epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to emergency departments in the United States.We also sought to analyze patient demographic risk factors and consumer products associated with dislocation events.METHODS Data were obtained from the national electronic injury surveillance system database for glenohumeral dislocations between 2012 and 2021.Incidence,age,sex,and injury characteristics were analyzed using weighted population statistics as well as incidence rates and 95%confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS In total,an estimated 773039 shoulder dislocations(CI:640598-905481)presented to emergency rooms across the United States during the study period.The annual incidence rate was 23.96 per 100000 persons and the average patient age at the time of injury was 37.1 years.Significantly more male patients sustained dislocations than female patients(537189,69.5%,vs 235834,30.5%,P<0.001).With regard to associated consumer products,sports and recreation equipment were involved in the highest proportion of incidents(44.31%),followed by home structures and construction materials(21.22%),and home furnishings,fixtures,and accessories(21.21%).Regarding product sub-groups,stairs,ramps,landings,floors was cited in the greatest number of cases(131745).CONCLUSION The national annual incidence rate of glenohumeral dislocations throughout the study period was approximately 23.92 per 100000 persons.Male adolescents sustained the highest proportion of dislocations,with a peak incidence in age group 15-20 years,predominantly secondary to participation in sporting and recreational activities.Conversely,women experienced a relatively consistent incidence of dislocation throughout their lifespan.After age 63,the incidence rate of dislocations in females was found to surpass that observed in males.

Chinese Students in the United States:A study of Anxiety/Uncertainty Managing Behaviors

With The Anxiety/Uncertainty Management(AUM) Theory as framework,the paper had demonstrated an in-depth examination on Chinese students' anxiety/uncertainty managing behaviors and strategies when they are exposed to the new environment in the US.One-on-one interview was employed to analyze both the internal and external factors during their adaptation to new cultures.Further recommendations would be given for developing intercultural communication studies in Chinese students' oversea education or related other topics.

The Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,PLA General Hospital (national key academic unit) The PLA Institute of Otolaryngology (PLA key laboratory for acoustic trauma) The PLA Medical College Department of Deafness Education Key Laboratory

Led by four generations of leadership from late Prof.JIANG Sichang(academician,Chinese Academy of Engineering),Prof.YANG Weiyan(Honorary President,Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Chinese Medical Association),Prof.HAN Dongyi(President Elected,Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Chinese Medical Association)to now Prof.YANG Shiming(President,Division of Otolaryngologists,

Factors associated with nursing students' willingness to care for older adults in Korea and the United States

Objective: Elderly health care needs increase and nurses' role for elderlies is vital.It is significant to identify nursing students' intention to care for elderlies.Thus,this study investigated nursing students' willingness to care for elderlies in Korea and the United States.Methods: The study was conducted with 437 undergraduate nursing students from Korea and the United States from May 25 to 31,2018.Participants completed a survey including frequency and quality of contact,anxiety about aging,empathy,attitude toward elderly,and willingness to care.Results: Study findings from the entire group showed that nursing students' willingness to care for the elderly was positively associated with contact quality (β =0.22,P<0.001) and empathy (β =0.12,P 0.009) but negatively associated with anxiety about aging (β =0.23,P < 0.001) and attitude toward the elderly (β =0.14,P =0.004).Contact quality (β=0.30,P < 0.001) was positively associated with the willingness to care in Korean students,whereas extended family living type (β =-0.15,P=0.012) and attitude toward the elderly (β =-0.18,P=0.005) negatively associated in US students.Conclusion: This study suggested that nursing educators reinforce contact quality and empathy but reduce anxiety about aging and attitude toward elderly to enhance future nurses' care quality.

Emergency department visits:Why adults choose the emergency room over a primary care physician visit during regular office hours?

