The Economic Factors of Utilizing the Salt of Sichuan to Purvey Chu and the War of Aid to Hubei

The background of this article takes place after modern China.It is an essential change in the history of the Chinese salt industry that Sichuan salt supplies to Hubei.Sichuan salt jumped out of the original sales range,sold in Hubei.Since then,Hubei has become the most essential selling place of Sichuan salt,which continues to affect the economy of Sichuan.The War of Aid to Hubei was an inter-regional war in the warlord era.In order to realize“Local governance of Hubei”,the exploiting warlord Wang Zhanyuan was expelled.Sichuan chose to send troops,which economic factors are significant.Mainly,the Sichuan salt played a crucial role in it.Through the study of this problem,we can see that the economic factors in modern times occupy an essential position in the competition of warlords and promote the progress of history.

Development of Chu-Han Culture and Contemporary Folk Dance in Xuzhou

Contemporary folk dance in Xuzhou is deeply influenced by Chu- Han culture,presenting some clear regional characteristics of Chu-Han culture like valuing ritual,grandeur,humanist spirit of enterprising and pursuing novelty.In order to promote the healthy development of contemporary folk dance in Xuzhou,and realize the interaction with Chu-Han culture,it is of great significance to create Chu-Han brand culture,to build dialogue mechanism with folk dancing culture in Xuzhou,to make connection with Chu- Han culture industry,and to fully express the artistic features of dance then in this area etc.

Preliminary Analysis of Tectonic Deformation Phenomena in Some Archaeological Sites in Shandong Province

Earthquake archaeological research was conducted in recent years at four archaeological excavation sites in Shandong,focusing on the identification and analysis of the tectonic deformation phenomena. The non-tectonic deformation phenomena were distinguished at the site of the Shang Dynasty ruins at Daxinzhuang in the Jinan suburbs. In Longshan,sand vein-filled cracks were recognized in the cultural layers of the Chengziya site,Zhangqiu City. Sand veins on the trench wall and sand tubes at the trench bottom were found densely distributed at the Shang and Zhou Dynasty cultural layers,at Qinhuangtai site,Binzhou City. The tectonic and non-tectonic origin cracks were identified on the city wall of the Site of Capital of State Qi,Linzi City. In Rizhao city,parallel distributed sand vein fracture groups were found in the cultural layer of Longshan-Warring States-Han Dynasty at Yaowangcheng site. Typical conjugate shear fractures were identified on the city wall of the ancient city of the State of Xue, Tengzhou City. The above natural deformation phenomena are concentrated in the culture layers of the Spring and AutumnWarring States-Han Dynasties and before, and characterized by seismic sand-soil liquefaction traces,which indicate that these regions might have been in the seismic active episodes in the corresponding periods. The above inference has been confirmed by microscopic data analysis.

湖北荆州张大冢战国楚墓出土青铜器的成分与金相研究

利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、金相显微镜对荆州市纪南镇雨台村张大冢战国墓地出土12件青铜器进行成分与金相分析。结果表明,12件青铜器分别为铅锡青铜、锡铅青铜和锡青铜3种材质,铅锡(或锡铅)青铜器普遍含铅量较高,青铜器多以铸造成形,铜盘均采用热锻加工技术。不同类型及使用功能的器物,其合金成分与金相组织存在明显差异。张大冢墓地作为战国中晚期的楚国下等级贵族家族墓地,出土青铜容器也多为素面薄壁,锈蚀较为严重,但其出土青铜器的合金配比、制作技术及机械性能均展现出战国中晚期楚国工匠已经拥有成熟的青铜合金、铸造以及加工技术,也揭示出当时工匠有意识地在青铜明器与实用器的合金技术上存在区别对待,为全面认识东周时期楚都纪南城青铜冶铸业的发展状况提供科学依据。

中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土陶釜研究

本文通过系统聚类分析方法,对中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土的陶釜进行了类型学研究,认为战国中期陶釜以一种特殊葬俗的形式出现在郑州地区,战国晚期开始陶釜迅速发展,分布范围变广,数量和类型明显增多,包含有郑韩文化、晋文化和秦文化三大系统。进入汉代,陶釜数量急剧减少,类型单一。陶釜在中原地区的发展历程与秦文化有密切的关系。

战损古籍的修复研究——以明万历套印本《楚辞》修复为例

山东省图书馆馆藏明万历套印本《楚辞》因遭受“五三惨案”弹片洞入,导致其主要破损状况为书叶撕裂、缺损。由于战损古籍的修复案例在古籍修复研究中鲜少涉及,且本书纸张厚度、性能较为特殊,其纸张、破损情况都具有特例性,因此本文从补纸选配和修复方法的叠加上阐释其特殊性,以期为战损古籍的修复研究提供思路。

