Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery System of Metro Train Based on Dual-Mode Power Management

In order to fully utilize the regenerative braking energy of metro trains and stabilize the metro DC traction busbar voltage,a hybrid regenerative braking energy recovery system with a dual-mode power management strategy is proposed.Firstly,the construction of the hybrid regenerative braking energy recovery system is explained.Then,based on the power demand of low-voltage load in metro stations,a dual-mode power management strategy is proposed to allocate the reference power of each system according to the different working conditions,and the control methods of each system are set.Finally,the correctness and effectiveness of the dual-mode strategy are verified through simulation,and the proposed braking energy utilization scheme is compared with other singleform utilization schemes.The results illustrate that the hybrid system with the dual-mode strategy can effectively recycle the regenerative braking energy of metro train and inhibit the busbar voltage fluctuation;the proposed braking energy utilization scheme has certain advantages on energy recovery and DC bus voltage stabilization compared with other single-form schemes;the proposed power management strategy can correctly allocate the reference power of each system with a lower construction cost.

Energy Management of Networked Smart Railway Stations Considering Regenerative Braking, Energy Storage System, and Photovoltaic Units

The networking of microgrids has received significant attention in the form of a smart grid.In this paper,a set of smart railway stations,which is assumed as microgrids,is connected together.It has been tried to manage the energy exchanged between the networked microgrids to reduce received energy from the utility grid.Also,the operational costs of stations under various conditions decrease by applying the proposed method.The smart railway stations are studied in the presence of photovoltaic(PV)units,energy storage systems(ESSs),and regenerative braking strategies.Studying regenerative braking is one of the essential contributions.Moreover,the stochastic behaviors of the ESS’s initial state of energy and the uncertainty of PV power generation are taken into account through a scenario-based method.The networked microgrid scheme of railway stations(based on coordinated operation and scheduling)and independent operation of railway stations are studied.The proposed method is applied to realistic case studies,including three stations of Line 3 of Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Company(TUSROC).The rolling stock is simulated in the MATLAB environment.Thus,the coordinated operation of networked microgrids and independent operation of railway stations are optimized in the GAMS environment utilizing mixed-integer linear programming(MILP).

Blended Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System and Electronic Wedge Brake Coordinate Control Ensuring Maximal Energy Recovery and Stability of All-Wheel-Motor-Drive Electric Vehicles

ABS is an active safety system which showed a valuable contribution to vehicle safety and stability since it was first introduced. Recently, EVs with in-wheel-motors have drawn increasing attention owing to their greatest advantages. Wheels torques are precisely and swiftly controlled thanks to electric motors and their advanced driving techniques. In this paper, a regenerative-ABS control RABS is proposed for all-in-wheel-motors-drive EVs. The RABS is realized as a pure electronic braking system called brake-by-wire. A coordination strategy is suggested to control RABS compromising three layers. First, wheels slip control takes place, and braking torque is calculated in the higher layer. In the coordinate interlayer, torque is allocated between actuators ensuring maximal energy recovery and vehicle stability. While in the lower layer, actuator control is performed. The RABS effectiveness is validated on a 3-DOF EVSimulink model through two straight-line braking manoeuvres with low and high initial speeds of 50 km/h and 150 km/h, respectively. Both regular and emergency braking manoeuvres are considered with ABS enabled and disabled for comparison. Simulation results showed the high performance of the proposed RABS control in terms of vehicle stability, brake response, stopping distance, and battery re-charging.

