Sedimentology and Paleoenvironmental Characteristics of Fine-grained Sediments in Coal-bearing Strata in the Eastern Ordos Basin:A Case Study of the Exploratory Well in the Zizhou Area

The continuously collected cores from the Permo-Carboniferous coal-bearing strata of the eastern Ordos Basin are essential for studying the hydrocarbon potential in this region.This study adopted sedimentological and geochemical methods to analyze the sedimentary environment,material composition,and geochemical characteristics of the coal-bearing strata.The differences in depositional and paleoclimatic conditions were compared;and the factors influencing the organic matter content of fine-grained sediments were explored.The depositional environment of the Benxi and Jinci formations was lagoon to tidal flat with weakly reduced waters with low salinity and dry-hot paleoclimatic conditions;while that of the Taiyuan Formation was a carbonate platform and shallow water delta front,where the water was highly reductive.The xerothermic climate alternated with the warm and humid climate.The period of maximum transgression in the Permo-Carboniferous has the highest water salinity.The Shanxi Formation was deposited in a shallow water delta front with a brackish and fresh water environment and alternative weak reductiveness.And the paleoclimate condition is dry-hot.The TOC content in fine-grained samples was averaging 1.52%.The main controlling mechanism of organic matter in this area was the input conditions according to the analysis on input and preservation of organic matter.

A New Understanding on South China Permian Coal-bearing Strata and Coal Accumulation Regularity

The Longtan Formation was originally thought to belong to the Late Permian, but this study reveals that the lower part of this formation belongs to the Middle Permian. The study proposes the corresponding chro-nostratigraphic boundary and new schemes for the correlation of geological sections. Based on these schemes a new understanding on the accumulation regularity of Permian coal measures in South China is reached.

Time-dependent safety of lining structures of circular tunnels in weak rock strata

Following tunnel excavation and lining completion,fractured surrounding rock deforms gradually over time;this results in a time-dependent evolution of the pressure applied to the lining structure by the surrounding rock.Thus,the safety of the tunnel lining in weak strata is strongly correlated with time.In this study,we developed an analytical method for determining the time-dependent pressure in the surrounding rock and lining structure of a circular tunnel under a hydrostatic stress field.Under the proposed method,the stress–strain relationship of the fractured surrounding rock is assumed to conform to that of the Burgers viscoelastic component,and the lining structure is assumed to be an elastomer.Based on these assumptions,the viscoelastic deformation of the surrounding rock,the elastic deformation of the lining structure,and the coordinated deformation between the surrounding rock and lining structure were derived.The proposed analytical method,which employs a time-dependent safety coefficient,was subsequently used to estimate the durability of the lining structure of the Foling Tunnel in China.The derived attenuation curve of the safety coefficient with respect to time can assist engineers in predicting the remaining viable life of the lining structure.Unlike existing analytical methods,the method derived in this study considers the time dependency of the interaction between the surrounding rock and tunnel lining;hence,it is more suitable for the evaluation of lining lifetime.

采动力学与岩层控制关键理论及工程应用

研究岩体采动力学响应和岩层控制技术对促进煤炭安全高效开采、保障能源稳定供给具有重要意义,是实现煤炭资源科学开采的理论基础。矿山岩体灾害(围岩变形、冲击地压等)频发,其形成-演化-发生全过程与采动力演化分布、岩层运动、开采扰动和能量演化密切相关。基于实用矿山压力控制理论,提出并阐述了采场岩层控制进展与控制准则,建立了定量分析的力学模型和设计方法,发展了针对性的岩体灾害控制技术,并创新研制了配套试验研究装备。采动力学与岩层控制理论将岩层控制分为采场岩层控制和巷道围岩控制;提出控制或利用采动岩层运动改变致灾条件,给出“给定变形”和“限定变形”准则;调控“3S”因素准则(围岩应力环境、围岩结构属性、围岩支护结构)改变围岩自稳能力。以岩体灾害控制为目标,提出了以“应力主控”为核心的释能主控技术;建立了岩体灾害控制大小原理和弱面判据(安全系数K、冲击危险性系数U);研发了采场矿压机械模拟试验系统、采动力试验系统和蠕变及动力扰动冲击加载试验系统,实现了实验室尺度还原采动力作用下岩体变形-破裂-运动过程,为研究采动力作用下岩体力学响应提供了试验装备;分别从采场岩层控制、地质软岩巷道控制、工程软岩巷道控制及冲击地压控制4个方向进行了工程案例研究,相关研究成果在工程应用中得到了验证。

