The new economy of nature:can carbon pay for nature conservation? The case of the Hong Kong Country Parks

The Country Parks of Hong Kong occupy 40%of the total landmass of Hong Kong,and consists of vast areas of secondary woodlands,scrublands,grasslands,and reservoirs.That vegetation-and the soil underneathsubtract carbon from the atmosphere,which has a market value.The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of that carbon,to assess whether that value would be sufficient to pay for the upkeep of the Country Parks,and to compare that value to the costs of alternative ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.To do this,we compare the land cover of 1978,1991,1997 and 2004 using remote sensing,and identify the three predominant land covers(woodlands,scrublands,grasslands) .We then estimate the amount and value of the carbon sequestered by the vegetation and soil of the Country Parks,and compare it to the budget available to the Agriculture,Fisheries and Conservation Department to run the Country Parks(HK$234 million in 2009/2010) .We extrapolate our results over 50 years,from 1978 to 2028.We conclude that by 2028 the carbon sequestered would be valued over HK$800 million,but the value of the additional carbon subtracted yearly would only cover approximately 7%of the total budget needed to run the Country Parks.We also conclude that because of the large budget allocated to the Country Parks,alternative methods of carbon sequestration-represented by the EU ETS price of carbon-are much cheaper.

Human Rights Protection in the Context of Ruling the Country by Law

At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement the Constitution is the primary task and the basic work in building a socialist nation ruled by law.＂ He also said, ＂A country ruled by law should be first ruled by the Constitution, and lawful governance should be based on the Constitution.＂

Regional Developmental Problems of the Rural Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper considers developmental problems of the rural settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are results of long-term disparity in the regional development in the period 1991-2012. In this paper it is considered the recent migration from rural to urban areas and the depopulation of the rural areas. The result of these trends reflects the development of the new infrastructure and tertiary activities. In these investigations, statistical data processed and geovisualised in GIS were used. The obtained data indicate extremely unequable regional arrangement of the population in the rural areas and socio-economic development.

Selected abstracts of the symposium onenvironmental protection and ecologyin developing countries

Nov. 1—4, 1989, Beijing, China River water chemistry in India-An overview V. Subramamian School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. Based on extensive analyses of a very large number of samples, the average river water in India is more alkaline than the world average river water. The dominance of Na and Cl in Indian river shows their monsoon control. There are spatial and seasonal variations. The northern river are less saline than the southern rivers. The sediments covered by the Ganges-

Towards development of a universal dengue vaccine-how close are we?

Dengue has been ranked as one of the top emerging diseases in Asia and Latin America.Current epidemiological data may not even reflect the true burden of disease due to underreported figures.Vector control programmes have failed to contain the disease and worst of all,no specific treatment is available at the moment.Thereby,this pushes the demand for a dengue vaccine as a long-term protective approach.Despite there are numerous vaccine candidates ahead,they could be held back by different aspects in promoting vaccine implementation.Particularly for developing nations,logistics and cost are the major hurdles that need to be addressed in order to provide a quick yet affordable medical relief.As an alternative,plantbased vaccine production system is able to offer an attractive prospect given to its advantages of biocontainment warranty,low operation cost,rapid scalability and logistics flexibility.Researches that have embarked on this scope are laid out and reviewed in terms of the feasibility of plant system to serve as a biofactory for dengue vaccine.