Energy model based sensorless estimation method for operational temperature of braking resistor onboard metro vehicles

Purpose–This study aims to improve the availability of regenerative braking for urban metro vehicles by introducing a sensorless operational temperature estimation method for the braking resistor(BR)onboard the vehicle,which overcomes the vulnerability of having conventional temperature sensor.Design/methodology/approach–In this study,the energy model based sensorless estimation method is developed.By analyzing the structure and the convection dissipation process of the BR onboard the vehicle,the energy-based operational temperature model of the BR and its cooling domain is established.By adopting Newton’s law of cooling and the law of conservation of energy,the energy and temperature dynamic of the BR can be stated.To minimize the use of all kinds of sensors(including both thermal and electrical),a novel regenerative braking power calculation method is proposed,which involves only the voltage of DC traction network and the duty cycle of the chopping circuit;both of them are available for the traction control unit(TCU)of the vehicle.By utilizing a real-time iterative calculation and updating the parameter of the energy model,the operational temperature of the BR can be obtained and monitored in a sensorless manner.Findings–In this study,a sensorless estimation/monitoring method of the operational temperature of BR is proposed.The results show that it is possible to utilize the existing electrical sensors that is mandatory for the traction unit’s operation to estimate the operational temperature of BR,instead of adding dedicated thermal sensors.The results also validate the effectiveness of the proposal is acceptable for the engineering practical.Originality/value–The proposal of this study provides novel concepts for the sensorless operational temperature monitoring of BR onboard rolling stocks.The proposed method only involves quasi-global electrical variable and the internal control signal within the TCU.

Energy-Optimal Braking Control Using a Double-Layer Scheme for Trajectory Planning and Tracking of Connected Electric Vehicles

Most researches focus on the regenerative braking system design in vehicle components control and braking torque distribution,few combine the connected vehicle technologies into braking velocity planning.If the braking intention is accessed by the vehicle-to-everything communication,the electric vehicles(EVs)could plan the braking velocity for recovering more vehicle kinetic energy.Therefore,this paper presents an energy-optimal braking strategy(EOBS)to improve the energy efficiency of EVs with the consideration of shared braking intention.First,a double-layer control scheme is formulated.In the upper-layer,an energy-optimal braking problem with accessed braking intention is formulated and solved by the distance-based dynamic programming algorithm,which could derive the energy-optimal braking trajectory.In the lower-layer,the nonlinear time-varying vehicle longitudinal dynamics is transformed to the linear time-varying system,then an efficient model predictive controller is designed and solved by quadratic programming algorithm to track the original energy-optimal braking trajectory while ensuring braking comfort and safety.Several simulations are conducted by jointing MATLAB and CarSim,the results demonstrated the proposed EOBS achieves prominent regeneration energy improvement than the regular constant deceleration braking strategy.Finally,the energy-optimal braking mechanism of EVs is investigated based on the analysis of braking deceleration,battery charging power,and motor efficiency,which could be a guide to real-time control.

Flywheel Energy Storage with Mechanical Input-Output for Regenerative Braking

The system presented in this paper allows the direct transfer of kinetic energy of a vehicle’s motion to a flywheel and vice-versa. For braking, a cable winds onto a pulley geared to the vehicle’s propulsion driveshaft as it unwinds from another pulley geared to the flywheel and then operates in reverse for the transfer of energy in the opposite direction. The cable windings are in one plane resulting in an effective pulley radius that increases when the cable is winding onto it and decreases when unwinding from it. Thus, an increasing driven-to-driving pulley velocity ratio is obtained during a period of energy transfer in either direction. A dynamic analysis simulating the process was developed. Its application is illustrated with a numerical solution based on specific assumed values of system parameters.

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Brake Energy Recovery in Industrial Loads

The issue of calculating the energy saving amount due to regenerative braking implementation in modern AC and DC drives is of great importance, since it will decide whether this feature is cost effective. Although several works have been presented in this subject, they are concentrated on the case of electric vehicles because of the higher energy amounts or the need for more extended autonomy. However, as the increase of the electric energy cost at the Hellenic industrial sector, the need for advanced energy saving techniques emerged in order to cut down operational costs. To this direction, this paper presents a theoretical, simulation and experimental investigation on the quantization of energy recovery due to regenerative braking application in industrial rotating loads. The simulation and the experimental processes evaluate the theoretical calculations, where it is highlighted that annual energy saving may become higher than 10% even for small industrial loads, making the implementation of commercial regenerative braking units rather attractive. Finally, a power electronic conversion scheme is proposed for the storage/exploitation of the recovered energy amount.