软弱地层下穿盾构施工隧道对既有铁路路基变形的影响分析

基于长春地铁2号线某盾构区间下穿长双烟铁路工程研究软弱地层下盾构隧道下穿施工引起上部铁路路基沉降的影响规律,采用FLAC3D有限元软件进行模拟,研究铁路路基在不同施工工况下的沉降分布规律,并分析了土仓压力、注浆压力及深孔注浆加固作用下铁路路基的沉降影响。分析结果表明:盾构左线施工对铁路路基的扰动大于盾构右线施工;既有铁路路基的沉降量不受土仓压力的影响,但随着注浆压力的增加而降低;采用深孔注浆加固后铁路路基的最大沉降量满足《普速铁路线路修理规则》中的规定。分析结果可为软弱地层条件下盾构下穿铁路路基施工提供一定的参考依据。

地下连续墙防绕流水囊设计与施工

在富水软弱地层地下连续墙施工过程中,墙体接头防绕流措施是增强地下连续墙整体刚度和防渗性能,提高墙体施工质量的关键。依托佛山地铁绿岛湖中站工程,在传统防绕流措施的基础上提出新型防绕流水囊技术,通过水囊对工字钢腹板内部进行填充,封堵混凝土绕流通道,提供软弱土层临时支撑。相比传统防绕流措施,采用防绕流水囊技术后,地下连续墙浇筑速率、工字钢接头施工质量和整体防水性能显著提高。

软弱地层盾构穿越老旧民居变形规律分析

老旧浅基础民居安全性较低,盾构穿越会对其造成不利影响。本文以杭州某出入线段盾构穿越老旧民居为背景,分析盾构穿越民居变形规律,探讨盾构穿越民居掘进参数最优区间。结果表明,出入线段无论先下穿后侧穿或先侧穿后下穿,民居竖向位移曲线较一致,且第一次穿越前后变形较小,第二次穿越时变形迅速增大,主要表现为沉降;盾构埋深、注浆参数等对老旧民居变形、倾斜影响较大;地表沉降曲线大致呈漏斗形,出线段施工对地表变形影响较小,入线段施工对出线段地表变形影响较大,对自身上部土体变形影响较小。

Insights into lithium adsorption by coal-bearing strata kaolinite

The sharp increase in the demand for lithium(Li)for high-energy-storage battery materials due to its high specific energy and low negative chemical potential render Li a geopolitically significant resource.It is urgent to develop a low-cost,efficient method to improve lithium extraction.Herein,Li ion(Li+)adsorption in coal-bearing strata kaolinite(CSK)was studied.The effects of pre-activation acid leaching(meta-kaolinite/H2SO4,MK-HS)and dimethyl sulfoxide intercalation(coal-bearing strata kaolinite/dimethyl sulfoxide,CSK-DMSO)on the Li+adsorption capacity were studied under the same adsorption conditions.The results indicated that the adsorption was completed in 60 min under alkaline conditions(pH=8.5),a high solution concentration(400 mg/L),and a low dosage(1 g/100 mL);and the comprehensive adsorption capacity is MK-HS>CSK-DMSO>CSK.Furthermore,the DMSO intercalation caused the interlayer spacing of the CSK to increase,which provided more space for Li+to enter and increase the adsorption capacity.After thermal pre-activation and acid leaching,structural failure and lattice collapse resulted in the presence of more micropores in the MK-HS,which resulted in a 10-fold increase in its specific surface area and caused coordination bond changes(Al(VI)to Al(IV))and leaching of aluminum(Al)from the lattice.It is proposed that these structural changes greatly improve the activity of CSK so that Li+cannot only adsorb onto the surface and between the layers but can also enter the lattice defects,which results in the MK-HS having the best adsorption performance.Combined with the adsorption kinetics analysis,the adsorption methods of CSK and two modified materials include physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.In this study,the adsorption capacity of CSK and its modified products to Li were explored,providing a new option for the reuse of CSK and the extraction of Li.

