Research on the Influence of Digital Economy on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China

In recent years,with the rapid advancement of information technology and the widespread proliferation of the Internet,digital technology has been reshaping the value chains of traditional industries and giving rise to entirely new business models and industrial forms.Technologies such as the Internet,big data,and artificial intelligence are being applied across various sectors,while new formats like e-commerce,the sharing economy,and online education are flourishing.These developments have driven new consumption patterns and employment methods.The rapid rise of the digital economy not only boosts production efficiency and economic growth but also influences the income distribution between urban and rural areas to some extent.This paper begins by examining the current state and characteristics of the digital economy and then analyzes its impact on the urban-rural income gap.Additionally,it offers countermeasures and recommendations for narrowing this gap,providing theoretical support for promoting common prosperity.

Preliminary Study on Effects of the Model of Community-supported Agriculture(CSA) on Urban-rural Income Gap in China

The urban-rural income gap is widening,which has become a bottleneck restricting China＇s economic and social development.It is the current outstanding problems in the harmonious development of the society.Community Supported Agriculture（CSA） is one of the most important forms of sustainable agriculture and it has received the attention in recent years.This paper first introduces the rise and development of CSA in China,and discuss the impact of CSA on urban-rural income gap in China preliminarily in order to provide ideas for improving the farmers＇ income and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Comparative Research on Prediction Model of China's Urban-rural Residents' Income Gap

By using the data concerning China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 1978 to 2010,this paper mainly researches the application of several kinds of models in predicting China's urban-rural residents' income gap.By conducting empirical analysis,we establish ARIMA prediction model,grey prediction model and quadratic-polynomial prediction model and conduct accuracy comparison.The results show that quadratic-polynomial prediction model has excellent fitting effect.By using quadratic-polynomial prediction model,this paper conducts prediction on trend of China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 2011 to 2013,and the prediction value of income gap of urban-rural residents in China from 2011 to 2013 is 14 173.20,15 212.92 and 16 289.67 yuan respectively.Finally,on the basis of analysis,corresponding countermeasures are put forward,in order to provide scientific basis for energy planning and policy formulation:first,strengthen government's function of public service,coordinate resources,and strive to provide an equal opportunity of development for social members,so as to promote people's welfare and promote social equality;second,breach industrial monopoly and bridge income gap between employees in monopoly industry and general industry;last but not the least,support,encourage and call for government to establish social relief fund,adjust residents' income distribution from the non-governmental perspective,and endeavor to promote the income level of low-income class.

Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

The Impact of the Upgrading of Industrial Structure in the Yangtze River Delta on the Urban-Rural Income Gap

Firstly,this paper conducts theoretical analysis and current situation analysis,and then proposes research hypotheses.Secondly,using spatial Dubin model and partial differential method,it empirically studies the impact of industrial structure advancement and rationalization on the urban-rural income gap.The results show that:(1)Both industrial structure and urban-rural income gap have significant spatial dependence;(2)The increase in the industrial structure rationalization will narrow the urban-rural income gap in local region,while its spillover effect on neighboring areas is not obvious.(3)The impact of the industrial structure advancement on the urban-rural income gap is not linear.It is first expanded and then narrowed.The industrial structure advancement in the Yangtze River Delta will generally narrow the urban-rural income gap at this stage.Finally,this paper put forward relevant suggestions.

Research on the Impact of Rural Labour Forces Transfer on the Urban-rural Income Based on Economics of Discrimination

On the basis of the analytical frame of discrimination, the thesis establishes a model of transfer of rural labour forces into city, and researches the impact of rural labour forces transfer on urban-rural income. The results show that the transfer of rural labour forces into city can increase urban-rural income and bridge the income gap between city and village to a certain extent. However, the capital stock of city in China is greatly more than that of the village, so the rural labour forces transfer cannot eliminate the urban-rural income gap completely. In order to elevate the rural income level in China and narrow urban-rural income gap, the government should paint a picture with two brushes at the same time: on one hand, the government should promote the transfer of rural labour forces into city, and change the status quo of dual urban-rural labour forces market structure; on the other hand, the government should increase the input in rural areas and promote the increase of rural capital stock so as to further increase rural residents' income in the process of labour forces transfer.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