BACKGROUND:It has been estimated that up to one third of all emergency department(ED)visits may be"inappropriate"or non-emergent.Factors that have been speculated to be associated with non-emergent use have been noted to include low socioeconomic status,lack of access to primary care,lack of insurance,convenience of"on demand care"and the patient's individual perception of their complaint urgency.The objective of this study is to identify the reasons contributing to self-perceived non-emergent adult emergency department visits during primary care physician office hours of operation.METHODS:This study was a single-center,descriptive study with questionnaire.The questionnaire was collected from patients meeting exclusion/inclusion criteria who were triaged into an acute or fast track part of the emergency department during regular business hours on Monday through Friday,8:00 am-5:00 pm during the months of July 2011 and August 2011.Questionnaire data were categorical and summarized using counts and percentages.Data collected included patient demographics,information about the patient's primary care provider,and information about the emergency department visit in question.All responses were compared among patients with visits considered to be non-emergent to those considered to be emergent by using individual chi-square tests.RESULTS:There were 262 patients available for the study.The patients were grouped according to their perception of the severity of their complaints.Roughly half of the patients placed themselves into the non-emergent category(n=129),whereas the other half of the patients categorized themselves into the emergent group(n=131).There were statistically significant differences in marital status and employment status between the two groups.It was found that 61.5%of the non-emergent patients were single,while 58.3%of the emergent patients were married.In the non-emergent group,59.7%were unemployed,but in the emergent group 60.3%were employed(P<0.05).However,no other factors were significantly different.CONCLUSIONS:Our study did not identify a statistically significant factor to the reasoning behind why patients choose the emergency department over a primary care physician during regular office hours.The only significant demographic indicating who was more likely to make this choice during the specified time frame was being single and employed with perceived non-emergent complaint.Patients without insurance and/or without a primary care physician were no more likely to visit the emergency department with a self-perceived non-emergent issue than patients with insurance and/or with an established primary care physician.

On the Differences of Chinese and American Family Education from a Cultural Perspective

In essence, the international competition for talents is determined by the quality of family education. There are a number of family education systems in the world, and each has its distinctive feature, which reflects its unique culture. Although Chinese family education system is a successful one in general, problems appear in recent years. Through comparing some relevant aspects of family education between China and the U.S. from a cultural perspective, we can gain good experiences from American family education and promote the reform of Chinese family education.

Differences between Chinese and American University Education from the Perspective of Curriculum Design--Taking the University of Minnesota as an Example

More and more educational researchers pay attention to the differences between China and the United States.Although the educational concepts of China and the United States respect"student-centered",and are very close in educational system and institutional setting,they are still similar in curriculum design.Taking the University of Minnesota Twin Cities as an example,this paper makes a detailed comparative analysis from the four aspects of curriculum objectives,curriculum assessment,teaching activities and syllabus,finds out the essential differences between Chinese and American university curriculum design,and puts forward that the change of Chinese university curriculum design concept needs to start from basic education,and the cultivation of teachers'thinking and ability is the key influence of the reform factor.

Distribution of licensed acupuncturists and educational institutions in the United States at the start of 2023,during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic

This study was conducted to identify the number and density of active licensed acupuncturists(LAcs),as well as the number of accredited schools in acupuncture and Oriental medicine(AOM),as of January 1,2023,in the United States(U.S.).The number of active LAcs as of January 1,2023 was 34,524,potentially33,364 after removing license duplication in multiple states,among which the largest three states were California(with 7317 LAcs[21.19%of the total]),New York(5024[14.55%])and Florida(2644[7.66%]).The total number of LAcs decreased by 8.87%from 2018,and fell short of our projected number of LAcs in 2023 by 9037,or 20.75%.The overall LAc density in the U.S.Dmeasured as the number of LAcs per 100,000 populationDwas 10.36,less than in 2018.There were 56 active,accredited AOM schools which offered a total of 147 programs(121 at the level necessary for licensing[entry-level],12 for an advanced practicing degree[advanced-level],and 14 for certifications).Broken down further,offerings included 50 master's degrees in acupuncture,40 master's degrees in Oriental medicine,31 entry-level doctorate degrees(10 in acupuncture and 21 in acupuncture plus Chinese herbal medicine),and 12advanced-level doctorate degrees in AOM.The certification programs included one in East-Asian Medical Bodywork and 13 in CHM.Among these schools in 2023,institutions in the West and East Coast states comprised 67.86%(decreased from 77.42%in 2018)of the national total.California,Florida and Illinois represented 39.29%.There were 48 jurisdictions with acupuncture practice laws in place.The data suggests that the acupuncture profession in the U.S.has been significantly impacted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

The legendary life of Dr.Gim Shek Ju, the founding father of the education of acupuncture and Chinese medicine in the United States

Several stories of various pioneers establishing acupuncture and Chinese medicine （ACM） practices in the United States （U.S.） have been documented. However, the establishment of schools for ACM signaled the establishment of ACM as an established profession in the U.S. One of the first persons who wanted to set-up a school for Chinese medicine in the U.S. was Dr. Tom Foo Yuen （谭富园, August 7, 1858 - July 10, 1947） during the late 1800s in Los Angeles （LA）, California. However, it was not until 1969 or 1970 that the first informal ACM school was actually established in the U.S. This school was called the Institute for Taoist Study, and was located in LA. However, this school was not registered with the local government and Dr. Gim Shek Ju was the sole teacher at that time.

