Investigating the Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Detect Land Use and Land Cover Change: A Review

The accuracy of change detection on the earth’s surface is important for understanding the relationships and interactions between human and natural phenomena. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have the potential to provide accurate information regarding land use and land cover changes. In this paper, we investigate the major techniques that are utilized to detect land use and land cover changes. Eleven change detection techniques are reviewed. An analysis of the related literature shows that the most used techniques are post-classification comparison and principle component analysis. Post-classification comparison can minimize the impacts of atmospheric and sensor differences between two dates. Image differencing and image ratioing are easy to implement, but at times they do not provide accurate results. Hybrid change detection is a useful technique that makes full use of the benefits of many techniques, but it is complex and depends on the characteristics of the other techniques such as supervised and unsupervised classifications. Change vector analysis is complicated to implement, but it is useful for providing the direction and magnitude of change. Recently, artificial neural networks, chi-square, decision tree and image fusion have been frequently used in change detection. Research on integrating remote sensing data and GIS into change detection has also increased.

The Impact of the Techniques and Tactics Appropriate by the Athletes in Phase Triple Jump and Their Relationships with the Finale Results

The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the techniques used by elite world triple jumper and the Algerian elite team to determine the impact of distribution modality phases allowing the elite to exceeds 17-meter. Our subjects were two world elite 2009 and two Algerian national elite 2013. In the lack of new technology Modem measuring instruments kinematics or kinetics, our study based in measure of the Phase distribution ratio as measure of Stride length Jump distance. That literature review two schools, the Russian technique （which emphasizes the hop phase） and the Polish technique （which emphasizes the jump phase）. Our aims for this study are： Are there any statistically significant differences between the results of the samples in the distance achieved？ Are there any statistically significant differences between practical Ratio relative distances （world 2009-national 2013）？ Are there any statistically significant differences between Stride length phase distances （world 2009-national 2013）？ For that, we have chosen the analysis of variance and correlation of the distances achieved in each of the phases with the official distance of jumper and ＂T＂ student to compare implementation distribution of phases （hop, step and jump） with the results accuses. Based on the practices and weaknesses of elites in practice, we confirm： （1） All the samples practice the Russian technique as model in the distribution of the phase ratio; （2） The problem of our elites is in the hop phase distribution and its relationship with other phases; （3） Improve achieve horizontal vertical velocity in hop phase as solution.

The Potential of Activated Carbon in the Treatment of Water for Human Consumption, a Study of the State of the Art and Its Techniques Used for Its Development

This review article addresses the use of biological activated carbon in water treatment and its techniques for its development, with the premise of analyzing the potential of Activated Carbon (AC) in the treatment of water for human consumption. For this end, it aims to identify the techniques used for the production of AC, use and its benefits, production from vegetable waste for water treatment. Activated carbon has the ability to selectively collect gases, liquids and impurities inside its pores, which is the reason it is widely used in filtration systems and for that the treatment of water, the coal fulfills the function of adsorbent, retaining in its pores certain types of impurities: large particles that cause undesirable color, taste or odor in the water. In the treatment of effluents, coal is used for clarification, deodorization and purification of effluents.

Dynamics of Land Use and the Evolution of Agroforestry Practices in the Dja Biosphere Reserve (DBR) Southeast Cameroon

The study had as objective to investigate the land use/land cover change from 1980 to 2019 in the Dja Biosphere Reserve using GIS and remote sensing techniques and the evolution of agroforestry practices. Semi structured questionnaires were administered to 320 farmers who were randomly selected from 35 villages of the Dja Biosphere Reserve characterized by the presence of agroforestry systems. The land use map revealed six classes which were dense humid forest, perennial crop-based agroforestry practices, river, wetland, built up and bare areas. Between 1980 and 2008, dense humid forest lost -4.9% of its area to the benefits of perennial crop-based agroforestry practices, built up and bare land. Between 2008 and 2019, dense humid forest gain 1.77% of its area due to increase in perennial crop-based agroforestry practices and a subsequent increase in vegetation cover. Perennial crop-based agroforestry practices and built up increase progressively from 1980 to 2019. Farmers perceived hunting (36.3%), slash and burn agriculture (43.3%) and harvesting of tree-based products (20.3%) as the anthropogenic activities impacting the reserve negatively. The evolution of agroforestry practices were observed on the field, but the precise area under agroforestry practices in the study area need to be estimated. As a mitigation strategy to livelihood needs as well as the rehabilitation of degraded land, the conversion of pure cultivated agricultural land into agroforestry is a major opportunity.

Effects of Different Tillage Techniques on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.