战国秦汉斜向互绞编织物的编织工艺研究

本文以战国秦汉时期的两件斜向互绞编织物为研究对象,通过模拟复原的方法对战国秦汉时期斜向互绞编织物的组织结构与编织工艺进行分析与探究。对比两者在结构、格眼、纹理、组边上的异同,发现通过变化基础结构中经线交织的方向和次数可以形成不同的组织结构和纹理效果。在编织工艺上,两者都使用斜向穿绞编法。其中普通组各编线间的编结变化和排列顺序以2个经线数为循环,编线在各行编结时的状态与编线数的奇偶和第一行编结时各编线的编结状态有关。

楚辞之天象书写

楚国具有源远流长的天学传统,因而楚辞中有大量的天象书写。在巫文化和理性思潮的双重影响下,屈原对天象的态度具有矛盾性,既在创作中大量运用神话化的天象,又在《天问》中质疑天文神话。楚辞之天象书写具有抒情性、象喻性,在遣词造句、谋篇布局上影响了汉赋之天象书写。

四合飞阁、古韵新风——浅析宿州市埇桥区三馆一院项目设计策略

文章以宿州市埇桥区三馆一院项目设计为例,以宿州历史上的楚汉文化为设计源头,继承创新,分别从城市定位、设计理念、总体设计、建筑设计、内外装饰设计和景观设计等方面进行设计策略分析,塑造了四合飞阁、古韵新风的城市文化建筑。

徐州地区出土“北平园”“北平邑印”考

徐州地区考古发现“北平园”铭文及“北平邑印”印文,推测北平园、北平邑为陵园及陵邑。“北平邑印”印章发现于狮子山楚王墓,说明陵邑设置应早于墓主下葬年代。结合徐州地区已发现的“元园”“夷园”“文园”等材料及园邑设置规律推断,“北平园”为刘邦祖父(曾祖父)的陵园,陵园位于今丰县或丰县周边地区。

《孙子兵法·形篇》札记——简本与十一家注本异文分析

《孙子兵法》是一部针对统帅和将军的军事著作,与统帅相关的属于军事战略思想,对将军而言的则是一系列具体的战术原则。《形篇》的旨意是对统帅讲“先为不可胜”的国防战略问题,汉简本“守则有余,攻则不足”正是这方面的认识,十一家注本改为“守则不足,攻则有余”不妥。另在“动于九天之上”前加“善攻者”有误,其主语当为“善守者”。简本“无奇胜”,指统帅要从国家整体实力出发考虑问题,不能把胜利寄托在将军个人的谋略才能上,这与《势篇》指示将军在指挥作战时要“以奇胜”没有矛盾。在“胜”前有“称”,是对“胜”的限定,强调基于客观比较分析的实践理性精神。由此可见,十一家注本对于《孙子兵法》本旨有误读。当然,这也可谓阐释过程中的军事思想发展。

Diversified manufacturing processes and multiple mineral sources:Features of Warring States bronze vessels excavated from Chutai Cemetery M1,Anhui Province

Northern Anhui was an important region for diverse bronze culture convergence and extensive metal resource circulation in the Pre-Qin Period.In this paper,metallographic microstructure analysis,chemical composition analysis,and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted on 12 samples of 6 Warring States Period(476–221 BCE)bronze vessels excavated from Chutai Cemetery M1,Fuyang,Anhui Province,revealing the integrated application of diversified manufacturing processes,such as casting,forging,cold working,and welding and multiple metal minerals.The analytical results showed that 2 Ding vessels(鼎)were made by casting,and 2 He vessels(盒)and 2 Dui vessels(敦)were made by forging followed by cold working.These two types of bronze vessels made by different manufacturing processes have significantly distinct alloy ratios and mineral sources,among which the Cu and Sn contents of the 2 cast bronze vessels are lower and the Pb content is higher,while the Cu and Sn contents of the 4 forged bronze vessels are higher and the Pb content is lower.The lead minerals of the two types of bronze vessels might come from Western Henan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,respectively.In addition,the 3 pieces of solder used to weld bronze vessels were all made of pure Sn,their metal minerals should come from the densely distributed area of tin ore in Southern China,and Sn solders were mainly discovered in the Chu culture area during the Eastern Zhou Period.

Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site, Henan, from the Warring States to Han Dynasties

Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States (475-221 BC) to Han Dynasties (206 BC-220 AD), i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site (SMPS), Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers (M34, M36, M102) were excluded, the mean 13C value (( 16.7±0.8)‰, n=15) of humans in Han Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States (( 12.7±0.8)‰, n=14), indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 15N values of humans (6.6‰-9.3‰) in Han Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States (6.2‰-10.4‰), suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agricultural tools in Han Dynasties.