Turkey＇s Relations With the Central Asian Countries and Europen Union

The purpose of this paper, in the light of recent developments, is to analyze whether or not there is an axial drift in Turkey, which is a part of Europe. With the decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany, after the collapse of the wall, known as the iron curtain, built on August 13, 1961 in Berlin, the Soviet Union disintegrated on the date of December 25, 1991 and a new unipolar restructure came into view. New hopes, uncertainties, and new threats were brought along by the US-led restructuring. The Cold War period ended, a drastic change process with the Eurasian axis in the international relations started to be lived in, and the world order based on the the nuclear balance between the East and the West also died out. Having been located at the intersection point of Europe and Asia and therefore of strategic importance, Central Asia has been bringing together the two continents for centuries. In this geography, Turkey has been the first country to recognize the Republics that have gained their independence for the last 20 years. Starting in 1991, the relations between Turkey and Central Asia countries progressed swiftly. Turkey, on one hand, has been developing the economical and political relations with the aforesaid countries, but on the other hand, it has also been continuing to progress on the course of being granted a full membership to the EU （European Union）. Turkey has been the only Muslim country to head towards the West since Tanzimat （the Reformations in 1839）. Besides, Turkey, by having preserved the cultural values, having adopted the democratic principles, having a common border with the Western world, and being her neighbour, is the only and the most developed country to have chosen the West on the economic, cultural, social, and sporting areas among the 57 Islamic countries existing in the world. Turkey, with different political and economic systems, is ready to contribute towards ensuring peace and economic prosperity in Central Asia and Eurasia. The diplomatic activity demonstrated by Turkey in its region was interpreted by some parties as undergoing a shift in the axis of the country and becoming Islamized. The development preparing the ground for the emergence of the axis debates in Turkey is that the relationship between Turkey and EU has come to a dead end. While about 80% of the public supporting for full membership in the years of 1999-2005, this proportion dropped to 40% in recent years. Without the support of the public opinion, no government in the Republic of Turkey will be enthusiastic about the EU membership, as it is, the relations between Turkey and the Western world will decline and the axis shift in Turkey will perhaps become a fact in this case. For this reason, an initiative, called Positive Agenda, was launched for the purpose of not breaking off the relations and preventing Turkey from setting sail for new shores. This new approach is not targeting to replace but to complete the accession process, and the development of the more constructive and positive relationship between EU and Turkey is targeted as well. The world＇s economic axis will shift from the West to the East in the next 50 years. The harsh criticism of the double standards of the West voiced by Turkey in the non-Western regions, such as the Middle East, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, is causing to be perceived by the Western world as Turkey is not a partner but a competitive power and the close relationship with the groups and the actors against the West in the Middle East is leading to interrogate about what kind of partner it will be in Europe. When NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） was formed 63 years ago, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, that the Central Asia countries would gain their independence, that two-block structure of Europe would disappear, and that the Warsaw Pact would disband, could not be predicted by any one. Axis is shifting from the West to the East. By realizing this fact, Turkey has to determine a new strategy. As a result, in this statement, the position of Turkey, which is a part of Asia and Europe, against the latest development in the region, will be analyzed.

Journalists in Armed Conflicts： Neutral Observers and Their Rights in International Humanitarian Law

Just in these days during the demonstrations demanding political reforms and more democracy in Ukraine, journalists have been assaulted or have been arrested by members of the security and military forces because of their possible negative coverage. This article analyses the protection granted to media personnel according to international humanitarian law and how their work can also be jeopardized by national and international legal systems. The question arises if a special status for journalists would minimize the risk to media personnel or if the protection measures already in force are deemed to be adequate.

Norms of International Law on Environmental Protection in Wartime: Application and Improvement

The enormous environmental damage caused by war makes it necessary for international law to balance the reality of military necessity with the need to ensure the survival of human beings and other life forms. International law provides a large number of norms for environmental protection in wartime, constituting a legal order including general and special norms of wartime law and wartime environmental protection obligations of international law in peacetime. It explicitly prohibits unreasonable environmental damage caused by military needs in wartime. Contrary to the cognition that there is no international norm to protect the environment in wartime,the key reason that causes the effect of environmental protection in wartime is not as good as expected lies in the different degrees of defects in the application of these complex norms. It is a more important and practical path choice to renew the general principles of wartime environmental protection, expand the scope of application of wartime laws and special environmental norms, strengthen the wartime application of international law in peacetime, and give full play to the maximum effectiveness of the existing normative system than to expect the new convention to accomplish the whole task at one stroke.