Energy management and coordination control of microgrid in elevated station of urban rail transit

The rapid development of urban rail transit brings convenience to the public,but its huge energy consumption problem cannot be ignored.A microgrid composed of photovoltaic power generation unit,regenerative braking energy feedback unit and battery energy storage unit is proposed,which provides green power for the station.In order to suppress the fluctuation of photovoltaic power generation and the intermittence of regenerative braking feedback energy,the energy management mode of microgrid is designed according to the illumination situation,braking energy feedback situation,battery state of charge and so on.In addition,a coordination control method based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG)is proposed to realize smooth switching among modes.Finally,the proposed energy management and coordination control method for elevated station microgrid is verified by Matlab/Simulink.The results show that the elevated station microgrid can operate safely and reliably under various energy management modes and realize smooth switching among modes.

Theoretical Derivation of Thermal Value Equations for Heating Furnaces

Based on thermal value theory, the aim of this paper is to deduce the theoretical formulas for evaluating the energy effective utilization degree in technological pyrological processes exemplified by metallurgical heating furnaces. Heat transfer models for continuous heating furnaces, batch-type heating furnaces, and regenerative heating furnaces are established, respectively. By analyzing the movement path of injected infinitesimal heat attached on steel or gas, thermal value equations of continuous, batch-type, and regenerative heating furnaces are derived. Then the influences of such factors as hot charging, gas preheating and intake time of heat on energy effective utilization degree are discussed by thermal value equations. The results show that thermal value rises with hot charging and air preheating for continuous heating furnaces, with shorter intake time when heat is attached on steel or longer intake time when heat is attached on gas for batch-type heating furnaces and that with more heat supply at early heating stage or less at late stage for regenerative heating furnaces.

电气化铁路分区所再生制动能量利用系统及其控制策略

电气化铁路发展迅速,其牵引能耗高、再生制动能量利用率低等问题日益突出。为有效提高电气化铁路再生制动能量利用效率,实现电气化铁路节能减排,该文研究一种分区所再生制动能量利用系统及其控制策略。首先,基于典型重载和高速铁路实测负荷数据分析,提出基于功率融通和储能的分区所再生制动能量利用系统,并分析其运行原理。为保证再生制动能量利用系统在电气化铁路复杂负荷工况下实现再生制动能量的高效利用,提出一种含能量管理层与变流器控制层的双层控制策略。其中,能量管理层接收来自相邻变电所的实时测量信息,基于变电所工况及系统模式管理,执行能量管理策略计算得到系统运行参考功率。变流器控制层跟踪能量管理层给出的参考功率协调控制变流器,实现电气化铁路的潮流管理。最后,通过仿真验证所提分区所再生制动能量利用系统及其控制策略的正确性与有效性。结果表明,所提出的分区所再生制动能量利用系统及控制策略能够有效实现电气化铁路再生制动能量的转移利用与储能利用,提高再生制动能量利用率,有助于电气化铁路节能高效运行。

电液混合动力系统关键技术及能量管理研究综述

现有混合动力驱动技术以油电、油液混合动力为主,旨在提高传统燃油车辆的能量利用率、降低油耗和排放.基于液压技术的大功率密度及能量再生优势,电液混合动力系统可在全速工况范围内实现能量高效利用,提高纯电驱系统的功率密度,有效改善电动车辆续驶里程及蓄电池循环使用寿命.本文对电液混合动力系统构型、能量回收技术、能量释放模式及控制策略等相关研究成果的进展、现状及发展趋势进行综述,分析了利用电液混合动力构型与先进能量管理策略提升纯电动车辆动力性能与能量利用率的可行性技术方案与应用前景.根据已有研究成果,装备电液混合动力系统后车辆最大可降低约40%的能量消耗,在能量高效利用方面具有显著优势.对于电液混合动力系统而言,液压能再生、耦合与释放等与行驶场景及电机工况点密切相关,研究重点应解决动力耦合、再生制动与能量管理等关键技术,从而提升动力系统的综合性能特别是功率密度与节能特性.

