Reservoir characteristics and formation model of Upper Carboniferous bauxite series in eastern Ordos Basin,NW China

Through core observation,thin section identification,X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscopy,and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and isothermal adsorption experiments,the lithology and pore characteristics of the Upper Carboniferous bauxite series in eastern Ordos Basin were analyzed to reveal the formation and evolution process of the bauxite reservoirs.A petrological nomenclature and classification scheme for bauxitic rocks based on three units(aluminum hydroxides,iron minerals and clay minerals)is proposed.It is found that bauxitic mudstone is in the form of dense massive and clastic structures,while the(clayey)bauxite is of dense massive,pisolite,oolite,porous soil and clastic structures.Both bauxitic mudstone and bauxite reservoirs develop dissolution pores,intercrystalline pores,and microfractures as the dominant gas storage space,with the porosity less than 10% and mesopores in dominance.The bauxite series in the North China Craton can be divided into five sections,i.e.,ferrilite(Shanxi-style iron ore,section A),bauxitic mudstone(section B),bauxite(section C),bauxite mudstone(debris-containing,section D)and dark mudstone-coal section(section E).The burrow/funnel filling,lenticular,layered/massive bauxite deposits occur separately in the karst platforms,gentle slopes and low-lying areas.The karst platforms and gentle slopes are conducive to surface water leaching,with strong karstification,well-developed pores,large reservoir thickness and good physical properties,but poor strata continuity.The low-lying areas have poor physical properties but relatively continuous and stable reservoirs.The gas enrichment in bauxites is jointly controlled by source rock,reservoir rock and fractures.This recognition provides geological basis for the exploration and development of natural gas in the Upper Carboniferous in the study area and similar bauxite systems.

The Upper Jurassic sediments,Marib-Shabwa Basin,Yemen:Lithofacies aspects and sequence stratigraphic analysis

The present study is devoted to understanding the evolution of the Upper Jurassic Sab'atayn Formation in the Marib-Shabwa Basin,Yemen,through a sequence stratigraphic analysis based on integrating datasets of sedimentology,seismic sections,and well logs.The Sab'atayn Formation(Tithonian age)is represented by a series of clastic and evaporites that were deposited under fluvio-deltaic to prodeltaic settings.It is divided into four members including Yah(at the base),upwards to Seen,Alif,and Safir at the top.Two third-order depositional sequences were determined for the Tithonian succession which were separated by three sequence boundaries.These sequences were classified into their systems tracts signifying several sedimentation patterns of progradational,aggradational,and retrogradational parasequence sets.The first depositional sequence corresponds to the early-middle Tithonian Yah and Seen units that can be classified into lowstand,transgressive,and highstand systems tracts.The second sequence comprises the late Tithonian Alif unit that can be subdivided into transgressive and highstand systems tracts.The sandy deposits of the Alif Member(highstand deposits)represent the most productive hydrocarbon reservoir in the basin.The Upper Jurassic sediments in the study area were resulted from a combination of eustatic and tectonic effects.

Enrichment model and major controlling factors of below-source tight oil in Lower Cretaceous Fuyu reservoirs in northern Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on the geochemical,seismic,logging and drilling data,the Fuyu reservoirs of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin are systematically studied in terms of the geological characteristics,the tight oil enrichment model and its major controlling factors.First,the Quantou Formation is overlaid by high-quality source rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,with the development of nose structure around sag and the broad and continuous distribution of sand bodies.The reservoirs are tight on the whole.Second,the configuration of multiple elements,such as high-quality source rocks,reservoir rocks,fault,overpressure and structure,controls the tight oil enrichment in the Fuyu reservoirs.The source-reservoir combination controls the tight oil distribution pattern.The pressure difference between source and reservoir drives the charging of tight oil.The fault-sandbody transport system determines the migration and accumulation of oil and gas.The positive structure is the favorable place for tight oil enrichment,and the fault-horst zone is the key part of syncline area for tight oil exploration.Third,based on the source-reservoir relationship,transport mode,accumulation dynamics and other elements,three tight oil enrichment models are recognized in the Fuyu reservoirs:(1)vertical or lateral migration of hydrocarbon from source rocks to adjacent reservoir rocks,that is,driven by overpressure,hydrocarbon generated is migrated vertically or laterally to and accumulates in the adjacent reservoir rocks;(2)transport of hydrocarbon through faults between separated source and reservoirs,that is,driven by overpressure,hydrocarbon migrates downward through faults to the sandbodies that are separated from the source rocks;and(3)migration of hydrocarbon through faults and sandbodies between separated source and reservoirs,that is,driven by overpressure,hydrocarbon migrates downwards through faults to the reservoir rocks that are separated from the source rocks,and then migrates laterally through sandbodies.Fourth,the differences in oil source conditions,charging drive,fault distribution,sandbody and reservoir physical properties cause the differential enrichment of tight oil in the Fuyu reservoirs.Comprehensive analysis suggests that the Fuyu reservoir in the Qijia-Gulong Sag has good conditions for tight oil enrichment and has been less explored,and it is an important new zone for tight oil exploration in the future.