Mapping the Dyke Swarms Emplaced within the Different Archean Cratons of the Indian Shield Using Google^(TM) Earth Images and Arc GIS^(TM) Techniques

The Indian shield comprises a number of Archean–Paleoproterozoic cratonic blocks and predominantly Meso–Neoproterozoic mobile belts with Archean protoliths.All these ancient cratons were thought to be integral parts of

Spatial-temporal Evolution Analysis on Land Use Multifunctionality in the China-Vietnam Border Area

Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)mode,this study identifies and evaluates the LUMFs in the China-Vietnam border area between 2000 and 2018 from the perspectives of agricultural production,social security,ecological service,landscape recreation,and national security.The results show that:1)The comprehensive land use functions in most counties and cities continued to be improved.2)The comprehensive land use function exhibits remarkable spatial divergence and aggregation characteristics.The high-value area of the agricultural production function and social security function evolves from the east to the west.In addition,the spatial evolution of ecological service function is complicated,without an obvious spatial divergence and aggregation pattern.The landscape recreation function shows different spatial differentiation characteristics in the early and middle stage,and forms a large cluster in the later stage.Finally,the spatial evolution pattern of the national security function is significant.3)Designing differentiated border land policies,improving border land use security,and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological protection and ecological compensation can aid in optimizing the LUMF level in the border area.

Use of biologically synthesized antimicrobial nanoparticles for improving peritoneal dialysis technique： a translational research perspective

Peritoneal dialysis （PD） is a well-established renal replacement therapy （RRT） for end-stage renal failure （ESRF） and offers certain clear advantages over hemodialysis. However, PD is often associated with a high risk of infection of the intraperitoneal cavity, subcutaneous tunnel and catheter exit site, which may subsequently form microbial biofilms.

On Techniques and Coping Tactics of Liaison Interpreting

Liaison Interpreting is a type of interpreting performed in two language directions by the same interpreter.Compared with other forms of interpreting,liaison interpreting can be undertaken in various circumstances.And it has no demand for special equipment;therefore it can be taken at any time and at any place.On this account,on-campus interpreters or newly-graduated interpreters will have more chances to receive more tasks of liaison interpreting.During the interpreting process,they may encounter a lot of problems because of a lack of experience or a lack of proper skills.Through this paper,the author hopes to summarize possi-ble difficulties which will happen during liaison interpreting and provide possible coping tactics.The author hopes that this paper can provide some references to green-hand interpreters.

Discussion on Green Development of Fenlong for Yield Increase, Quality Enhancing, Water Retaining and Multiple Use of Natural Resources

Fenlong green ecological agriculture technology （Fenlong technology）, a new smash ridging farming method developed by Guangxi Academy of Agdcultural Sciences, has been elected as the recommended cultivation technique by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It replaces the traditional plowshare with spiral drill, and its tilth depth is twice deeper than that by tractor tilthing. It also extends soil nutrient, moisture, oxygen and microorganism, the so-called ＂Four pools＂. Soil nutrient, oxygen, microorganism, light and rainfall use ratio is increased by 10%-100%, creating a platform for natural increase of more than 10% of crop yield. Its application to over 20 kinds of crops in 21 provinces has proved that the yield increases 10-30% with quality enhancing 5% and double water retaining capacity but no more input. When the application area of Fenlong could reach 67 million hm2, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by 40-50 billion kg, saving 120-150 billion Yuan. In this paper, we put forward the strategy of ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City ＋ rivers） green development in China, and deepened the Fenlong cultivated tilled layer from 16.5 cm to 35 cm for 67 million hm2 arable land, ridged 13.3 million hm2 of saline-alkali soil for 35 cm, and also 35 cm for 67 million hm2 degraded steppe, which could have the following 3 effects： first, the 147 million hm2 of land with Fenlong cultivation could increase loosing soil to 315.491 billion m3, in＊ creasing by 159.26% for 120 million hm2 of arable land with the average tilled layer of 16.5 cm, which has loosing soil of only 198.1 billion m3, that is, the space of the land increases 1.6 times. Second, every hectare of plowland could store up to 450 m3/hm2 of natural rainfall, and the unused 60 m3 of saline-alkali soil and grasslands could store water of 102 billion m3, showing an increase of over 88.89% for the current plowland storage of 54 billion m3 at now, that is, double the natural rainfall storage capacity. Third, the two multiple increase of natural resources application can bring trillions of resource activation, environmental cleaning, food security, citizens, health, economic, ecological and social benefits, and makes the Chinese nation move forward in green development. Its application in ＂big scientific research＂ and ＂One Belt And One Road＂ will contribute Chinese strength to the world.

A soil quality index for evaluation of degradation under land use and soil erosion categories in a small mountainous catchment, Iran

Soil erosion and land use type have long been viewed as being particularly important drivers of soil degradation.The objectives of this study,therefore,were to select a new soil quality index(SQI)which varies significantly with land use/soil erosion,and to evaluate the new SQI using expert opinion.In total,18 soil physical,chemical,and biochemical properties(indicators)were measured on 56 soil samples collected from four land use/soil erosion categories(rangeland/surface erosion,rangeland/subsurface erosion,cultivated land/surface erosion and dry-farming land/surface erosion).Principal component and classification analysis(PCCA)identified five PCs that explained 77.7%of the variation in soil properties with the biochemical PC varying significantly with land use/soil erosion.General discriminant analysis(GDA)selected urease and clay as the most sensitive properties distinguishing the land use/soil erosion categories.The GDA canonical scores for the new SQI were significantly correlated with expert opinion soil surface summed scores(for soil movement,surface litter,pedestalling,rills and flow pattern)derived using the U.S.Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management(BLM)method.A forward stepwise general regression model revealed that the new SQI values were explained by soil movement,surface litter,and the summed values of the soil surface factors.Overall,this study confirmed that soil quality in the study area in Iran is controlled by land use and corresponding soil erosion.

