Theory and Practice of Water Pollution Prevention and Control for Inflowing Rivers in Taihu Valley

The pollutants from the 15 rivers inflowing into Lake Taihu accounted for about 80% of the total amount of the pollutants inflowing into Lake Taihu. Therefore, overall treatment of the inflowing rivers of Taihu Lake is of great importance to the improvement of water environment in the valley and the eutrophication status in th lake. Firstly, the basic ideas, key taches and main methods for water pollution control of inflow rivers of Taihu Lake was put forward in this article, Basic on these theories, the pollutant source status in the comprehensive treatment zone of the 15 major inflow rivers was analysized, the countermeasures of pollution control and main regulation projects were introduced, and the total abatement of pollutants was predicted. With the implement of regulation projects, the number of rivers with water quality worse than Grade V among the 15 major inflow rivers had come from 9 to 3, and the eutrophication status of Taihu Lake had changed from medium level to light level. The overall treatment of the major inflow rivers of the Taihu Lake had achieved initial success.

Fluorine Content in Soil and Groundwater of Songnen Plain in Northeast China

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the fluorosis content in the groundwater of Songnen Plain and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of endemic fluorosis in Songnen Plain. [Method] The relationship of drinking water type endemic fluorosis with the fluoride content in the soil and groundwater of Songnen Plain was analyzed. [Result] The endemic disease in this region is concentrated in the Song-Liao Plain and Hulunbuir Plateau on both sides of the Daxinganling Mountain. Severe and medium disease areas are distributed mainly in alluviallacustrine plains with dense depressions of lakes and marshes. The strata are commonly fine-grained loess and mucky soil. The groundwater is dominated by HCO3-Ca·Na and HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca types, with fluorine content of 1.80-16.00 mg/L, generally 4-6 mg/L. Light disease and non-disease areas are distributed in the alluvial-lacustrine plains with less or without depressions of lakes and marshes. The strata are mainly coarse-grained silty soil and sandy soil. The chemical types of ground water are Cl-Ca·Na and HCO 3 Cl-Na·Ca. The content of fluorine in ground water is commonly lower than 2 mg/L. [Conclusion] High fluorine groundwater formation is closely related to the geological environment.

Characteristics and sources of microplastic pollution in the water and sediments of the Jinjiang River Basin,Fujian Province,China

Microplastic pollution is widely distributed from surface water to sediments to groundwater vertically and from land to the ocean horizontally.This study collected samples from surface water,groundwater,and sediments from upper to lower reaches and then to the estuary in 16 typical areas in the Jinjiang River Basin,Fujian Province,China.Afterward,it determined the components and abundance of the microplastics and analyzed the possible microplastic sources through principal component analysis(PCA).As a result,seven main components of microplastics were detected,i.e.,polyethylene(PE),polypropylene(PP),polyvinyl chloride(PVC),polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyformaldehyde(POM),nylon 6(PA6),and polystyrene(PS).Among them,PE and PP were found to have the highest proportion in the surface water and sediments and in the groundwater,respectively.The surface water,groundwater,and sediments had average microplastic abundance of 1.6 n/L,2.7 n/L and 33.8 n/kg,respectively.The microplastics in the sediments had the largest particle size,while those in the groundwater had the smallest particle size.Compared with water bodies and sediments in other areas,those in the study area generally have medium-low-level microplastic abundance.Three pollution sources were determined according to PCA,i.e.,the dominant agriculture-forestry-fishery source,domestic wastewater,and industrial production.This study can provide a scientific basis for the control of microplastics in rivers.