Simulation of Ground Motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam Based on the Scenario Earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin

Research at home and abroad shows that the simulation of ground motion using the 3D finite-difference method might be accurate and feasible. Based on related theories and methods,and using the wave velocity and density model of the crust in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin,this paper makes a simulation of ground motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam based on the scenario earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin. Comparative analysis shows that the results of 3D finite-difference simulation accord with those of the empirical formula. The parameters such as the velocity-time series of ground motion,PGV and frequency might be referred to for the analysis of seismic protection design of the dam's structure.

Biostratigraphy and reservoir characteristics of the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas,China

Through graptolite identification in profiles,graptolite zone division,contour map compilation,and analysis of mineral composition,TOC content,lamina distribution features of shale samples,the biostratigraphic and reservoir characteristics of Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral are sorted out.There are 4 graptolite zones(WF1 to WF4)in Wufeng Formation and 9(LM1 to LM9)in Longmaxi Formation,and the different graptolite zones can be calibrated by lithology and electrical property.The shale layers of these graptolite zones have two depocenters in the southwest and northeast,and differ in mineral composition,TOC,and lamina types.Among them,the graptolite zones of lower WF2 and WF4 are organic matter-poor massive hybrid shale,the upper part of WF1-WF2 and WF3 have horizontal bedding hybrid shale with organic matter,the LM1-LM4 mainly consist of organic-rich siliceous shale with horizontal bedding,and the LM5-LM9 graptolite zones consist of organic-lean hybrid shale with horizontal bedding.The mineral composition,TOC and lamina types of shale depend on the paleo-climate,paleo-water oxidation-reduction conditions,and paleo-sedimentation rate during its deposition.Deposited in oxygen-rich warm water,the lower parts of WF1 and WF2 graptolite zones have massive bedding,low TOC and silicon content.Deposited in cooler and oxygen-rich water,the WF4 has massive bedding,high calcium content and low TOC.Deposited in anoxic water with low rate,the upper part of WF2,WF3,and LM1-LM4 are composed of organic rich siliceous shale with horizontal bedding and high proportion of silt laminae.Deposited in oxygen rich water at a high rate,the graptolite zones LM5-LM9 have low contents of organic matter and siliceous content and high proportions of silt lamina.

Microscopic pore-fracture configuration and gas-filled mechanism of shale reservoirs in the western Chongqing area,Sichuan Basin,China

Taking the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation to Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale reservoirs in western Chongqing area as the study target,the argon ion polishing scanning electron microscope and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments of different saturated wetting media were carried out.Based on the image processing technology and the results of gas desorption,the pore-fracture configuration of the shale reservoirs and its influence on gas-filled mechanism were analyzed.(1)The reservoir space includes organic pores,inorganic pores and micro-fractures and there are obvious differences between wells in the development characteristics of micro-fractures;the organic pores adjacent to the micro-fractures are poorly developed,while the inorganic pores are well preserved.(2)According to the type,development degree and contact relationship of organic pore and micro-fracture,the pore-fracture configuration of the shale reservoir is divided into four types.(3)Based on the differences in NMR T_(2) spectra of shale samples saturated with oil and water,an evaluation parameter of pore-fracture configuration was constructed and calculated.The smaller the parameter,the better the pore-fracture configuration is.(4)The shale reservoir with good pore-fracture configuration has well-developed organic pores,high porosity,high permeability and high gas content,while the shale reservoir with poor pore-fracture configuration has micro-fractures developed,which improves the natural gas conductivity and leads to low porosity and gas content of the reservoir.(5)Based on pore-fracture configuration,from the perspective of organic matter generating hydrocarbon,micro-fracture providing migration channel,three types of micro gas-filled models of shale gas were established.