An empirical research of urbanization and urban-rural gap in China:1952-2005

There are two important problems of urban-rural relationship in China nowadays： the accelerated urbanization process and an enlarged urban-rural gap. The researchers can be divided into two schools according to their emphasis. One emphasizes particularly the urban development, and the other pays attention to the urban-rural income gap. However, there is a very strong association between urbanization rate and urban-rural inequality. As far as it goes, there is a paradox between urbanization and urban-rural inequality in China. This main reason lies＇ in the different temporal and spatial scales chosen by the scholars. Making use of correlative analysis and wavelet method, this paper rethinks and sums up the commonly evolving characteristics and trends between urbanization and urban-rural gap from 1950s to now. There is an intensively positive correlation between urbanization and urban- rural consumption gap. In general, with the acceleration of urbanization, urban-rural gap of China has undergone three stages of cyclical fluctuations. The rapid urbanization results in the increase of urban-rural highly risky. In addition, the special stage of urbanization is the other reason that expands urban-rural gap.

Development Strategy, Urbanization and the Urban-Rural Income Gap in China

Analyzing the reasons for the lag in urbanization and the persistent widening of the urban- rural income gap in China from the viewpoint of government development strategy, we find that the government＇s strategy of encouraging the development of capital-intensive sectors has resulted in a relative fall in labor demand in urban areas and thus delayed the progress of urbanization, hampered the effective transfer of the rural population into urban areas and widened the urban-rural income gap. Using the technology choice index （TCI） to measure the degree to which government policy is biased towards capital-intensive sectors, this paper conducts empirical tests of a series of theoretical hypotheses on the basis of Chinese provincial panel data for 1978-2008. We further find that changes in China＇s urban-rural income gap conform to a U-curve pattern, i.e. in the course of economic development, the income gap first decreases then increases.

The Effects of Financial Structure on Urban-Rural Income Gap Viewed through Economic Growth and Urbanization

From the perspective of economic growth and urbanization,this paper proposes several hypotheses on how financial structure affects urban-rural income gap combining with the stylized facts of Chinese economy,and then uses a panel data of 29 provinces over 1996-2015 to conduct empirical analysis.Theoretical analysis shows that owing to the distinct availability of urban and rural residents for financial services,financial structure has a distinct impact on their income disparity.Meanwhile,through the function of credit allocation,financial structure plays important roles in the processes of economic growth and urbanization,and then has indirect effects.The results indicate that increasing the ratio of direct financing has a direct impact on shrinking the urban-rural income gap,and has an indirect impact through economic growth and urbanization.More importantly,the intermediary effect of urbanization is stronger than that of economic growth.Therefore,releasing the controls on financial markets helps shrink the urban-rural income gap in China.

The impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap--Based on fuzzy RD analysis of China’s midwestern counties data

In this paper,using 1054 counties data of 15 provinces in Midwestern China from 2000 to 2007,we analyze the impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap.By choosing Develop-the-west Strategy that is a quasi-natural experiment and using regression of discontinuity of location,the result shows that local government in western China pays more transfer payments than in the central region,however,the income gap between urban-rural residents in the western region increases by 20%.The widening effects are robust in different bandwidth situation such as distance or latitude and longitude.Meanwhile,the mechanism analyses find that urban residents benefit more than rural residents from transfer payments.Therefore,we believe that transfer payments should be more targeted to invest in rural areas,at the same time,the central government should rationalize the structure of transfer payments as soon as possible,and correct the urban bias and structure bias of local fiscal expenditure.

Does Chinese Environmental Policy Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from the Central Environmental Protection Inspection

This paper investigates the effect of environmental policy on income inequality.It focuses on the central environmental protection inspection led by the central government in China.Using a diference-in-diferences approach,it finds evidence that environmental regulation decreased the per capita income and enlarged the gap between urban and rural income while showing an insignificant effect on employment.Although the policy can reduce pollution levels and bring environmental benefits in aggregate,the findings of this study suggest that the regulations appear to have reduced the proportion of manufacturing industry and hindered general innovation and investment from entrepreneurs,which resulted in greater inequality.Rural residents suffered more from environmental regulation due to relatively high migration costs and their disadvantaged human resources on the aspects of health,education level,and skills.The local government's execution incentive can also play a key role in the effectiveness of environmental policy.Regions with lower GDP growth targets and younger government leaders were affected significantly with regard to the income growth of local residents and the urban-rural income gap.