Distribution and impacts on the geological environment of antiviral drugs in major waters of Wuhan,China

This study investigated water samples collected from the surface water and groundwater in Wuhan City,Hubei Province,China in different stages of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(hereinafter referred to as COVID-19)in the city,aiming to determine the distribution characteristics of antiviral drugs in the city’s waters.The results are as follows.The main hydrochemical type of surface water and groundwater in Wuhan was Ca-HCO3.The major chemical components in the groundwater had higher concentrations and spatial variability than those in the surface water.Two antiviral drugs and two glucocorticoids were detected in the surface water,groundwater,and sewage during the COVID-19 outbreak.Among them,chloroquine phosphate and cortisone had higher detection rates of 32.26%and 25.80%,respectively in all samples.The concentrations of residual drugs in East Lake were higher than those in other waters.The main drug detected in the waters in the later stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan was chloroquine phosphate,whose detection rates in the surface water and the groundwater were 53.85%and 28.57%,respectively.Moreover,the detection rate and concentration of chloroquine phosphate were higher in East Lake than in Huangjia Lake.The groundwater containing chloroquine phosphate was mainly distributed along the river areas where the groundwater was highly vulnerable.The residual drugs in the surface water and the groundwater had lower concentrations in the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak than in the middle of the outbreak,and they have not yet caused any negative impacts on the ecological environment.

Temporal and spatial evolution of surface sediments characteristics in the Dagu River estuary and their dynamic response mechanism

Based on the 39 surface sediment samples collected in the flood season and the dry season in 2012 respectively and the measured hydrological data in October 2012, the sediment grain size characteristics has been analyzed and the response mechanism of surface sediments to estuarine hydrodynamics was revealed by calculating the range of waves and tidal currents. The results show that:(1) The grain size of the surface sediment samples decreased gradually from land to sea in the flood season. The fine sediment was redistributed under marine hydrodynamics in the dry season and the sediments showed coarser tendency ingeneral;(2) tidal current stirring sediment was very obvious in Dagu River estuary area, and wave stirring sediments mainly occurred in the tidal flat area and estuary sand bar area;(3) in the flood season, surface sediment sat the estuary were transported towards south and southeast. In the dry season, surface sediments were transported towards southwest at the north area of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, and sediments were transported towards northeast area at the south of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge.

Assessment of Geological Security and Integrated Assessment Geo-environmental Suitability in Worst-hit Areas in Wenchuan Quake

The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and geo-hazards triggered by the earthquake caused large injuries and deaths as well as destructive damage for infrastructures like construction, traffic and electricity. It is urgent to select relatively secure areas for townships and cities constructed in high mountainous regions with high magnitude earthquakes. This paper presents the basic thoughts, evaluation indices and evaluation methods of geological security evaluation, water and land resources security demonstration and integrated assessments of geo-environmental suitability for reconstruction in alp and ravine with high magnitude earthquakes, which are applied in the worst-hit areas （12 counties）. The integrated assessment shows that： （1） located in the Longmenshan fault zone, the evaluated area is of poor regional crust stability, in which the unstable and second unstable areas account for 79% of the total; （2） the geo-hazards susceptibility is high in the evaluation area. The spots of geo-hazards triggered by earthquake are mainly distributed along the active fault zone with higher distribution in the moderate and high mountains area, in which the areas of high and moderate susceptibility zoning accounts for 40.1% of the total; （3） geological security is poor in the evaluated area, in which the area of the unsuitable construction occupies 73.1%, whereas in the suitable construction area, the areas of geological security, second security and insecurity zoning account for 8.3 %, 9.3% and 9.3 % of the evaluated area respectively; （4） geo-environmentai suitability is poor in the evaluated area, in which the areas of suitability and basic suitability zoning account for 3.5% and 7.3% of the whole evaluation area.

