Monitoring and simulation of water,heat,and CO_2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System-(EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite, as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water, heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region.

The characteristics of sea fog with different airflow over the Huanghai Sea in boreal spring

Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002,the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai （Yellow） Sea in boreal spring （April-May） with the method of trajectory analysis,and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow.According to the heat balance equation,we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths.The major results are summarized as follows.（1） Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog.The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April,while increases as high as 57% in May.（2） Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified.They are originated from the northwest,east,southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea,respectively.The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%,while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%.（3） The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport,longwave radiation cooling at fog top,solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces.（4） The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection,and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.

Responses of Vertical Structures in Convective and Stratiform Regions to Large-Scale Forcing during the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006)

The responses of vertical structures, in convective and stratiform regions, to the large-scale forcing during the landfall of tropical storm Bilis （2006） are investigated using the data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. An imposed large-scale forcing with upward motion in the mid and upper troposphere and downward motion in the lower troposphere on 15 July suppresses convective clouds, which leads to -100% coverage of raining stratiform clouds over the entire model domain. The imposed forcing extends upward motion to the lower troposphere during 16-17 July, which leads to an enhancement of convective clouds and suppression of raining stratiform clouds. The switch of large-scale lower-tropospheric vertical velocity from weak downward motion on 15 July to moderate upward motion during 16-17 July produces a much broader distribution of the vertical velocity, water vapor and hydrometeor fluxes, perturbation specific humidity, and total hydrometeor mixing ratio during 16-17 July than those on 15 July in the analysis of contoured frequency-altitude diagrams. Further analysis of the water vapor budget reveals that local atmospheric moistening is mainly caused by the enhancement of evaporation of rain associated with downward motion on 15 July, whereas local atmospheric drying is mainly determined by the advective drying associated with downward motion over raining stratiform regions and by the net condensation associated with upward motion over convective regions during 16-17 July.

Hydrological Modeling of Large Drainage Basins Using a GIS-based Hybrid Atmospheric and Terrestrial Water Balance (HATWAB) Model

A Hydrological model is proposed to study the spatial and temporal variability of the water budget components of large drainage basin systems from atmospheric and terrestrial water balances. In order to understand the water balances that include, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture, a GIS-based simple water balance model which is referred as Hydrological Model from Hybrid Atmospheric and Terrestrial Water Balances with acronym HATWAB is presented. The spatio-temporal climatology database was created from a network of climate stations from CLIMWAT data base to reconstruct the monthly primary inputs to HATWAB model, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. The modeling principles and HATWAB model are demonstrated using the Limpopo and Congo basins in Africa. The model was used to simulate water balance components by taking rainfall-runoff processes in the basin including soil-texture controlled moisture in the terrestrial system, and the vertical integrated moisture convergence that accounts for the net water vapor flux from the basins in order to close the hydrologic water budget.

THE APPROACH TO REMOTE SENSING OF WATER VAPOR BASED ON GPS AND LINEAR REGRESSION T_m IN EASTERN REGION OF CHINA

The approach to remote sensing of water vapor by using global positioning systems(GPS)is discussed.In order to retrieve the vertical integrated water vapor(IWV)or the precipitable water (PW),the weighted“mean temperature”of the atmosphere,T_m would be estimated to the specific area and season.T_m depends on surface temperature,tropospheric temperature profile,and the vertical distribution of water vapor.The surface temperature dependence is borne out by a comparison of T_m and the values of surface temperature T_s using radiosonde profiles of Beijing Station(No.54511)throughout 1992.The analysis of radiosonde profiles spanning a one-year interval(1992)from sites in eastern region of China with a latitude range of 20-50°N and a longitude range of 100-130°E yields the coefficients α and b of a linear regression equation T_m= α+bT_s.