隧道软弱破碎岩层辅助支护超前小导管施工

为保证隧道软弱破碎岩层在浅埋暗挖施工过程中的稳定性,不产生流沙或者塌方现象,需要在开挖之前提前对被开挖的土体做好超前加固或者常用支护等保护措施。本文分析超前小导管注浆施工在隧道软弱破碎岩层辅助支护工程中的操作要点和关键技术,根据以往施工经验,总结不足之处,并提出整改意见,以保证可以最大限度发挥出该项施工工艺对隧道工程的建设作用,为隧道工程创造出更好的社会效益和经济效益。

软弱地层大型泵站深基坑工程施工期安全监测分析

结合台州某大型泵站工程,对软弱地层大型深基坑工程施工期土体与围护结构变形特征进行研究,通过对不同施工节点围护桩表面变形、深层水平位移等4个监测数据,探究其变形规律,进行安全性分析,对比总结软土深基坑的变形特点。结果表明:围护结构变形与开挖深度大小紧密相关,且变形量在基坑开挖期间发展迅速,变化速率在开挖至设计标高后达到峰值;在底板浇筑到结构施工阶段,各监测项目变形速率呈现逐渐减小的趋势;泵站施工对周围环境影响主要在基坑开挖期间;处于软弱地层下的围护结构,其水平位移相较于一般地层变形较小而竖向沉降变形较大;对于基坑底处于淤泥质土等软弱土层的工程,地基处理能起到较好的沉降控制效果。

基于力法的含砂淤泥质土层冻结壁厚度计算

高含水软弱地层多采用人工冻结法施工,冻结壁厚的设计是关键。通过理论推导及模型简化,提出含砂淤泥质土层冻结壁厚的设计方法。以苏州地铁联络通道为依托,在室内还原现场条件,得到某一温度下人工冻土的物理力学试验参数,并对其进行综合分析,以强度控制法与力法为计算基础,考虑所涉及的相关安全系数,确定含砂淤泥质土层冻结壁厚为2 m。

Surface subsidence due to underground mining operation under weak geological condition in Indonesia

Subsidence analysis and prediction with measured data have been conducted and applied to local strata and mining conditions worldwide. Underground coal mines chose the most suitable analysis and prediction method for them. However, there was no study based on the measured data of subsidence induced by underground mining operation in Indonesia. This paper describes the condition of underground coal mine in Indonesia and then discusses the subsidence behavior due to longwall mining operation based on measured data in Balikpapan coal-bearing formation in Indonesia.

Cyclic Characteristics of the Physical Properties of Key Strata in CBM Systems Controlled by Sequence Stratigraphy—An Example from the Gujiao Block

Multiple coal seams and interbedded rock assemblages formed in vertical progression due to the influence of multiple stages of sea level transgressions.Based on mercury injection experiment,low temperature liquid nitrogen experiment,porosity and permeability experiment and breakthrough pressure experiment,the vertical variation characteristics of coal-bearing strata in Gujiao block are explained in detail.The results of the mercury injection and low temperature liquid nitrogen experiments show that the pore structure characteristics fluctuate with increasing depth in the strata,with fewer micropores followed by transition pores.The BET specific surface area and average pore diameter of the Shanxi Formation are generally larger than those of the Taiyuan Formation.Due to the continuous cyclic sequence stratigraphy changes,the porosity,permeability,breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time of the samples show a certain cyclicity.Within the same sequence,the porosity is larger,and the permeability is smaller near the maximum flooding surface.Although the permeability of the sandstone samples is higher,the porosity is lower,and the breakthrough pressure and breakthrough times are greater.The strata in the study area formed in an oxidized environment that was affected by freshwater,and the pore structure of different lithologies is quite different.After the formation of sandstone,the intergranular pores generally underwent filling with secondary quartz,clay minerals and organic matter,resulting in low porosity and permeability.