甘肃省白银市四龙镇—北湾镇耕地区土壤重金属现状及生态风险评价

[研究目的]甘肃省白银地区矿业发达,矿山开采导致土壤重金属污染严重,掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护具有重要意义。[研究方法]以甘肃省白银地区四龙镇一北湾镇耕地区表层土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法四种方法对区内表层土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)污染进行了分析和评价。[研究结果]单因子指数法统计结果显示研究区土壤污染主要为Cd、As的污染,单因子指数PCd显示89.21%的土壤为一等清洁,8.63%为二等轻微污染,0.72%为三等轻度污染,1.44%为四等中度污染。单因子指数PAs显示94.24%为土壤为一等清洁,5.04%为二等轻微污染,0.72%四等中度污染。内梅罗综合指数Pz介于0.339~2.869,均值为0.603;Pz显示85.61%的土壤为清洁,7.91%为轻微污染,5.04%为轻度污染,1.44%为中度污染。地积累指数法结果显示研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级,以Cd、Hg、As、Pb污染为主。潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,研究区污染以Cd、Hg污染为主;Cd潜在生态风险最大,10.07%属于中潜在风险,5.04%属于较高潜在风险,1.44%属于很高潜在风险;潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80,表明该地区土壤总体处于中等危害程度。四种方法评价结果总体一致,即研究区以Cd、As、Hg污染为主,应加强监测。[结论]以黄河为界对调查区进行分区研究,结果显示北岸灌淤土区(B区)污染最为严重,与东大沟河交界位置污染程度最高,水体及底泥样品重金属分析结果也证实东大沟河污染也较为明显,进一步证实了研究区北部主要受白银矿山东大沟河流域污染为主,而黄河南岸土壤相对清洁,但也受到不同程度的影响。近些年,随着引黄灌溉及矿山环境治理等措施,土壤污染有所缓解,但土壤中累积的重金属需要长时间的自然降解或迁移,对高风险区仍应加强监测及治理。

金属矿山的主要矿山地质环境问题探讨

矿山地质环境关系到矿山开采对周围环境的影响程度,是矿山生态环境修复的重要基础。金属矿山具有其自身特点,本文对金属矿山的主要矿山地质环境问题进行了探讨,并分析了造成此类问题的常见原因,以期为其他金属矿山地质环境问题提供参考。

安山煤矿矿井涌水特征及水害预测研究

陕北矿区作为我国煤炭主要产地之一,实现煤炭合理开采和矿井涌水量预测成为亟需解决的难题。为了研究安山煤矿矿井涌水问题,通过现场实测和理论预测的方法对矿井涌水量和导水裂隙带高度展开研究。研究表明,安山煤矿5^(-2)煤开采矿井涌水量存在峰值点,最大值为58.5 m^(3)/h,整体处于缓慢增长的趋势,涌水量主要受工作面推采参数影响。采用理论预计的方法得到矿井最大涌水量为94.59 m^(3)/h,结合导水裂隙高度公式,预计发现煤层开采大部分区域未与上煤层导通,仅部分区域贯通,通过现场钻孔勘探发现理论预计和现场实测结果相近,依据矿井地质条件提出了具有针对性的矿井涌水量地质保障措施。

我国气田采出水处置面临的关键挑战与对策建议

气田采出水的低成本安全高效处置已成为制约我国天然气稳产增产的主要因素,解决气田开发水处置难题对保障国家能源安全具有重要意义。基于对我国陆上四大含油气盆地中主要气田产水现状的梳理,分析了我国气田采出水处置面临的关键挑战,提出了解决气田采出水处置难题的对策建议。研究表明,分布于我国鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地、四川盆地以及柴达木盆地的气田多数面临气水同采、产水激增的状况。“双碳”战略目标下,气田采出水面临产水量逐年增加、国家层面回注管理制度与标准规范缺失、地表达标外排成本高且适用地区有限、综合资源化利用尚处起步阶段等关键挑战。需加强气藏整体治水研究,健全国家层面气田采出水回注管理与技术标准体系,推进气田采出水低成本综合资源化利用,拓展气田采出水处置新路径。我国气藏类型多样,地质地貌水文气候条件复杂多变,需因地制宜推进气田采出水的回注处置、达标外排与综合资源化利用,多措并举支撑我国“稳油增气”与“双碳”战略目标实现。

甘肃省宕昌县赵家湾锑矿环境地质条件浅析

矿区位于甘肃省宕昌县东南部与礼县交界处,行政区划隶属于宕昌县竹园乡管辖,工区内为西秦岭中山森林区景观,地表几乎被灌木和林木覆盖,山体延绵,地势较陡,地形总体为西高东低,北高南低,地势切割剧烈,北部大山一带海拔最高2778.5m,高差800m~1200m,山岳特征显著。区内主要河流为白关河,向东南汇入西汉水,可满足生活、生产的需求。矿区渣堆均为不稳定斜坡地质灾害隐患区,坡度陡,高差大,个别渣堆存在很多岩体裂隙,遇到强降雨天气及其他地质灾害等外力作用影响下,非常容易发生滑塌,对于矿渣下部山脚居民生产生活产生威胁,且矿渣中的重金属离子可能在雨水冲刷、淋融作用下析出,对地下水和土壤造成污染,采矿活动对地貌环境产生一定的破坏,矿区地下水地表水均存在不同程度的超标(对比地表水、地下水三类标准),环境地质条件中等。