东亚地区秋季水汽输送特征及水汽源地分析

用1980～1997年垂直积分的水汽输送通量资料,分析了秋季东亚地区大尺度水汽输送演变的气候特征以及主要水汽源地,结果表明:秋季各个月东亚大陆的主要水汽来源地并不相同,9月主要来源于孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋地区;10～11月主要来源于南海、西太平洋地区。从夏季型到冬季型水汽输送的转换特征表现为:来自南半球的越赤道输送的显著减弱、消失直至转向,东亚南支偏西风水汽输送的逐渐建立,赤道太平洋地区的偏东风水汽输送的加强西进。秋季亚洲季风区范围最大的强水汽源地位于南海、西太平洋地区(115～120°E,15～25°N)。

夏季东亚地区水汽输送的气候特征

使用 1980—1997年垂直积分的水汽输送通量资料,分析了夏季大尺度水汽输送演变的气候特征及偏南风水汽输送在中国区域内的推进特征。结果表明:夏季各支大尺度水汽输送汇合成一条行星尺度水汽输送大值带,它从南半球出发,经过亚洲季风区,进入北太平洋;东亚夏季偏南风水汽输送所能到达的北界为东北北部50°N附近;西太平洋副高南侧的东南风水汽输送所能到达的西界为甘肃东南部100°E附近。垂直积分的水汽输送通量强辐合区大多位于行星尺度水汽输送大值带中,与降水大值区之间有很好的对应关系。

青藏高原东部及邻近地区水汽输送的气候特征

利用1980—1997年垂直积分的整层水汽输送通量资料,分析了青藏高原东部及其邻近地区水汽输送的气候特征。结果表明,该区的水汽输送具有明显的季节变化特征:冬、春季的水汽主要来源于中纬度的偏西风水汽输送,夏季(7月)主要来源于孟加拉湾和南海,秋季(10月)主要来源于西太平洋地区。季风携带的南来水汽在高原东侧地区的进退比较缓慢,8月初北扩到40°N附近,10月中旬南退出30°N,其强弱和进退异常能影响极端旱涝事件的发生。来自南海、西太平洋地区的水汽输送对高原东部及其邻近地区的影响值得关注。

使用全球定位系统遥感水汽分布原理和中国东部地区加权“平均温度”的回归分析

文中讨论了利用全球定位系统探测水汽的原理。为了反演出大气垂直积分水汽或可降水，需要计算加权“平均温度”Ｔｍ。Ｔｍ与对流层温度廓线和水汽垂直分布有关，但从北京气象台１９９２年探空资料分析表明，它与表面温度存在着很好的线性关系。文中应用中尺度气象模式。

一次西南涡持续暴雨的GPS大气水汽总量特征

利用成都地区地基GPS遥感的大气水汽总量资料(GPS-PWV)、NCEP再分析资料、自动站降水量资料和探空站比湿资料,对2010年7月15—18日发生在四川盆地东北部的一次持续性暴雨的水汽变化特征进行综合分析,重点探究这次大暴雨的影响系统(西南涡)发生、发展前后GPS-PWV的演变特征及其与降水的关系。结果表明:降水发生时,GPS-PWV通常在短时间内有急剧的上升,并在西南涡形成前达到最大值;西南涡完全形成时,GPS-PWV急升结束;西南涡东移,GPS-PWV继续下降到最低,降水趋于结束。与水汽通量散度相比较,水汽散度垂直通量能更好地描述暴雨过程中的强上升、辐合辐散运动以及水汽输送情况,它与GPS-PWV变化趋势基本一致。因此,GPS-PWV的急升与陡降对大暴雨的形成与减弱有一定指示意义。

九寨沟、黄龙风景区的降水特征及其变化

利用九寨沟、黄龙地区附近代表站的降水资料及NCEP／NCAR1959年～2002年共44年月平均再分析资料采用小波分析、合成分析等方法对九寨沟、黄龙地区降水以及水汽输送特征进行了研究。结果表明，九寨沟、黄龙地区的年降水总量为693．7mm，降水主要集中在5月-9月，干湿季明显，7月份降水最多。44年来本区年降水量呈减少趋势。降水的减少主要发生在夏季，尤其是7月。九寨沟、黄龙地区的水汽输送有着明显的季节变化，这种差异和季风环流演变有密切的关系。冬、春季本区的水汽主要来源于中纬度偏西风水汽输送，夏、秋季节主要来源于孟加拉湾和南海、西太平洋地区。夏季风的异常变化引起的南来水汽向北输送的减弱，是造成九寨沟、黄龙地区降水减少的重要原因之一。九寨沟、黄龙地区多雨年和少雨年来自西太平洋、东海的水汽输送特征有显著差异，多（少）雨年来自西太平洋、东海地区的水汽输送显著偏多（少）。