Geologic Features of Wangjiatun Deep Gas Reservoirs of Volcanic Rock in Songliao Basin

Wangjiatun gas pool is located at the north part of Xujiaweizi in Songliao basin. Commercial gas flow has been found in the intermediate and acid volcanic rock of upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous, which makes a breakthrough in deep nature gas prospecting in Songliao basin. The deep natural gas entrapment regularity is discussed in the paper by the study of deep strata, structure and reservoir. Andesite, rhyolite and little pyroclastic rock are the main reservoirs. There are two types of volcanic reservoir space assemblage in this area: the pore and fissure and the pure fissure. Changes had taken place for volcanic reservoir space during long geologic time, which was controlled by tectonic movement and geologic environment. The developed degree of reservoir space was controlled by tectonic movement, weathering and filtering, corrosion and Filling. There are three types of source-reservoir-caprock assemblage in this area: lower source- upper reservoir model, upper source-lower reservoir model and lateral change model. Mudstone in Dengluoku formation and the compacted volcanic rock of upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous are the caprock for deep gas reservoirs. Dark mudstone of deep lacustrine facies in Shahezi formation and lower part of Dengluoku formation are the source rock of deep gas. It can be concluded that deep gas pools are mainly volcanic lithologic reservoirs.

Distribution and gas-bearing properties of Permian igneous rocks in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the analysis of outcrop, seismic, logging and drilling data, combined with exploration practice, the characteristics,distribution, reservoir performance and gas-bearing properties of Permian igneous rocks in Sichuan Basin are studied. The study shows that central volcanic eruptive facies are developed in Sichuan Basin, and their lithological assemblages and distribution characteristics show obvious differences. The igneous rocks are mainly distributed in three regions: the southwestern part of the basin has dominantly largescale overflow facies basalts; the central and western part of the basin, Jianyang-Santai area, develop intrusive rocks, volcanic lavas(basalts)and pyroclastic rocks; and the eastern part of Sichuan, Dazhou-Liangping area, only develop diabase and basalts. Five aspects of understandings are achieved:(1) The Upper Permian igneous rocks can be divided into intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks, with the extrusive rocks as the main body. The chemical compositions of the extrusive rocks are characterized by both alkaline basalt and tholeiitic basalt, and belong to the subalkaline type of transitional basalt magma eruption.(2) There are obvious rhythmic structures vertically among overflow facies basalt, and the single rhythmic layer consists of, from bottom up, pyroclastic rocks(undeveloped), gray and dark gray porphyritic basalts(unstable), dark gray and purple microcrystalline-cryptocrystalline basalts, dark greyish green porous and amygdaloid basalts; the central volcanic eruption shows the rhythm and the vertical sequence of volcanic clastic rocks(agglomerates and breccias), volcanic lava, tuffaceous lava from bottom to top.(3) The pore types of basalt and pyroclastic rocks are diverse, mainly dissolution pore and de-vitrification micropore, but their physical properties are different. Basalt is characterized by ultra-low pore permeability, small reservoir thickness, and reservoirs are distributed in the upper and middle parts of the cycle, with poor lateral comparability. Volcanic clastic rocks are medium to high porous reservoirs(Well YT1: porosity: 8.66%?16.48%, average 13.76%) with large thickness and good reservoir quality.(4) Natural gas in basalts in southwestern basin mainly comes from Middle Permian, and natural gas in volcanic clastic rocks in central and western basin comes from Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.(5) Analysis of igneous reservoir-forming conditions in different areas shows that there are relatively insufficient gas sources and great differences in preservation conditions in southwestern basin.Reservoirs are poorly developed and gas-bearing is complex. The Jianyang-Santai area in the central and western part of Sichuan Basin has abundant hydrocarbon sources, developed reservoir, favorable preservation conditions and favorable gas geological conditions, and it is a favorable area for gas exploration.