沿黄河地下水型饮用水源补给区划分——以郑州市九五滩水源地为例

地下水环境保护的关键工作之一是保护地下水型饮用水水源.为了科学保护水源地,须划定水源补给区.以郑州市的九五滩水源地为例,对不同傍河型水源补给区划分方法进行对比分析,并最终划定了九五滩水源补给区.结果表明,傍河型水源补给区宜结合水文地质分析法和数值法结果综合划定,河流侧向补给边界、隔水边界根据水文地质分析法结果确定,其他流量边界根据数值模型预测水源井相应时间的捕获区范围确定.九五滩水源补给区的北部边界位于黄河河道的北岸,西部边界为京广线铁路,东部边界为郑州黄河公路大桥,南部边界为沿黄快速通道,补给区面积为62.17 km^(2).研究结果可为该水源地地下水保护提供科学依据,也可为其他傍河型水源补给区划分提供参考.

高强度开采条件下安全回采地质保障技术研究

为解决小保当一号煤矿矿井涌水问题及地表生态问题,通过理论分析与现场实测等方法对矿井涌水预测、裂隙发育高度展开研究。研究表明,小保当一号煤矿矿井涌水量整体呈增加趋势,且与地表降水、工作面开采范围及生产能力有关;理论计算得矿井最大涌水量875 m^(3)/h,裂隙发育高度为127.6~162.4 m,与上煤层采空区贯通,存在突水危险。针对该矿井实际情况,提出了针对性的地质保障措施,确保煤矿生产安全。

基于GMS的矿井涌水量预测

矿井涌水是矿山安全开采中难以解决又必须面对的问题。GMS(groundwater modeling system)具有强大的前、后处理功能,实现了地质模型、水文地质参数等的可视化,提供的自检功能为调试模型提供了极大方便。以宁夏某矿为例,应用GMS对其水文地质条件进行概化,建立水文地质结构模型和水文地质概化模型,通过MODFLOW模块对其涌水量进行预测。结果表明:三维地质模型具有很好地可视性,研究区地层能够更加直观的得以展示,模拟所得水位与实测水位拟合效果在置信区间内,模拟区首采面的涌水量的预测值为1450 m~3/h。为矿山开采、工程建设中涌水量预测的研究提供了更为直观、更为便捷的方法。

高承压大水矿山矿坑涌水量预测的地下水数值模拟

某铅锌矿深部矿床上覆和下伏地层均赋存高承压地下水,深部矿床间接顶、底板岩溶裂隙含水层与矿床直接含水层之间的高水头差是威胁矿山安全生产的主要因素。为给矿山深部防治水工程设计的提供依据,在分析矿区地质、水文地质条件的基础上,建立了矿区水文地质概念模型,运用FEFLOW软件对矿区地下水进行了三维流数值模拟分析,运用识别后的模型对矿区深部开采的矿坑涌水量进行了预测,结果表明矿山厂1 094~734 m水平正常涌水量为8 730~1 1713 m^(3)/d,麒麟厂971~551 m水平正常涌水量为5 977~7 557 m^(3)/d,可作为矿山防治水设计的依据。

云南石屏县法乌铜多金属矿区法乌铅锌矿涌水量预测

云南省石屏县法乌铜多金属矿区位于石屏县城北西方向,矿区隶属云南省石屏县龙武镇所辖。其中法乌铅锌矿位于该矿区中南部。在对矿区水文地质特征与矿坑充水因素分析基础上,采用比拟法与裘布依理论式进行矿坑涌水量计算预测。结果表明:法乌铅锌矿矿区水文地质单元面积为28.67 km^(2),地下水形成分布主要受区域性深大断裂建水-石屏断裂带控制。矿区地层划分为第四系冲洪积、残坡积孔隙含水层、裂隙岩溶综合含水层和花岗岩风化裂隙含水层,矿坑充水因素主要为大气降水和地表水;以1522~1246m标高为界,采用裘布依理论式计算法预测矿坑涌水量为630 m^(3)/d,与采用PD91坑道排水量资料比拟法计算的576 m^(3)/d结果相对接近,说明边界条件及参数取值较为合理,计算结果可信;在未来矿区建设生产中,要做好矿坑涌水量的动态监测,对有积水的区域要做好排水工作。