长江上游地区水汽输送的气候特征

为了解长江上游地区水汽输送的气候特征,对从地表面开始垂直积分的长时段的水汽输送资料进行了研究,结果表明:冬、春两季本区的水汽主要来源于中纬度偏西风水汽输送,夏季主要来源于孟加拉湾和南海,秋季主要来源于西太平洋地区;长江上游地区总体上是一个水汽汇,年平均每日总收入为61.9×105kg/s;本区对周围地区的水汽收支有重要影响,夏秋季节位于南海、西太平洋地区向西北及华北地区输送水汽的通道上,是其陆上水汽转运站;南海、西太平洋地区的水汽输送以及来自孟加拉湾和高原地区的水汽输送分别是长江流域旱、涝年的重要影响因子。

渭河流域三次暴雨过程水汽和上升运动的垂直结构比较

利用常规高空观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 6 h再分析资料等,着重从水汽和上升运动的垂直结构上对发生在渭河流域的三次致灾暴雨过程进行了比较分析。结果表明:三次暴雨过程具有相似的水汽通量散度场垂直结构,即低层辐合、中层或高层辐散,但低层辐合远大于其上层辐散,低层强水汽通量辐合不仅为暴雨区提供了充沛水汽,也导致并促使水汽在垂直方向上从低层向高层输送,从而增强大气垂直上升运动发展;600 hPa(或400 hPa)水汽辐合或辐散突然增强,预示降水强度将增大,其突然减弱,则标志着强降水趋于结束;三次暴雨过程中,强降水主要出现在整层上升运动形成前后和450 hPa附近垂直上升运动增强最快时段内。

广西一次冬季暴雨的水汽特征分析

为分析2012年1月13—15日广西暴雨过程的水汽来源、急流的输送作用和水汽饱和程度等特征,使用天气学分析和动力诊断的方法分析NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料、红外云图等资料。结果表明：孟加拉湾和南海是本次暴雨过程的2个水汽源地,500～700 h Pa中低空西南急流的建立和加强使孟加拉湾成为主要水源地,加强了暴雨区的水汽供应。而这支急流的维持依赖于200 h Pa加强的副热带锋区西风急流入口区南侧的强辐散作用。不同源地的水汽输送高度不同,水汽通量中心出现在700 h Pa。600 h Pa以下为水汽通量辐合层,700～850 h Pa辐合强度远大于925～1000 h Pa;水汽通量中心在暴雨区的上风方,水汽辐合中心在水汽通量中心沿气流去向的一侧,700～850 h Pa叠加的辐合中心处即为暴雨区,辐合高度的升高、湿层剧烈向上扩展都可作为暴雨征兆。以上分析得出了冬季暴雨过程中水汽条件的形成机制,得出预报着眼点,对提高此类暴雨预报准确率有较大作用。

西南低涡东移引发重庆暴雨的综合诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1°×1°格点资料和MICAPS实时观测资料,使用水汽散度垂直通量、湿螺旋度等新型诊断物理量,对2009年8月2～4日发生在重庆地区由西南低涡东移引发的暴雨做了综合分析。结果表明:水汽主要在大气低层850hPa附近积聚,上升运动强,水汽的辐合上升区域与降水大值区较吻合。500hPa湿z-螺旋度负值区水平分布与相应时段降水落区和强降水中心的分布对应较好,垂直分布上:暴雨区低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、水汽辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制。