Reservoir Quality and Controlling Mechanism of the Upper Paleogene Fine-Grained Sandstones in Lacustrine Basin in the Hinterlands of Northern Qaidam Basin,NW China

The Upper Paleogene lacustrine fine-grained sandstones in the hinterlands of the northern Qaidam Basin mainly contain two sweet spot intervals.Fracture/fault,microfacies,petrology,pore features,diagenesis,etc.,were innovatively combined to confirm the controlling factors on the reservoir quality of shallow delta-lacustrine fine-grained sandstones.The diagenesis of the original lake/surface/meteoric freshwater and acidic fluids related to the faults and unconformity occurred in an open geochemical system.Comprehensive analysis shows that the Upper Paleogene fine-grained sandstones were primarily formed in the early diagenetic B substage to the middle diagenetic A substage.Reservoir quality was controlled by fault systems,microfacies,burial-thermal history,diagenesis,hydrocarbon charging events(HCE),and abnormally high pressure.Shallow and deep double fault systems are the pathways for fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration.Sandstones developed in the high energy settings such as overwater(ODC)and underwater distributary channels(UDC)provide the material foundation for reservoirs.Moderate burial depth(3000-4000 m),moderate geothermal field(2.7-3.2℃/100 m),and late HCE(later than E3)represent the important factors to protect and improve pore volume.Meteoric freshwater with high concentrations of CO_(2)and organic acids from thermal decarboxylation are the main fluids leading to the dissolution and reformation of feldspar,rock fragments,calcite and anhydrite cements.Abnormally high pressure caused by the undercompaction in a large set of argillaceous rocks is the key to form high-quality reservoirs.Abnormal pressure zones reduced and inhibited the damage of compaction and quartz overgrowth to reservoir pores,allowing them to be better preserved.A reservoir quality evaluation model with bidirectional migration pathways,rich in clay minerals,poor in cements,superimposed dissolution and abnormally high pressure was proposed for the ODC/UDC finegrained sandstones.This model will facilitate the future development of fine-grained sandstone reservoirs both in the Upper Paleogene of the Qaidam Basin and elsewhere.

Impact of microfacies and diagenesis on the reservoir quality of Upper Devonian carbonates in Southeast Tatarstan,Volga-Ural Basin,Russia

The results of integrated sedimentology,petrography,and petrophysical study of the Upper Devonian(Middle Famennian)Dankovo-Lebedyansky carbonates from Southeast Tatarstan of the Volga-Ural Basin revealed a variety of microfacies and diagenetic events that impacted the reservoir quality.Although our earlier study documented microfacies analysis and depositional environments,none of the studies focused on diagenesis,microfacies interaction,and their controls on the studied sediment's reservoir quality.Based on petrographic and microfacies analyses,the seven identified microfacies types are peloidal grainstone MF 1,cemented bioclastic peloidal grainstone MF 2,echinoderm-concentrated packstone MF 3,algae packstone MF 4,bioclastic wackestone MF 5,whole-fossil wackestone MF 6,and dolomite MF 7.For the investigated sediments,a gently deepening carbonate ramp depositional model with an inner,middle,and outer ramp setting is proposed.The observed diagenetic events in this study include micritization,calcite cementation(six cement types),dolomitization(six dolomite types),dissolution(fabric and non-fabric-selective dissolution),compaction,and microfracturing.The identified microfacies were classified into three distinct classes based on their petrophysical characteristics.MF 1 and MF 7 are microfacies types with the best reservoir quality.MF 3 and MF 4 are microfacies types of moderate reservoir quality.MF 2,MF 5,and MF 6 are microfacies types with poor or non-reservoir quality.Calcite cementation,micritization,and compaction are the primary diagenetic modifications responsible for porosity reduction.Moldic pores created by dissolution are a significant porosityimproving process.Porosity is locally enhanced by stylolite and microfractures.Dolomitization improved reservoir quality by creating intercrystalline and vuggy porosity.Understanding the impact of microfacies and diagenesis on reservoir quality is crucial for understanding reservoir properties in nearby fields with similar settings.