Study on environmental etiology of high incidence areas of liver cancer in China

INTRODUCTIONChina is a country with a high incidence of liver cancer insome areas.Liver cancer has a wide distribution andthreatens human health seriously.A rough estimationshows that out of a population of 1.2×10~8 in liver

基于不同开采方式的煤矿涌水量预测及其环境影响分析

煤矿开采不当会对水资源与水环境造成破坏,尤其在生态环境相对脆弱地区更是如此。针对目前矿井涌水量预测大多以单一工作面或煤矿为评价单元,对沟域内煤矿群同时长期开采的地下水环境影响重视不够。选择头道河则沟域为研究区,以地下水勘查、井田勘探资料为依据,构建了头道河则完整沟域的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,根据地下水、地表水监测数据和煤矿群开采涌水量的长观资料进行模型的识别与验证,以9#煤矿为典型矿区,分析综采和条带充填2种不同开采方式下矿井涌水量及其对水环境的影响。研究结果表明:(1)综采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.70×10^(4)m^(3)/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.20×10^(4)m^(3)/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.21~17.92 m;条带充填开采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.11×10^(4)m^(3)/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.04×10^(4)m^(3)/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.01~0.44 m。(2)煤矿按综采方式开采,导水裂隙带高度大,将大面积导通第四系潜水含水层,矿井涌水对水环境影响较大;若按条带充填方式开采,导水裂隙带高度大幅变小,不会导通第四系潜水含水层,矿井涌水对水环境影响较小。煤矿企业在煤层上覆岩层厚度较薄的地段采煤时,宜采取条带充填开采的方式。研究结果可为研究区或类似煤田开采方案制定、科学处理好煤炭资源开采与生态环境保护关系等提供依据或参考。

跨行政区小流域水污染特征分析

跨行政区的小流域水污染特征复杂,且因行政主体不同而导致水环境治理困难。以合肥市二十埠河小流域为例,采用现场调查和模型计算相结合的方法,开展流域污染特征分析与研究。结果表明,点源为流域内最重要的污染源,由点源产生的各主要污染物入河负荷贡献率达47.3%~65.4%。各行政区域对河流的污染贡献率存在差异,上游的新站区对二十埠河的污染贡献率最高(COD占比47.88%, TP占比45.67%),下游的肥东县内存在大片农田和散户畜禽养殖,造成NH3-N入河负荷较高(37.96%)。新站区(汛期)和肥东县(非汛期)的NH3-N环境容量为负值,为了实现控制目标,分别需要削减NH3-N入河负荷21.60和81.18 t/a。为改善二十埠河水环境质量,建议将点源污染控制作为流域污染治理工作重点,并做好农业面源污染控制,解决NH3-N环境容量不足的问题。

甘肃省早子沟金矿矿区水文地质特征与矿坑涌水量预测

早子沟金矿是西秦岭地区发现的特大型金矿床。随着开采深度加大,矿坑涌水成为影响矿山生产的主要因素之一。本次采用解析法和比拟法进行矿坑涌水量预测,结果表明:若将早子沟金矿矿山开拓至2100 m标高,借用等效介质孔隙含水层,运用地下水向潜水完整井运动的裘布依公式预测,正常矿井涌水量为2976.32 m^(3)/d,矿井最大涌水量为3961.10 m^(3)/d;依据矿区已知井下排水资料,比拟法计算得出正常矿井涌水量为3704.99 m^(3)/d,矿井最大涌水量为4350.37 m^(3)/d。综合分析认为,解析法水文地质参数求取容易产生误差,结果只能作为参考;比拟法经验公式计算简洁,计算参数相对可靠,结果更符合矿坑实际情况。因此,早子沟金矿矿坑涌水量预测应采用比拟法。