兼容并包是决定中国历史走向的关键性因素——战国秦汉之际中国历史走势的启示

春秋战国是中国历史发展的一个十字路口。后来的历史走向证明,结束诸侯长期征战的出路在于统一局面的出现,并给中国带来向前发展的巨大历史机遇。在战国向秦汉统一局面的转折中,承担了重大使命并发挥重要作用的正是“战国七雄”中的秦、楚两国。与“七雄”中其他五国相比较,秦、楚的共同特点是地处边僻,并大量吸纳戎狄、蛮夷成份,这使他们的“华夏”身份较模糊和边缘化,但唯其如此,赋予他们开创“新传统”的可能性与力量。战国秦汉之际中国历史走势充分印证了“和实生物、同则不继”,即对“西戎”“蛮夷”等新的相对于“华夏”的异质性因素的吸纳与兼容并包。这一进程不但拓展了“华夏”内涵与地域,也成为决定中国历史走势的关键性因素。

“京师尚楚调”的回溯与反思

清乾隆时在北京活动的楚调,可能已包含皮黄;嘉道以后又有更多湖北艺人进入北京,所唱“楚调新声”主要为皮黄。从后人一些记述看,楚(汉)调皮黄、徽调皮黄和京调皮黄的区分主要是在语音,但余三胜等楚(汉)调艺人所唱皮黄主要是以唱腔的新颖动听取胜,而不是靠原先的“地方特色”。楚调进京并与徽调、京调相交融,包含了对地区界限的跨越和对曲腔种类界限的跨越,这样的发展路径与近数十年来固守“剧种”界限的做法不大吻合,值得研究。

匈奴对两汉王朝的战争诉求

匈奴对两汉王朝的战争诉求大致可分为三个时期。在匈奴强盛时期,其战争诉求是要凭借强大的骑兵逼迫汉朝承认匈奴的大国对等地位,还要勒索汉朝更多的钱财物品和公主,并形成强大的军事威慑。在匈奴由盛转衰时期,是要击败汉朝,恢复于己有利的和亲。就算不能完全击败汉军,也要把战争作为恢复和亲的筹码。而衰亡时期,则仅仅表明了匈奴的一种对抗和存在。总的来看,在国力强盛时期,匈奴的战争诉求曾大获成功,但在其他时期都并未达到目的。

王逸《楚辞章句》的“楚辞”思想

王逸眼中的楚辞,与今天的普遍认知差距较大。他认为楚辞“依托《五经》以立义”,有着与《五经》同样的性质。因此,王逸在注释《楚辞》时,采用经学“章句”的体例,以揭示《楚辞》的“讽谏”“教化”意义为其思想核心。一言以蔽之,王逸持守的是有汉以来“诗言志”的思想传统。王逸“楚辞”思想中展露的一些理论新意——如重情、重兴,也都未能脱出“诗言志”的思想框架,都需要纳入汉代诗学思想史中去看待。

安汉与抗战时期西北垦殖运动

安汉,陕西南郑人,民国著名农学家、垦殖专家。与诸多爱国知识精英一样,抗战时期安汉毅然投身到西北开发大潮之中。不同的是,安汉不但拥有专业的知识,科学、系统的西北垦殖思想,还具有躬身实践的勇气。更难能可贵的是,其指导下的垦殖活动,成绩均位列全国垦区之冠。由此可见,人才对于西北开发之重要。但不幸的是,安汉因直言揭露、批评地方政治与军政人员的腐败,而惨遭杀害。安汉之死,突显了战时西北开发实践的复杂与艰辛。

写本学视域下安大简《诗经》的几个问题

安大简《诗经》作为战国楚国写本具有明显的写本学特征。安大简《诗经》写本的国风次序、个别国风命名、个别国风篇目及写本分篇等方面均与孔子编定的《诗经》存在明显差异,体现出写本的流动性及个性化特征。安大简《诗经》的国风次序及个别国风的命名是战国时局在诗学上的投影与反映,体现了诗学与政治的统一性。战国时局的变化,是抄写者产生再加工《诗经》的动因,抄写者通过重新编排国风次序表达了某种政治意图。也许这种表达是完全被动的,如将秦排在第三位,也许是来自强秦的政治压力。而将矦、魏两国国风位置前移,则可能是出自抄写者自我意愿,因为这个抄写者很可能就是魏国人。矦风附记为魏国人所作,其性质为后世“跋语”类文字。安大简《诗经》又把今本唐风称为魏风,这是因为今本毛诗唐风实际上是晋诗的缘故。

战国楚简与殷墟卜辞对读二题

战国楚简与殷墟卜辞对读可以互相发明。1.殷墟卜辞的“[册口]”,楚简中写作“册告”“册祝告”,传世文献中则写作“册祝”“策告”,书写形式和表述形式发生了变化,但“以简册报告”“称册祝告”的意思仍然沿用。而且,从清华简《金滕》(《尚书·金滕》亦然)可见古人的册告仪式和背景信息,而卜筮简则可见册告的较完整句型。2.楚简中的“习贞”,对应殷墟卜辞中的“习卜”,二者均有重复占卜的意思,均位于前辞的位置。3.殷墟甲骨无名组“习卜”的最高次数为“四”,表明重复占卜四次,共占卜五次,与目前所见成套甲骨为“五”的情形相合,但有一版“六卜”午组卜辞和一版含序数“七”的师组卜辞可能是特例。4.与“习卜”相关的“三卜制”耐人寻味,“三卜”现象的确存在于殷墟卜辞,但承担三卜的人物是否分属于王(元卜)、右卜和左卜还值得进一步讨论。5.论文还对殷墟卜辞的“习卜”辞进行了辨析,去除了一些误解。