朱德与护国战争

护国战争是孙中山领导辛亥革命创建民主共和国以后多次挽救共和制度的大事件之一。这场大战的中心和前沿都在朱德的故乡四川,其泸纳主战场是朱德为护国战争建立殊功的所在地。在这场大战中,尽管朱德还是一位中级军官,但他却总是在关键时刻、关键地点准确把握敌我态势和力克强敌的战机,为护国战争的胜利立下奇功,初步展现了一个无产阶级战略家、军事家的风采。同时,朱德还表现出对这场战争不同凡响的主观认知,形成了护国战争的胜利乃至孙中山的三民主义及他领导的整个辛亥革命都不可能真正挽救人民于水火的明确意识。这一高远意向推动朱德很快转化为马克思主义者,并在新民主主义革命大潮中成长一位伟大的无产阶级革命家和军事家。

One Country,Two Viewpoints The Japanese emperor's remorse over non-Japanese victims of World WarⅡdiffers sharply from the prime minister's persistent Yasukuni Shrine visits

Against the backdrop of all-time low relations with Asian neighbors, Japan's Emperor Akihito used the occasions of his annual birthday press conference and New Year greeting to talk to his nation about wartime history. The fact that he rarely addresses

家国之间:抗战时期内迁民间戏班的生存之道——以厉家班为例

抗战时期,民间戏曲班社云集于西南大后方。民间戏班既要进行商演以谋取生存,亦要为抗日救亡而进行公(义)演。如何协调好二者的关系,是民间戏班需要面对的重要命题。厉家班在内迁过程中,虽屡历险境,仍然以极大的热情参与各种抗战义演活动,创编新剧鼓舞民众,并有意识地将宣传与募捐融入舞台表演,体现出深沉的家国情怀。厉家班在烽火中逆势发展,得力于厉家班“严”字当头的治班制度、科学的教育理念以及班主的社会活动能力。厉家班的生命轨迹,已然超越个体戏班的价值,而成为观照战时中国民间戏剧团体命运的典型符号。

关于滇缅公路抗战文化的传承和保护研究——以滇缅公路漾濞段为例

对滇缅公路漾濞路段进行实地走访调查,发现随着滇缅公路运输地位的变化,滇缅公路原貌保存较少,滇缅公路抗战文化的传承和保护也随之弱化,且有些抗战文化已完全消失,不可恢复。为此,提出增强全社会对滇缅公路抗战文化的保护意识、深入挖掘滇缅公路抗战文化、建设完善滇缅公路抗战文化馆、成立专门滇缅公路抗战文化“研、宣、保”队伍等措施来加强滇缅公路抗战文化的传承和保护。

从“随军译员”看西南联大精神的融通与实践——以外语系被征调的卢绍华及其家属为例

西南联大最宝贵的经验就是教育青年们继承爱国主义的传统,发扬不怕牺牲的奋斗精神。在抗战接近尾声的时候,中国政府响亮地提出了“一寸山河一寸血,十万青年十万军”的口号,鼓励广大知识青年踊跃参军作战。在昆明这个抗战的大后方,以卢绍华为代表的大批青年学生继承了西南联大“教育救国、读书报国”的时代精神,他们积极响应盟军中缅印战区征调翻译人员的号召,不畏艰险勇敢地奔赴抗战前线。通译人员的工作,有利于沟通声气、增进盟国军事上的通力合作,为高等教育史、抗日战争史和青年运动史谱写了光辉灿烂的篇章,为我们留下了宝贵的历史文化资源。与此同时,避寇到昆明的著名作家卢葆华为鼓励从军的长子卢绍华创作了一系列感人肺腑的诗词作品,为解读抗战精神提供了鲜活的素材。

抗战时期刘承幹护书始末考述(1938—1940)

1937年南浔沦陷后,嘉业堂藏书被日本军部以“保护”名义实行监管。随后日本各方积极联络刘承幹,试图在军队胁迫下收购嘉业堂藏书。刘承幹在确保藏书安全的情况下尽力与各方斡旋,并趁机将藏书秘密转移至上海租界,随后售予代表中国政府的文献保存同志会。本文根据上海图书馆、国家图书馆所藏相关人物函札日记,考证刘承幹在1938—1940年间保护藏书不被劫掠毁坏的历史细节:一方面探究抗日战争中日本各方在华“收书”的方式与经过,另一方面呈现私人藏家在战争期间保护传统文化的功绩与贡献。