考虑道路识别的四驱电动汽车再生制动策略

为了充分利用路面附着条件分配再生制动力,提高制动能量回收率,根据双电动机四驱结构电动汽车复合制动系统的特点,对其制动能量回收控制策略进行了研究.分析了驱动轮与地面附着特性,设计了道路识别器来计算每个轮胎与当前路面之间的峰值附着系数,并使用模糊控制策略确定每个车轮与8种道路的滑移率和附着利用率的相似输入.根据双电动机外部特性的制动力分配关系,提出了使更多制动能量回馈给电池的策略.结果表明:制动强度为0.3时,能量回收率为65.55%,具有较高的回收效率.

计及实时最大功率约束的高速磁浮列车再生制动能量存储利用

针对高速磁浮列车牵引供电系统结构及运行规则特殊性导致再生制动能量无法主动利用、能量回馈方式对局域网电压影响大的问题,在对高速磁浮列车牵引供电系统结构和能量流动机理进行分析的基础上,给出基于地面式超级电容储能的高速磁浮列车再生制动能量回收利用系统拓扑结构;考虑高速磁浮列车再生制动能量回收系统容量配置小、超级电容工作电压变化明显的特性,以高效回收再生制动能量为目标,将储能系统实时的可运行最大功率作为约束功率,制定相应的能量管理策略,实现系统不同工况下的能量管理,并通过分层控制策略实现整个再生制动能量利用系统的高效运行。通过仿真验证所提再生制动能量回收利用系统及控制策略的有效性,结果表明:所提方案可使高速磁浮列车牵引能耗降低21.83%;与储能系统采用固定功率约束的功率分配方式相比,再生制动能量利用率提高了11.9%。

面向混合动力汽车液压再生能量控制策略研究

针对混合动力汽车制动能量回收控制,提出了一种基于模糊Q学习的液压再生制动系统能量回收效率优化算法。建立了基于并联液压混合动力系统的汽车动力学模型,通过模糊Q学习法对汽车再生制动控制策略进行了优化。在此基础上建立了试验平台,验证液压再生制动仿真模型的准确性。与基于专家经验的模糊控制策略、动态规划算法相比,结果表明,经模糊Q学习算法优化的汽车节能率分别提高了9.62%和8.91%。

城市轨道交通车辆段再生制动能量电阻吸收装置选型及散热分析

[目的]城市轨道交通车辆段再生制动能量电阻吸收装置散热量较大,为有效解决此类装置的散热问题,需对再生制动能量电阻吸收装置进行选型,并对其散热能力进行分析。[方法]通过推导得出的城市轨道交通车辆段再生制动能量的计算方法,以及车辆段内的列车运行工况,对再生制动能量电阻吸收装置的电阻值选取、选型及散热分析等方面进行了详细分析。[结果及结论]结合列车在车辆段内的实际运行工况,提出了车辆段再生制动能量电阻吸收装置中制动电阻的计算及选取方法。再生制动能量电阻吸收装置的散热量一般依据该装置峰值功率,并结合其间歇工作的特性进行估算,但该计算方法未考虑热电阻工况,其理论计算值与实际运行工况存在一定程度的偏差。提出了再生制动能量电阻吸收装置的散热功率估算方法,以及散热功率的校验方法,并提出了该装置布置方式的建议方案。

基于潮流转移装置的混合储能接入牵引供电系统控制策略研究

采用单相工频交流制式的电气化铁路具有无污染、运输效率高的优点,但在现有的牵引供电系统中,负序和再生制动能量利用的问题较为突出。因此,文章提出了一种集成混合储能系统的潮流转移拓扑。文章分析了集成混合储能的潮流转移装置的拓扑结构,研究了削峰、填谷、再生制动和同相运行模式及其能量管理策略;为减少系统损耗,进一步提高系统再生制动能量利用率和削峰填谷的控制精度,文章提出了一种协调控制策略,并采用无源控制的非线性电流控制器提升变流器控制响应速度。仿真结果表明,该系统可以充分利用牵引供电系统的再生制动能量,提高系统中能量流动的灵活性,并且解决了牵引供电系统中的负序问题。