台风“达维”迅速加强数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式(V3.1.1)对0518号台风"达维"(Damrey)进行了72h的数值模拟。重点分析了影响台风强度迅速加强的可能机制,结果表明:①缓慢加强阶段,东风波与台风高层环流相互作用形成一条东北—西南走向的外流通道,加强台风高层辐散流出,有利于台风强度加强;垂直风切变在积分前12h减小,台风迅速加强与垂直风切变减小间存在滞后性。②迅速加强阶段,低层指向台风中心的水汽通量大大增加;海表面热通量、潜热通量和水汽通量持续增强,海表面潜热通量对台风的能量贡献远大于热通量。③台风眼壁附近的条件性对称不稳定机制激发斜升气流,倾斜涡度发展引起中心附近相对涡度增大,台风整体强度得到加强。

2018年拉萨汛期两次强降水成因综合对比分析

文章利用常规气象资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP FNL1°×1°再分析资料和卫星云图对2018年7月和9月发生在西藏自治区拉萨市的两次暴雨的环流场背景场、物理量场和卫星云图进行分析。分析结果表明:两次暴雨过程均为高原切变线影响,南部印度半岛至孟加拉湾一带低值系统活跃,西南风为水汽输送提供了有利条件;两次暴雨过程中水汽通量散度最大值区域主要集中于550至700hPa;TBB梯度大的地方易产生强降水,存在对应的关系, TBB梯度最大的区域基本与降水出现的区域相对应,TBB绝对值最大处并不是TBB梯度最大处,当TBB绝对值最大,对流发展最旺盛时,上升运动强盛,地面降水不一定强,而当TBB值由最低值快速上升或者下降时,其对应站点的降水很强;都有明显的上升运动;低层都出现了中心值;上升运动高度较低非常利于暴雨发生。

河南省2018年1月3-4日暴雪天气的诊断分析与数值模拟

为进一步探讨河南省暴雪天气过程的成因和机理,分析WRF模式对暴雪过程的模拟效果,提高预报准确率,笔者利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2018年1月3-4日河南省大范围的暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析,并对WRF模式模拟结果进行分析。结果表明,高空槽、低层的切变和急流、地面冷空气是这次暴雪的主要影响系统。水汽条件好,水汽通量低层辐合,高层辐散,伴有较强的上升运动,更有利于暴雪天气的发生。WRF模式模拟的降雪量范围和强度都与实况较为一致,表明模式对暴雪天气的预报有一定的参考价值。

基于微波辐射计数据的秦岭南北水汽和云底高度等参量的差异

利用微波辐射计分析了秦岭南北的水汽、液态水含量、湿度、云底高度等特征,结果表明:秦岭北垂直积分水汽量年平均为18.52 kg·m^(-2),秦岭南为20.94 kg·m^(-2),90%以上水汽秦岭北平均高度为4.26 km,秦岭南为3.87 km;垂直积分液水含量,秦岭南年平均为0.13 kg·m^(-2),秦岭北年平均为0.12 kg·m^(-2),两者相差不多;秦岭腹地的空气湿度大,秦岭南年平均相对湿度75.3%,秦岭北年平均相对湿度为59.8%,秦岭南比秦岭北平均相对湿度大15.6%;云底高度,秦岭南年平均为3817.5 m,秦岭北年平均为4396 m,中云云底高度年平均差异不大;降雨时秦岭南云底年平均高度为323.3 m,较秦岭北低,二者相差42.2 m。

2019年超强台风“利奇马”引发浙江特大暴雨过程分析

利用NCEP FNL 0.25°×0.25°的再分析资料和浙江省中尺度气象站降水资料,从产生强降水的条件来对“利奇马”特大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)强降水主要集中在近台风中心的西南部分及其稍远的北部,其中近台风中心为眼壁降水,北部为螺旋云带降水;(2)850~925 hPa水汽通量辐合中心与暴雨落区一致,水汽辐合强度差异是造成台风眼壁强降水落区差异的关键;(3)台风强度大时近中心上升运动强烈,正垂直螺旋度中心值的减小和中心下降对应强降水的发生,低层正螺旋度和高层负螺旋度中心的重叠区对对流性降水落区有一定的指示;(4)本次过程地形增益最明显地区在台州北部,在水汽条件处于劣势情况下出现降水副中心。