涉农贷款与城乡收入差距——基于布吉尼翁指数的研究

布吉尼翁指数是测度城乡居民收入差距的一种指标。本文利用布吉尼翁指数,对我国31个省份2014—2020年城乡居民收入差距进行测度,并与涉农贷款情况进行比较分析,发现涉农贷款有助于增加农村居民收入,但涉农贷款占各项贷款的比例趋于下降,带来城乡收入差距扩大。在此基础上,利用31个省份2014—2020年数据对布吉尼翁指数和涉农贷款指标进行了面板数据向量自回归分析,并印证了上述观点,表明涉农资金有利于农村经济发展和农村居民收入水平提高,但农村金融约束、涉农资金不足的状况没有得到根本改变,国家在引导金融资源流入实体经济时,要采取切实措施促进农村金融发展,提高农村居民收入水平,缩小城乡居民收入差距。

外商直接投资对我国地区收入差距的影响分析

本文利用1987～2010年间的省际面板数据,在人力资本、产业结构、固定资产投资、对外贸易等控制变量的基础上,检验了外商直接投资（FDI）对地区间收入差距和城乡间收入差距的影响.实证结果显示：FDI对地区间收入差距一直表现为正的效应,且FDI与地区间收入差距不存在倒U形关系；然而,FDI与城乡间收入差距存在倒U形关系,即FDI的进入先是加剧了城乡间收入差距,但随着时间推移,FDI却对城乡间收入差距起弥合作用.

论社会主义初级阶段个人收入分配原则的创新

生产决定分配,分配反作用于生产。个人收入分配制度改革贯穿我国经济体制改革的全过程,是完善社会主义经济制度的重要内容。党的十六大突破性地提出了社会主义初级阶段个人收入分配原则,以这一原则为指导,深化分配制度改革,对正确认识和处理收入分配理论上、实践上的新问题、新矛盾十分重要。全面贯彻这一分配原则必须进一步明确收入分配中的几个关系。

再论收入分配的核心是理顺收入分配关系

合理的收入分配制度是社会公平的重要体现,而理顺收入分配关系是人民共享经济发展成果和深化改革的需要,事关广大群众的切身利益和积极性的发挥。我国收入分配关系尚未理顺:收入增长速度慢、收入差距明显扩大、三者利益关系尚未理顺、对公平关注不够。理顺收入分配关系必须坚持三者利益兼顾原则、按贡献分配原则、效率与公平兼顾原则。在具体操作中,既要发挥市场的作用,更要发挥政府在收入再分配中的有效功能。

基于收入分配公平视角的工资制度研究

按贡献参与分配的各项因素中,劳动是其他要素赖以发挥作用的基础,它在国民收入中的贡献居于首位。当前缩小我国收入分配差距的关键在于提高劳动收入报酬。基于对劳动所蕴含的同质要素的分解,从微观层面设计的要素工资制遵循了"投入什么要素,领取什么报酬"的原则,它既解决了职工劳动量的比较计量问题,也解决了按劳分配的公平合理度量问题。从宏观制度保障层面来看,需要从树立正确的分配观念、合理确定各种要素贡献度、提高劳动报酬的比重、加大最低工资制度执行力度、建立合理与有序的工资增长机制、推行工资集体协商制度等方面入手。

跨省迁移对地区差距的影响——基于灰色关联度的分析

基于新古典增长理论,跨省人口迁移是缩小地区差距的力量。但基于新经济地理学,跨省人口迁移又会通过规模经济效应扩大地区差距。本文使用全国人口普查数据,采用灰色关联度分析方法,同时研究了跨省人口迁移对迁出地和迁入地经济发展的影响。结果发现,跨省人口迁移与迁入地经济发展之间的平均关联度高于与迁出地经济发展的平均关联度。这一结果意味着跨省人口迁移在现阶段是扩大地区差距的力量,因此,中央政府在改革户籍制度促进农村劳动力自由流动的同时,应注重向欠发达地区提供偏向性的财政政策支持。

中国城乡金融发展与基尼系数的灰色关联分析

用6个指标反映中国城乡金融发展水平,并利用灰色关联分析模型,分析2003—2011年中国城乡金融发展对基尼系数的影响。研究结果显示:金融结构、金融中介效率、固定资产投入产出比和金融行业劳动力对基尼系数的影响最大。最后提出缩短城乡居民收入差距的金融对策。