抗美援朝文物调查与保护利用研究

抗美援朝战争是新中国成立之初的立威之战,为新中国社会主义建设赢得了和平的环境。抗美援朝文物承载着抗美援朝精神,本文在抗美援朝不可移动文物保护现状调查的基础上,通过对文物分布、保存与展示现状,以及文物价值、类型、真实性与稳定性的梳理分析,指出抗美援朝文物保护单位命名、文物级别低、展示不够等方面存在的问题,并提出挖掘价值、微展示、突出主题融合利用等文物保护利用方面的思考,为抗美援朝文物保护与展示利用提供参考。

抗战历史文化资源的开发、保护与利用研究——以河南省为例

抗战历史文化资源的开发、保护与利用具有突出意义。以河南省为例,当前在抗战历史文化资源的开发、保护与利用中已经取得一些成绩,但仍存在资源开发和保护范围有限、资源利用效率低下等问题。因此,要实现抗战历史文化资源的科学开发、保护和利用,需要在思想上高度重视抗战历史文化资源的突出价值;制定切实可行的开发、保护和利用抗战历史文化资源的综合规划;加强抗战历史文化资源的宣传,建设抗战历史文化品牌;加大资金投入,构建以政府投入为主体的多元化资金投入机制。

山东抗日根据地的人权工作——以《人权保障条例》为中心的考察

山东抗日根据地的《人权保障条例》是我国第一部专门的人权保障条例。该条例在中共中央政策方针指引下,根据山东抗日根据地实际需要,由李竹如直接负责制定。条例的内容立足于山东实际情况,展现出一些特殊之处;随后制定的人权保障条例执行规则又对其进行了补充和完善。山东抗日根据地的各级政权为践行该条例作出了不懈的努力,不仅采取了一系列配套措施,还制定了相关规范性文件以保障人权。在中共山东分局的领导下,人民的民主权利、生存权利得到保障,女性和少数民族的权利也得到了重视,根据地司法、公安工作逐步走向正轨。这些成果为争取抗战胜利作出了重要贡献。山东抗日根据地的《人权保障条例》的内容和实践不仅提供了宝贵的经验,还展示了中国共产党在烽火抗战的背景下为保障人权所作出的努力。

Governance of forest conservation and co-benefits for Bangladesh under changing climate

We focused on key aspects of forest governance for biodiver- sity conservation in implementing new climate change policies. The national forest institutions must be adaptive to identify the existing pitfalls of prior conservation policies to take advantage of new climate change policies. Strengthening roles and technical capacity of national institutions for systematic biodiversity monitoring and carbon stock assessment is required in developing and least developed countries. Community participation needs careful analysis to ensure equitable ac- cess of particular social groups to local decision-making processes and to sustain optional livelihoods. The livelihood options around forest reserves or protected areas must be taken into account to enhance forest-based adaptation.

Intellectual Property Protection and High-quality Development of Cotton Industry in Xinjiang

This paper firstly introduces the general situation of cotton planting areas in China and cotton industry in Xinjiang,and the current situation of intellectual property protection of Xinjiang's cotton industry.Then,it analyzes the main problems in its intellectual property protection and high-quality development.On this basis,it comes up with the recommendations for high-quality development of cotton industry in Xinjiang under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.The recommendations include improving the level of creation of creative intellectual property rights,building an intellectual property rule system in the entire cotton industry chain in Xinjiang,building protected zones for production of major high quality agricultural product cotton,establishing a demonstration zone to undertake the transfer of the domestic cotton textile and garment industry,undertaking education on the sense of community for the Chinese nation in response to the Xinjiang cotton incident,and developing the"Belt and Road"blue market for Xinjiang cotton and its products.