Distribution of licensed acupuncturists and educational institutions in the United States in early 2015

In recent decades, acupuncture has been used more widely and extensively in the United States （U.S.）. However, there have been no national surveys or analyses reported in academic journals on the number of practicing or licensed acupuncturists, This study was conducted to identify the approximate number of licensed acupuncturists active in 2015. The Board of Acupuncture or Board of Medicine in each state or U.S. territory was contacted to collect data, Online license information searching was also performed in order to get accurate numbers of licensed acupuncturists for those states in which a board was unable to be contacted. The study found that the number of licensed acupuncturists in 2015 in the U,S, was 34,481. Of this, more than 50% were licensed in three states alone： California （32.39%）, New York （11,89%） and Florida （7.06%）. The number of licensed acupuncturists increased 23.30% and 52.09%, compared to the year 2009 （n = 27,965） and 2004 （n = 22,671）, respectively; increasing about 1,266 per year. There were 62 and 10 accredited acupuncture institutions providing master and doctoral degrees, respectively. The West Coast comprised 51.39% of degree granting programs, while the East Coast comprised 29.17%; together the coastal states housed more than 80% of all programs, with the remainder sprinkled across the southern （9.72%）, northern （8.33%）, and the middle/central states （1.39%）. Forty-four states and the District of Columbia regulated acupuncture practice by law at the time of data collection. Acupuncture continues to be a quickly growing profession in the U.S,

Reflections on the current state of spatial statistics education in the United States: 2014

This paper surveys the current state of teaching spatial statistics in the United States(US),with commentary about the future teaching of such a course.It begins with a historical overview,and proposes what constitutes suitable content for a contemporary spatial statistics course.It notes that contemporary university-level spatial statistics courses are mostly taught across myriad units,including biology/ecology,climatology,economics(as spatial econometrics),environmental studies,epidemiology/public health,forestry,geography,geosciences/earth sciences,geospatial information sciences,mathematics,quantitative social science,soil science,and statistics.It discusses the diffusion of this course across the US,which began in the mid-1980s.One result it reports is a model spatial statistics course offering.

The earliest acupuncture school of the United States incubated in a Tai Chi Center in Los Angeles

Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）arrived in the United States（U.S.）in 1854.Initially,most TCM providers were herbalists,w ith very few being acupuncturists.Based on my research,the earliest acupuncturist to practice inthe U.S. was Dr. Fu Xing Fang , who immigrated to the U.S. in the early 1930s and practiced acupuncture in the Los Angeles （LA） area. He was among the first of a few students of the well-known Dr.

Educating the children of migrants in China and the United States:a common challenge?

The education of the children of migrants is a policy issue of great importance in both China and the United States.While first generation migrants have generally completed their education in the place of origin,and some may return,their children will generally remain in the receiving place.Both pragmatic and moral considerations therefore require that schools equip them to participate fully in society as workers and citizens.This paper considers what we know about the education of children of low-skilled international labor migrants in the United States and the children of rural-urban migrants in China.It finds that although one migration flow is international and the other internal,the similar background characteristics of migrants create common challenges in both contexts;and the structure of both education systems serves to exacerbate underlying socio-economic inequalities.Residential segregation,unequal funding and formal and informal tracking processes concentrate migrant children in poor quality schools,resulting in low average levels of attainment and high drop-out rates.There are some obvious steps that could be taken in China to expand opportunities for migrant children,especially with regard to the transition to post-compulsory education,which is still constrained by their parents’household registration status(hukou).However,the experience of the United States shows that expanding access,while necessary,is not sufficient to level the playing field.To do this,targeted investments must be made to meet the specific educational needs of migrant children.

发达国家职业教育与产业发展的契合经验及对我国的启示——以德国、美国为例

职业教育发端于产业发展的需要,产业发展反过来又催生了职业教育的发展,要求职业教育与产业发展具有一致性、契合性。国家一系列政策都提出要推动职业教育融入产业发展的需要,发达国家职业教育与产业发展的契合性为我国提供了可资借鉴的经验,启示我国应通过全面加强政府引导、建构产教全面融合机制、提高职业教育学历层次、充分发挥企业特定作用、完善培养质量考核制度等措施,以有效增强我国职业教育与产业发展的契合性。

未定的角色与尴尬的部门--美国联邦教育部成立45周年的回顾与讨论

1979年10月,美国联邦教育部正式成立,开启了联邦干预教育的新时代。然而,自提出成立联邦教育部的立法提案开始,呼吁裁撤该部门的声音便从未停止。尽管联邦政府教育权的扩张已经在相当范围内达成了共识,社会对联邦教育部的接受度不断上升,但由于美国独特的政治体制和教育分权传统,人们对联邦政府干预教育的合法性和合理性充满了质疑。自联邦教育部成立以来,其角色和地位不断变化,这些质疑和变化是深入理解美国教育的一个重要窗口。