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上石炭统铝土岩系储集层特征及形成模式

基于岩心观察、岩石薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、低温气体吸附和等温吸附等实验,分析鄂尔多斯盆地东部上石炭统铝土岩系岩性和孔隙特征,以揭示铝土岩系储集层形成演化过程。研究表明:(1)提出以铝的氢氧化物、铁矿物和黏土矿物三单元的铝土岩系岩石学命名分类方案;(2)铝质泥岩产状主要为致密块状和碎屑状,(泥质)铝土岩多呈致密块状、豆状、鲕状、多孔土状和碎屑状,溶蚀孔、晶间孔和微裂缝是主要储气空间,孔隙度一般小于10%,以介孔为主;(3)华北地区铝土岩系纵向上总体上可分为5段,即铁岩(山西式铁矿,A段)、铝质泥岩(B段)、铝土岩(C段)、铝质泥岩(含碎屑)(D段)和暗色泥岩-煤岩段(E段);(4)在岩溶平台、缓坡和洼地分别发育潜穴/漏斗状、透镜状、层状/块状铝土岩沉积,岩溶平台及缓坡处有利于地表水淋滤,岩溶改造作用强,孔隙发育,储集层厚度大且物性好,但连贯性差,低洼处物性较差但储集层相对连续稳定。铝土岩天然气富集受源岩-储集层-裂缝综合控制,相关认识可为该层段和类似铝土岩系天然气勘探开发提供地质依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地石盒子组-山西组致密储层形成主控因素与发育模式:以彬长地区为例

明确致密储层“甜点”的分布是致密储层油气勘探的重点。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、X射线衍射、包裹体均一温度测定、常规物性分析等手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部彬长地区上古生界致密砂岩沉积特征、储层特征、成岩作用进行了详细研究,明确了储层形成的主要控制因素并建立了优质储层的发育模式。结果表明:沉积相是储层形成的基础,辫状河三角洲平原分流河道心滩微相岩石粒度粗,孔隙结构为小孔-中细喉型,储层物性相对较好;曲流河三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝微相岩石粒度细,孔喉结构为微孔-微喉型,储层物性相对较差。成岩作用对优质储层的发育与分布具有重要控制作用。间歇性火山凝灰质在酸性地层蚀变为高岭石,而在碱性地层蚀变为绿泥石套膜,抑制了石英次生加大和方解石胶结,保护了储集空间。石英次生加大主要为泥岩转化形成的SiO_(2)渗滤到砂岩中形成的,中晚期方解石充填长石、岩屑溶孔为方解石顶底板胶结的主要原因。晚期构造改造形成的微裂缝无方解石胶结,改善了储层物性,对气藏起调整作用。彬长地区在3 750 m和3 900 m埋深段附近为2个溶蚀孔发育带。最优储层为溶蚀孔发育带内火山凝灰质转化形成的富含绿泥石套膜的中-粗砂岩;次优储层主要分布在溶蚀孔发育带内单砂体厚度较大、有旋回且无泥岩隔档的砂体的中下部,主要为缺少绿泥石套膜的中-粗砂岩,方解石胶结与石英次生加大作用最低。研究成果进一步深化了鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区上古生界致密砂岩优质储层发育的成因,对该地区天然气勘探开发具有重要指导意义。

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组流体相态及油气藏类型

准噶尔盆地腹部地区沙湾凹陷超深层蕴含丰富的油气资源。根据烃源岩热演化模拟实验分析了沙湾凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组烃源岩生烃产物类型,结合地层流体高温高压物性实验数据,运用相图判别法和经验参数法对沙湾凹陷征10井地层流体相态进行深入研究。研究结果表明:①沙湾凹陷征10井上乌尔禾组油气主要来自于下乌尔禾组泥质烃源岩,其有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.05%~1.46%,岩石热解峰温(T_(max))为433~446℃,处于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,目前处于生轻质油阶段。②上乌尔禾组地层流体成分表现为凝析气藏的流体组成,地层温度为166.0℃,介于临界温度和临界凝析温度之间,地层压力为155MPa,远高于露点压力,地-露压差大,表明地层条件下流体呈凝析气相特征,但地下油气相态与地表采出流体相态具有一定差异。相图判别法和经验参数法烃类流体相态分析结果均显示,征10井上乌尔禾组气藏为含大油环的凝析气藏。③沙湾凹陷上乌尔禾组具有优越的成藏条件,紧邻下乌尔禾组烃源岩,油气近源垂向输导,向局部隆起区运聚,巨厚的三叠系及上乌尔禾组中上部区域盖层起到重要的封盖作用,最终在局部隆起区形成岩性-构造凝析气藏。

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组常规—致密油藏主控因素及成藏模式

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组油气资源丰富,是效益勘探及建产的重要领域。应用测录井、生产测试及岩心分析化验资料,研究中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组储层特征,明确储层差异性的主控因素,建立中拐凸起东斜坡常规—致密油藏序次分布的成藏模式。结果表明:自北部向南部,研究区逐步由常规油藏转化为致密油藏,沉积作用是造成储层差异性的物质基础,控制储层岩性及原始物性,压实作用和浊沸石胶结作用加剧储层常规—致密差异演化;研究区成岩相带划分为泥质充填带、贫泥—弱胶结带、浊沸石胶结带和强压实—弱溶蚀带4种相带,其中贫泥—弱胶结带为有利储层发育带。该结果为研究区致密油藏勘探提供指导。