Study on micro-water-collecting technique in dryland field of spring maize

This paper analyses the effect of water storage and soil moisture conservation by means of micro water collecting technique in the dryland field of spring maize. The results indicate that the rainfall infiltration depth is deeper by means of micro water collecting treatment than that of the control. In micro water collecting treatment, the amount of soil water storage within 0～200 cm of soil layers increases by 50.5 mm, 13.5～58.6 mm, and 24.5 mm respectively during seedling stage, the critical stage of water requirement and the ripening and harvesting stage compared with the control. The micro water collecting technique not only has the function of regulating and adjusting the amount and distribution of field evapotranspiration, but also can raise the water use efficiency, which results in an obvious effect of increasing crop yield, especially in the dry years.

A Comparative Study of Dispersion Characteristics Determination of a Trapezoidally Corrugated Slow Wave Structure Using Different Techniques

The linear dispersion relation of a trapezoidally corrugated slow wave structure （TCSWS） is analyzed and presented. The size parameters of the TCSWS are chosen in such a way that they operate in the x-band frequency range. The dispersion relation is solved by utilizing the Rayleigh-Fourier method by expressing the radial function in terms of the Fourier series. A highly accurate synthetic technique is also applied to determine the complete dispersion characteristics from experimentally measured resonances （cold test）. Periodic structures resonate at specific frequencies when the terminals are shorted numerical calculation, synthetic technique and cold appropriately. The dispersion characteristics obtained from test are compared, and an excellent agreement is achieved.

Fabrication of Grain-oriented (Bi,Pb)_2Sr_2Ca_2Cu_3O_x Superconducting Tapes Using Magnetic Field and Vibration Technique

Highly textured (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox superconducting tapes have been fabricated by means of magnetic-field and vibration technique. This method is an effective way of improving the degree of grain alignment and density of oxide core in tapes after heat treatment and pressing cycles.Jc of above 20% was increased than that without treatment.

Medicinal and Edible Plant——Physalis alkekengi L.and Its Cultivation Techniques

Botanical morphological characteristics of Physalis alkekengi L.is first introduced,and its medicinal and edible value is elaborated.Cultivation techniques of P.alkekengi L.are mainly introduced.The research aims to provide a certain basis for the better development and application of P.alkekengi L.

TEST STUDY OF DETECTING OIL AND GAS BY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE

Ⅰ The Indexes of Detecting Oil and Gas Resources The deeply buried reservoir which in a dynamic equilibrium state has a great pressure inside, and between it and earth surface there is a great difference of pressure. Therefore the hydrocarbon must spread and move vertically to the surface along the pressure gradient orientation. Hydrocarbons in the reservoir along some small rifts, cracks, joints and cleavages penetrate the overlying strata and seepage onto the surface. Thus the hydrocarbons become unvisble oil and gas signs. This process is called the phenomena of hydrocarbon microseepage of reservoir. Hydrocarbons microseepage in the process

警务技战术课程强化思政育人的教学实践探索——以北京警察学院为例

警务技战术教学是公安院校德育教育的重要组成部分。警务技战术开展课程思政应立足于自身课程的价值属性,紧密围绕学生在校不同阶段的思政育人要求,深入挖掘思政元素,做到精准定位、有的放矢。探索公安院校警务技战术教学最为适合的课程思政建设路径,发挥实训教学知行合一、潜移默化的特色功效,努力达到立德树人、协同育人的根本要求。

中国竞技篮球风格的守正与创新—兼论中国男篮竞技水平提升策略

秉持守正创新原则探讨中国竞技篮球风格,旨在探索中国竞技篮球高质量发展路径。对中国竞技篮球传统中的“以弱胜强”理念进行考辨,认为“以弱胜强”突出强调“立足弱队”与“敢打必胜”的辩证统一,是关于中国竞技篮球最为根本独到、积极有为的认知定位和策略思想。运用“快”与“变”的动力学核心观点阐述“在快速基础上以变打快”的逻辑创新,认为“在快速基础上以变打快”必须置于高质量对抗条件下。由之,形成可有效统摄现有表述的中国竞技篮球风格新构念:以弱胜强,在快速基础上、高质量对抗条件下以变打快。围绕新构念的实践深化,探讨中国男篮的技战术打法创新、竞技保障建议和精神面貌臧否。