某平推式滑坡形成机理及处置措施研究

四川地区广泛分布有岩层倾角近水平的砂岩、泥岩地层,在开挖、地震、降雨等外部因素作用下,可能诱发平推式滑坡,这类典型滑坡有其特殊的成因和变形破坏特征。笔者以成都金堂县北环线某岩质路堑边坡工程为例,分析了该段滑坡变形破坏特征和形成机理,评价了不同工况下的稳定性,并结合软弱潜在滑面位置、施工作业条件等提出采用坡脚抗滑桩的处置措施。

弱固结地层特厚煤层综放开采覆岩破坏及水害防控研究

为解决多重含水层下弱固结特厚煤层水害防治问题,本文采用类比分析法、数值模拟法和相似模拟法,研究了灵东煤矿采空区下Ⅱ3特厚煤层顶分层开采的覆岩破坏特征,分析了导水裂缝带发育特征,提出了“物探+钻探”的方式提前疏放导水裂缝带内含水层的控水采煤方法。研究结果表明,位于Ⅱ3特厚煤层上覆的Ⅱ2特厚煤层回采时,覆岩破坏呈现“阶梯式”垮塌特征,Ⅱ3特厚煤层顶分层回采时,在工作面初次来压后,覆岩呈现出与Ⅱ2-1煤层层间岩层同步协调弯曲下沉的现象;预计导水裂缝带未波及Ⅱ2-1煤层采空区,采用“音频电透视+瞬变电磁”探测得出一含、二含(1)的采空区的富水异常区,重点针对富水异常区进行钻孔探测,兼顾非富水异常区,最终实现了首采工作面的安全回采。

富水软弱地层斜井围岩稳定控制技术研究

富水软弱地层斜井施工易引发围岩塌方、大变形和突涌水等地质灾害,威胁施工人员和机械设备安全,并延滞总体工程进度。以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞5号施工支洞工程建设实践为背景,分析得出斜井的主要工程地质问题是围岩坍塌、软岩大变形及涌水突泥。结合围岩变形和支护结构受力监测成果论述了围岩的失稳破坏机制,主要分为顶拱坍塌、软弱带挤压外鼓、涌水突泥3种类型。基于对围岩破坏过程及其内蕴机理的认识,采用工程类比、现场应用效果反馈的方法,提出了针对不同失稳破坏机制的的斜井围岩灾害处置措施和稳定控制技术。相关成果可为类似地质条件下的斜井围岩稳定性控制提供借鉴。

浅海活塞压入取心工艺研究

活塞压入取心工艺采用钻井液静压力作为动力,岩心内管直接插入地层完成取心,避免钻井液直接冲刷岩心,没有钻具回转对岩心造成的影响,该工艺方法可以大大提高海洋浅表软弱地层的岩心采取率和岩心采取质量。国外海洋科学钻探中对该类型钻具进行了研究应用,取得了良好的使用效果。通过对活塞压入取心工艺的研究,取得设计和使用经验,解决活塞压入取心工艺的关键问题,形成针对海底表层取心的工艺方法,为海洋钻探提供技术支撑。

软弱地层综合管廊三维非线性地震反应特性研究

软弱地层综合管廊在强震作用下易发生破坏。考虑土体非线性及水的影响,以苏通GIL综合管廊工程为依托,采用三维线性梁单元模拟螺栓与钢筋,对地震动进行幅值标定,建立三维精细化有限元模型,并根据不同地震动输入方式及强度,从衬砌应力分布、张开量及结构损伤角度分析综合管廊非线性地震反应特性。研究结果表明,45°共轭方向与拱腰位置处管廊受力较大,横向、纵向地震动作用下,随着地震动强度的增加,应力增加明显;横向地震动输入对管廊环间张开量的影响较小,当地震动达到峰值附近时,张开量增长明显,并在一定范围内波动;横向地震动对管廊结构损伤的影响较大,峰值加速度达0.3 g时,管廊内部结构在两端连接处及中间支撑处连接点出现拉压变形。

沿海沉积软弱地层高压旋喷桩施工技术研究

通过对高压旋喷桩在沿海沉积软弱地层施工技术的研究,进一步了解和探讨高压旋喷桩技术在沿海地区对各类沉积软弱地质的加固应用,以及对围护结构的止水作用,积累在不同地质条件下高压旋喷桩施工的工艺参数、质量控制方法和施工技术经验,验证高压旋喷桩不同设计作用下的施工效果,为今后类似地质条件下的高压旋喷桩设计和施工提供施工工艺参数依据和施工经验。