准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷石炭系火山岩凝析气藏的发现与勘探启示

准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩油气藏是油气勘探的重点领域之一。根据录测井资料、地球化学分析数据及岩石薄片鉴定资料,结合地球物理方法,厘清了准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷石炭系火山岩油气成藏的主控因素,总结出深层火山岩气藏富集规律,明确了有利勘探方向。研究结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷风城组烃源岩厚度为100~300 m,面积约为5 400 km2,整体进入生凝析油—干气阶段,生气强度大于20×108m3/km2,为凹陷提供了丰富的天然气源。(2)研究区石炭系火山岩岩性复杂,爆发作用形成的安山质火山角砾岩受到风化淋滤作用,可形成物性较好的风化壳型储层。石炭系—二叠系大型不整合面和广泛发育的深大断裂是重要的输导体系,二叠系上乌尔禾组泥岩作为区域盖层,为凝析气成藏提供了保存条件,油藏主要分布在高部位,气藏分布于低部位。(3)通过“两宽一高”(宽方位、宽频带、高密度)技术,提高地震成像精度,联合时-频电磁技术(TFEM),实现了石炭系火山岩的精细刻画,为深层油气藏的勘探提供了有力支撑。石西16井的重大突破,证实了盆1井西凹陷石炭系火山岩具有巨大的勘探潜力。

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩储层特征及发育模式

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩具有较大的油气勘探潜力,目前存在的砂砾岩储层特征以及成储机制不清晰等问题,严重制约了对该类储层的勘探。利用显微薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等对准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷上乌尔禾组砂砾岩储层特征、主控因素以及成储模式进行了系统研究。结果表明:上乌尔禾组砂砾岩具有“双填隙物”特征,砾石间主要被较粗的砂质组分填隙,胶结作用主要发生于砂质组分之间;砂砾岩孔隙度低,砾石中基本不发育孔隙,砂质填隙物中孔隙较发育,储集空间主要为晶间孔和次生溶孔;与储层形成有关的成岩演化现象主要发生在砾石之间的粗填隙物砂质组分中,主要为铝硅酸盐矿物的溶蚀作用,形成较多的溶蚀孔隙;河口坝、水下分流河道等高能沉积微相中储层更发育,储集空间主要与长石溶蚀有关,裂缝、不整合面是酸性流体运移的主要通道;早成岩期酸性流体主要为沿不整合面下渗的大气水,尤其是靠近北三台凸起的区域大气淡水溶蚀更为显著,中成岩期主要为有机酸溶蚀;砂砾岩中发育大气酸溶蚀型、有机酸溶蚀型和双源酸叠加溶蚀型等3类储层,不同类型储层分布决定了阜康凹陷上乌尔禾组砂砾岩油气藏的勘探方向,斜坡区、凹陷区的砂砾岩+断裂发育叠合区是阜康凹陷上乌尔禾组砂砾岩油气勘探的重点方向。

柴达木盆地干柴沟地区古近系下干柴沟组上段页岩层系优势岩相及其控储因素

柴达木盆地干柴沟地区页岩油勘探近年获得重要突破,研究高原咸化湖盆岩相与储层特征对甜点识别具有重要意义。通过岩心和薄片观察、全岩矿物组成和原位微量元素分布测试、大面积视域扫描拼接成像、高压压汞与氮气吸附实验以及一维核磁共振分析,判识了岩相类型,系统研究了页岩储集性和含油性差异,提出了优势岩相和控储主因。研究结果表明:研究区储层有块状灰云岩(碳酸盐矿物含量>70%)、层状灰云岩(碳酸盐矿物含量50%~70%)、纹层状混积岩(碳酸盐矿物含量10%~50%)和断续状水平层理混积岩(碳酸盐矿物含量10%~50%)4种岩相。块状灰云岩和层状灰云岩孔隙以晶间孔为主,储集空间大且连通性好,孔隙中含油指数高,为优势岩相;纹层状混积岩基质孔隙发育较差,纹层密集发育的混积岩渗透性较好;断续状水平层理混积岩孔、缝不发育,储集性较差。优势岩相成储过程受3方面因素控制:①碳酸盐矿物组构决定宏孔发育程度;②陆源长英质细粒沉积物和黏土矿物含量控制比表面吸附性;③纹层发育程度最终改善储层渗透性能。