城市轨道交通地面储能技术应用综述

我国城市轨道交通路网规模的不断扩大,导致牵引能耗加重问题和再生制动能量利用问题越来越受到重视。将储能技术应用在城市轨道交通中,可以平抑牵引网压波动、吸收再生制动能量、降低牵引能耗,也为接入新能源带来了契机。该文针对地面储能系统,对城轨储能领域常用储能介质的特性进行对比分析,展示城轨领域的应用现状,并结合实际案例分析储能介质和城轨需求的适应性;针对不同类型储能变流器常用电路拓扑进行研究,对比不同拓扑的工作特性和特点,分析变流器拓扑和城轨需求的匹配性;调研城轨储能系统常用的能量管理策略,研究不同策略的特点;从储能系统设计和能量管理的再优化对城轨储能系统的研究热点和未来发展提出展望,为城轨储能系统规范化、高效化、简约化提供参考。

电气化铁路分区所多功能潮流控制系统及其控制策略研究

针对既有电气化铁路分段、分相式供电结构导致的列车过分相速度损失、再生制动能量利用率低等问题,提出一种分区所多功能潮流控制系统(multi-functional power flow control system for section post,SP-MPFC)及其控制策略,旨在充分利用变流设备容量,兼顾实现分区所处列车柔性过分相、牵引网末端电压稳定与再生制动能量转移利用。首先,介绍分区所多功能潮流控制系统的拓扑结构。然后,详细分析了柔性过分相、牵引网末端电压稳定与再生制动能量转移利用3种功能的实现原理。在此基础上,提出分区所多功能潮流控制系统分层控制策略,其中能量管理层计算系统内各个变流器的有功/无功输出功率参考值,设备层协同控制多个变流器快速跟踪各自功率参考值。最后,通过仿真验证所提系统结构与控制策略的有效性。

基于再生能利用的地铁多车协同折返优化研究

折返站作为影响线路发车上限的重要因素,影响着整条线路的运营效率,也是能量浪费较为严重的地方。因此,有必要在兼顾线路运营效率的前提下减少列车折返运行的能耗。为此,通过提出基于再生制动能量利用的列车折返问题对列车的节能运营进行研究。通过建立底层网络图,构建以列车折返为基础考虑再生制动能量利用的能耗优化模型。为提高模型的求解能力,引入辅助变量将其转变为线性化模型。以上海地铁某折返站作为实例对象,借助Gurobi进行求解并对能耗等数据进行分析,证实模型有效。由该模型得到的折返时刻图在保证折返能力的同时,列车能耗与原始折返方式相比降低了5.74%,为考虑再生制动能量利用的列车折返运营方式提供一定的理论支撑与依据。

一种复合电源纯电动公交车再生制动控制策略

为了提高纯电动公交车制动能量的回收效率,考虑电机转速特性与电池充电功率的限制,计算电机在约束条件下能提供的最大再生制动力,结合I曲线确定前、后轮制动力分配,以及摩擦制动力与再生制动的分配比例,提出了一种充分利用电机特性的再生制动控制策略。针对单一动力电池功率密度低、循环寿命短等问题,设计了由动力电池与超级电容组成的复合能源系统,并提出利用实时小波控制策略将需求功率分解成高频成分与低频成分,其中高频功率由超级电容承担,避免动力电池受到冲击,低频功率则由动力电池承担。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink软件建立仿真模型,在中国典型城市循环工况下进行仿真,仿真结果表明:采用动力电池单一能量源时,电池SOC增加了19.03%,制动能量回收率提高了13.10%;采用复合电源时,电池的电流、功率与电压明显减小,波动更加平缓,电池SOC增加了17.51%,制动能量回收率提高了10.24%,可有效提高纯电动公交车的动力电池寿命与整车经济性。