柴达木盆地西部干柴沟区块下干柴沟组上段页岩油储层特征及勘探潜力

柴达木盆地西部干柴沟区块C902井在古近系下干柴沟组上段Ⅳ~Ⅵ油层组获得高产油气流,实现了柴达木盆地古近系页岩油的重大勘探突破。然而,古近系页岩油的评价标准和资源潜力不清等问题制约了干柴沟区块高效开发。基于C902井及其他探井的勘探成果,利用岩性、物性、孔隙结构、生烃潜力等资料,综合评价了干柴沟区块古近系下干柴沟组上段Ⅳ~Ⅵ油层组页岩油的勘探潜力。结果表明,该套页岩层系混积特征明显,岩相类型包括纹层状和层状灰云岩、纹层状和层状云灰岩、纹层状黏土质页岩和层状泥岩,具有较高脆性指数,可压性强;晶间孔和纹层缝是重要的储集空间,占比达85%,属于低孔-特低渗储层;w(TOC)均值高于0.9%,氯仿沥青“A”和S_(1)+S_(2)共同指示生烃潜力大,且有机质类型以Ⅰ~Ⅱ_(1)型为主。因此,下干柴沟组上段Ⅳ~Ⅵ油层组具有烃源岩品质好、源储一体、可压性强、发育广泛等特征,生储盖组合在空间上广泛发育且密封性好,有利于压裂改造后提高油气采收率,对干柴沟区块页岩油的高效开发具有重要理论指导意义。

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩特征及热演化史模拟

基于钻井、录井、测井及烃源岩分析测试等资料,对准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩的生烃潜力和热演化史进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩主要为深灰色、灰黑色泥岩,颜色深且厚度普遍较大,自东北部斜坡区向凹陷中部厚度逐渐增大,并向西部莫索湾凸起逐渐减小,最大泥岩厚度可达536 m。(2)研究区平地泉组烃源岩有机质丰度综合评价为中等—极好,纵向上以平一段有机质丰度最高,平面上以凹陷东北部滴南7井区和滴南19井区最高;平地泉组有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(2)—Ⅲ型,少部分为Ⅱ_(1)型,纵向上以平二段有机质类型最好,平面上凹陷区烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(1)—Ⅱ_(2)型。(3)热演化史模拟结果显示,凹陷区和斜坡区烃源岩分别在晚三叠世和晚侏罗世达到生烃高峰,现今分别处于高成熟阶段和成熟阶段。(4)研究区发育“下生上储”和“自生自储”2类油气藏,其中平地泉组烃源岩与上乌尔禾组储集层形成“下生上储”油气藏,平二段和平一段的优质烃源岩与湖盆边缘的小型扇三角洲沉积在平地泉组内部形成“自生自储”油气藏,二者油气勘探潜力均较大。

孔隙型致密砂岩气藏产能控制因素

为了探究天然裂缝欠发育致密砂岩气藏的产能主控因素,以四川盆地北部元坝地区上三叠统须家河组二段和川中东峰场地区须家河组五段气藏为研究对象,分析了二者的地质特征、钻井工艺和储层改造技术,明确了孔隙型致密砂岩气藏天然气产能主控因素。研究结果表明:①古、今构造高部位是油气运聚成藏的指向区,天然气富集程度较高,气井高产概率较大,而构造低部位气井生产效果较差;②储层物性越好,成藏过程中天然气富集程度越高,且生产过程中天然气流动能力较强,故优质储层发育段越厚,气井产量越高;③裂缝欠发育致密砂岩气藏需通过储层改造才能获产,加大改造规模对优质储层发育的钻井增产效果明显;④由于致密砂岩储层局部发育,水平井能够钻遇更多的优质储层,故较直井而言,提产效果明显;⑤由于钻井液中的重晶石会对物性差—中等的储层造成污染,进而影响产量,故致密砂岩气藏钻井过程中需加强储层保护。结论认为:①孔隙型致密砂岩气藏产能主要受古、今构造位置,优质储层发育程度,储层改造规模和井型等因素控制;②优质烃源岩发育区、正向构造区和相对优质储层发育区的叠合部位可优先考虑部署井位。